Description
View this TED Talk (Links to an external site.) on violence against women (Links to an external site.) and then answer the following questions:
- What is your understanding of the “bystander” approach?
- Explain an incident you have witnessed or participated in that demonstrates the “bystander” approach mentioned in this video.
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Explanation & Answer
View attached explanation and answer. Let me know if you have any questions.
Running head: BYSTANDER APPROACH
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Bystander Approach
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BYSTANDER APPROACH
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A bystander approach is a way to deal with sexual savagery prevention that urges the local
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USC Crucial Events in the Ethical Principles Discussion and Peer Responses
Discussion:
How do you think two crucial research events—the creation of the Nuremberg Code and the U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis study at Tuskegee—influenced the role of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) in the study design process?
Respond to at least two of your classmates' or instructor's posts. Comment on their initial posts and describe how you think the Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research also influences IRBs.
Peer# 1
The creation of the Nuremberg code was the first investigation into the world of investigative research on studies that involved human test subjects. Derived from the Nazi crimes against concentration camp prisoners, the Nuremberg code set out the establish that when it comes to doing research on humans, there needs to be ethical, judicial, and beneficent standards involved in the treatment of the individuals (Shuster, 1997). Likewise, in the study of African American men in the Tuskegee study, there was no informed consent by the individuals in the study (Heintzelman, 2003). There were also blatant lies that were told to the participants that put their lives in danger when they thought they were getting proper medical treatments (Heintzelman, 2003). To combat the atrocities that have been committed in the past, the US has established ethical review committees to make sure that all potential research is being conducted ethically, but also to assure that the research continues to be ethically ran as the study goes on (Jacobsen, 2017). In my opinion, it is great to have a checks and balances system to try and make sure that the research being done is being done as respectfully as possible for all participants. Much like the checks and balances in the federal government’s three main branches, the ethics committees are there to make sure that there are many individuals looking at the study from a non-biased perspective to assure that everything is being conducted ethically. So often, individuals who are in the thick of developing research plans can get stuck into what is needed for their study and can become blinded to other potential options or decisions that could be more ethical ways of managing the study. These committees look at the study from every angle and have many different individuals giving their perspective on the matter. As we cannot change the past and take back the atrocities that occurred in the concentration camps, or in Tuskegee, we can learn from the mistakes and try to rectify it for the future. These studies coming to light to the mass public leads the medical research community to want to do better for the future.
Peer# 2
The Nuremberg Code was one of the first ethical standards created. Starting in 1947, this Code “mandated voluntary consent for experimental studies of humans” (Jacobsen, 2017, p. 181). It was created in response to “the horrors of human experimentation by Nazi physicians and investigators” (Ghooi, 2011, p. 72). The U.S. Public Health Service at Tuskegee is just as tragic. A little over 600 Black men were chosen in 1932 in the Tuskegee area (Morris, 2016). They were told they had “Bad Blood” and were promised free medical treatment and food if they participated in a study (Morris, 2016). What the doctors were reluctant to share was that 2/3 of the group had syphilis, with the remaining third without (and served as the control). This is in addition to many other ailments all of the Black men were diagnosed with (Morris, 2016). After four years of this study, the doctors decided the men would be subjects until their death to review the long-term effects of syphilis (Morris, 2016).\
Based on these two events, it is clear that Institutional Review Boards were made a critical checkpoint before any voluntary research study was conducted. Not only that but IRBs are required to “review and revise protocols” as they see ethically fit (Jacobsen, 2017, p. 195). IRBs generally contain at least five members, all with their own diverse backgrounds (Jacobsen, 2017). The number of people reviewing the prospective study may take at least a month to approve the study (Jacobsen, 2017). I can see why—my research topic focuses on mental health and requires sensitive questions and possibly even a consent form to protect the participants’ well-being. According to the textbook, exemptions are extremely hard to come by. So long as no biological specimen can be linked to the individuals, the study may be exempted (Jacobsen, 2017). In some cases, reviews must be taken by multiple committees! My point is that IRBs have been created to be extremely rigorous, which can only protect both the researcher and their participants.
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Most Popular Content
7 pages
Case Study Death And Dying
Based on the Christian narrative, the suffering in the world is directly related to the experiences from the past. Religio ...
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Discussion:
How do you think two crucial research events—the creation of the Nuremberg Code and the U.S. Public Healt ...
USC Crucial Events in the Ethical Principles Discussion and Peer Responses
Discussion:
How do you think two crucial research events—the creation of the Nuremberg Code and the U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis study at Tuskegee—influenced the role of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) in the study design process?
Respond to at least two of your classmates' or instructor's posts. Comment on their initial posts and describe how you think the Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research also influences IRBs.
Peer# 1
The creation of the Nuremberg code was the first investigation into the world of investigative research on studies that involved human test subjects. Derived from the Nazi crimes against concentration camp prisoners, the Nuremberg code set out the establish that when it comes to doing research on humans, there needs to be ethical, judicial, and beneficent standards involved in the treatment of the individuals (Shuster, 1997). Likewise, in the study of African American men in the Tuskegee study, there was no informed consent by the individuals in the study (Heintzelman, 2003). There were also blatant lies that were told to the participants that put their lives in danger when they thought they were getting proper medical treatments (Heintzelman, 2003). To combat the atrocities that have been committed in the past, the US has established ethical review committees to make sure that all potential research is being conducted ethically, but also to assure that the research continues to be ethically ran as the study goes on (Jacobsen, 2017). In my opinion, it is great to have a checks and balances system to try and make sure that the research being done is being done as respectfully as possible for all participants. Much like the checks and balances in the federal government’s three main branches, the ethics committees are there to make sure that there are many individuals looking at the study from a non-biased perspective to assure that everything is being conducted ethically. So often, individuals who are in the thick of developing research plans can get stuck into what is needed for their study and can become blinded to other potential options or decisions that could be more ethical ways of managing the study. These committees look at the study from every angle and have many different individuals giving their perspective on the matter. As we cannot change the past and take back the atrocities that occurred in the concentration camps, or in Tuskegee, we can learn from the mistakes and try to rectify it for the future. These studies coming to light to the mass public leads the medical research community to want to do better for the future.
Peer# 2
The Nuremberg Code was one of the first ethical standards created. Starting in 1947, this Code “mandated voluntary consent for experimental studies of humans” (Jacobsen, 2017, p. 181). It was created in response to “the horrors of human experimentation by Nazi physicians and investigators” (Ghooi, 2011, p. 72). The U.S. Public Health Service at Tuskegee is just as tragic. A little over 600 Black men were chosen in 1932 in the Tuskegee area (Morris, 2016). They were told they had “Bad Blood” and were promised free medical treatment and food if they participated in a study (Morris, 2016). What the doctors were reluctant to share was that 2/3 of the group had syphilis, with the remaining third without (and served as the control). This is in addition to many other ailments all of the Black men were diagnosed with (Morris, 2016). After four years of this study, the doctors decided the men would be subjects until their death to review the long-term effects of syphilis (Morris, 2016).\
Based on these two events, it is clear that Institutional Review Boards were made a critical checkpoint before any voluntary research study was conducted. Not only that but IRBs are required to “review and revise protocols” as they see ethically fit (Jacobsen, 2017, p. 195). IRBs generally contain at least five members, all with their own diverse backgrounds (Jacobsen, 2017). The number of people reviewing the prospective study may take at least a month to approve the study (Jacobsen, 2017). I can see why—my research topic focuses on mental health and requires sensitive questions and possibly even a consent form to protect the participants’ well-being. According to the textbook, exemptions are extremely hard to come by. So long as no biological specimen can be linked to the individuals, the study may be exempted (Jacobsen, 2017). In some cases, reviews must be taken by multiple committees! My point is that IRBs have been created to be extremely rigorous, which can only protect both the researcher and their participants.
NRSG 4400 Weber State University Opioid Abuse Combating Program Paper
NRSG 4400 Unit 3 AssignmentAssessing Health Programs & Community PartnershipsUnit Outcomes:Assess how well interdisciplina ...
NRSG 4400 Weber State University Opioid Abuse Combating Program Paper
NRSG 4400 Unit 3 AssignmentAssessing Health Programs & Community PartnershipsUnit Outcomes:Assess how well interdisciplinary health programs and community partnerships are able to meet the health needs of the community, particularly for vulnerable populations.Promote social justice through advocating for more health resources for vulnerable populations.Create an evidence-based plan for a resource that could address the health needs for a vulnerable population. Assignment Description:Although each specific selected population has unique risks for health disparities, often groups may present with similar risks. If you have chosen to work with a group (decided Week 6) then you can complete this assignment together, including resources for specific vulnerable populations within your group as well as the group's shared identity. Otherwise, you will work individually to address the prompts below. You will be assessing the coverage or interdisciplinary resources available for your population at the local, state, national, and international levels. You will also identify gaps in this system, as well as design a theoretical evidence-based resource that would meet your population's needs.Complete and submit the Health Programs & Community Partnerships Grid (link)Health Programs & Community Partnerships (Recommended Week 8)Analyze the effectiveness of current health systems and community partnerships (governmental & non-governmental agencies such as churches, schools, social workers, charities, etc.) in meeting this population's needs (provide specific contact information).Gaps in the System (Recommended Week 9)What gaps still remain in meeting the needs of your population?Gaps within local coverage (include regional/(inter)national groups not accessible in-person locally)Gaps within state coverage (include (inter)national groups not accessible in-person regionally)Are certain individuals within the population excluded or unable to access services based on age, socioeconomic status, religion, geography, etc.?Who can you contact about addressing any identified gap(s)? Provide an exact name and contact information (preferably email address).If you could create an ideal organization to best meet your population's needs, in which money and logistics were unlimited, what would this organization do to support/advocate for your population? How and where would individuals access this resource? Services provided for this population must be evidence-based to best meet their needs (include citations/references where applicable).Assignment Directions:This assignment can be completed individually or as a group (must be the group decided Week 6, that will work on upcoming vulnerable population assignments together as well)In the provided document answer each prompt (omitted prompts must first be cleared through your professor). You do not need to submit anything on Week 8, but will submit the entire assignment at the end of Week 9.Appropriate evidence-based sources for this project include textbooks, academic journals, and reputable websites (generally ending with .edu, .org, or .gov) and the majority of your sources must be <5 years old (cited/referenced using APA formatting). ________You are encouraged to write and send advocacy letters to representatives, making them aware of gaps in the system and what you think they could possibly do to address these gaps. You can send the same letter to up to two representatives (1 point per representative contacted, up to two). See the Extra Engagement Opportunities section for more details.
8 pages
Sexual Dysfunction.
Male sexual dysfunction has obtained increasing nationwide awareness. The rates of sexual dysfunction in men are comparati ...
Sexual Dysfunction.
Male sexual dysfunction has obtained increasing nationwide awareness. The rates of sexual dysfunction in men are comparatively elevated, and these ...
Nursing case study
A 78-year-old female comes to your office escorted by a neighbor who is a patient of yours. The neighbor, who has lived ne ...
Nursing case study
A 78-year-old female comes to your office escorted by a neighbor who is a patient of yours. The neighbor, who has lived next door to the older woman for years, relates that a week ago the elderly woman’s sister died and that she had been her caregiver for many years. The neighbor relates that although she would occasionally see the older woman, she did not visit the home. At the funeral last week, she noticed that the woman appeared fatigued, confused, sad, and gaunt in appearance. Later the neighbor approached the woman, inquired about her health, and determined that the woman had a very difficult time the past couple of months, caring alone for her sister until the end when hospice care was initiated. The neighbor convinced the woman to seek medical care and today is the first appointment with a provider that this 78-year-old female has had in 3 years. The older woman states that she is very fatigued and sad over the loss of her sister. Neither her sister nor the patient has been married. A distant niece came to the funeral but lives about 30 miles away. The woman states that she is not taking any prescription medication and relates no medical problems that she is aware of being diagnosed.Vital signs: T 97.6°F, HR 98, RR 22, BP 95/60, BMI 21 Chief Complaint: Fatigue and sadness over the death of her older sister.Discuss the following:1) What additional subjective information will you be asking the patient? 2) What additional objective findings would you be examining the patient for? 3) What are the differential diagnoses that you are considering? 4) What laboratory tests will help you rule out some of the differential diagnoses? 5) What screening tools will you select to use on this patient? 6) What is your plan of care? 7) What additional patient teaching may be needed? 8) Will you be looking for a consult?Submission Instructions:Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources. Your initial post is worth 8 points.
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