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Hazard Reduction Programs in the United States

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Hazard management is done on three primary levels: prevention, control and mitigation. Hazard
reduction programs serve the purpose of hazard mitigation. According to Johnson (2019),
mitigation includes actions, or acts employed to reduce the risk disasters pose to properties, life,
social and economic structure and natural resources. Some of the most common individual
disaster mitigation approaches include avoiding development in hazard prone areas, public
awareness and education on disaster and emergency preparedness and ordinances related to
zoning. Besides these efforts, the United States administration through the years had developed,
maintained and advanced programs and legal Acts to help in disaster management. Hazard
reduction programs in the United States have served as some of the most dynamic efforts in
disaster management and mitigation. In the current paper, the author presents six disaster
management programs that have existed in the United States since the 20th century to current
years. Three of the programs (Floods Control Act of 1917, Federal Emergency Management
Agency, and the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program) are for natural disaster
management. Three of the programs (Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency,
Radiological Emergency Preparedness and Oil and Gas Extraction program) are discussed in the
context of man-made disasters hazard management.
Hazard Reduction Programs for Natural Disasters
Floods Control Act (1917)
The Floods Control Act of 1917 was a law passed by Congress. The primary purpose of
the Act was to respond to the financial impact of floods in the area around the lower Mississippi,
and the Ohio valleys, as well as the Northeast (Burke, 2018). These floods had occurred, and
caused immense loss between 1907 and 1913. The Act is provided a budget of a maximum of
$45,000,000. Activities related to the program/Act are not to exceed $10,000,000 in any one

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fiscal year. The Act, besides providing financing for flood mitigation efforts, conducted surveys
that could be used to estimate the financial requirements of protecting the basin around the
Mississippi River due to the flooding. The funding of this Act also provides for the compensation
through salaries for officials, travel and clerical expenses and the miscellaneous expenses related
to the Mississippi River basin. This program was updated through the Floods Control Act of
1928, which came in after years of poorly constructed Levees around the basins through the
Floods Control Act of 1928. Since the early 20th century, this Act has been amended severally,
with the latest amendment being in 2007, at which point the program was now guided under the
National Levee Saf...