FIU Prenatal Development Discussion

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Naavnobmn

Humanities

FIU

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Journal Entry 1: Prenatal Development
Open ended Question   
Choose a phenomenon, an experiment, or an issue from this week’s materials (online
lectures, film, or additional readings) that interests you and engages your curiosity.   
a) Describe and explain the phenomenon. Describe it thoroughly enough so that another
person who has not read the course materials could understand it.  b) Explain why is it
interesting to you. c) Describe some important research on this phenomenon (referencing
the authors and year of the study) and the logic underlying it. d) relate this phenomenon to
something else you have read in the course and elaborate, OR d) explain a burning issue or
follow up question that interests you and describe how you would design a study to further
investigate this phenomenon.
Make sure to complete and clearly label each section (a,b,c,d) of your answer using the
following labels:  a) Describe b) Interesting c) Research d) Relate/Follow up. Then make
sure to use Turnitin to determine your similarity/overlap score with other material and
ensure that you are using your own words. Note your score.  If it is greater than 20% you
will need to revise and resubmit your journal to receive credit, so submit in plenty of time
before the due date to allow for revisions if needed. Note:  do not write out the entire
question along with your response as it will produce a high overlap score in Turnitin. 

NOTE I need that you useA-B-C-Dlebels
 

Unformatted Attachment Preview

Chapter 3 Genetics, Conception, and Prenatal Development All Rights Reserved. © Rowman & Littlefield 2019. Overview • Genetics and the Human Genome • Genetics and Disease • Genetics and Prenatal Development • Conception • Twins and Other Multiples • Sex Chromosome Abnormalities • Infertility and Assisted Reproduction • Prenatal Development • The Germinal Stage, Fertilization to 2 Weeks • The Embryonic Stage, 2-8 Weeks • The Fetal Stage, 8 Weeks to Birth (38 Weeks) • Birth Defects • Neural Tube Defects • Congenital Heart Defects • Prenatal Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment • • • • • • • Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Ultrasound Maternal Blood Screening Chorionic Villus Sampling Amniocentesis Fetal Echocardiography Fetal Therapy • Prenatal Influences • • • • • • Nutrition Alcohol and Drugs Disease Stress Environmental Hazards Paternal Influences All Rights Reserved. © Rowman & Littlefield 2019. Genetics and the Human Genome • Research in the twentieth century revealed the existence and functioning of chromosomes, DNA, and genes, as well as the processes of mitosis and meiosis. • Following the Human Genome Project, “postgenomic science” has focused on ways to use genetic information to diagnose, treat, and prevent inherited diseases. • Most diseases and complex characteristics are influenced by multifactorial transmission. • Genes determine the prenatal development of specialized body structures and parts of the brain. Discuss: What is your experience with congenital human diseases with a genetic basis, including those listed in Table 3.1? All Rights Reserved. © Rowman & Littlefield 2019. Conception • Conception occurs when a single sperm joins with an ovum, producing a cell known as a zygote. • Twins: • Siblings resulting from fertilization of two different eggs are known as dizygotic twins. • Siblings resulting from a single fertilized egg that divides into two fertilized cells are known as monozygotic twins. • Sex chromosome abnormalities may occur if a problem occurs during meiosis. • Assisted reproductive technology (ART) has been used to achieve conception since 1978. ART is associated with a higher rate of multiple births. Discuss: If a couple you know asked for advice about ART what information would you give them? All Rights Reserved. © Rowman & Littlefield 2019. Prenatal Development • Teratogens: • Substances such as alcohol, drugs, radiation, and viruses that disrupt prenatal development and may cause long-lasting harm. • Germinal Stage: Fertilization to 2 Weeks • Formation of the zygote and blastocyst • Implantation in the uterine lining • Embryonic Stage: 2 to 8 Weeks • Formation of the placenta, umbilical cord, major organ systems and structures • Differentiation of the reproductive system as male or female • Fetal Stage: 8 Weeks to Birth (38 Weeks) • Growth and maturation of most major body parts and systems • Rapid production of neurons, but incomplete development of the brain Discuss: Compare the three stages of the prenatal period in terms of their vulnerability to teratogens. All Rights Reserved. © Rowman & Littlefield 2019. Birth Defects • Despite a significant decline in recent years, birth defects remain the leading cause of infant death in the United States and worldwide. • Varying rates across cultures and for different types of defects reflect differences in mothers’ socioeconomic status, health care, education, and cultural beliefs and practices. • Public health education and fortification of cereal grain products with folic acid have reduced the prevalence of neural tube defects. • Congenital heart defects range from mild and undetected to severe and life threatening. Some defects may be diagnosed during the fetal stage and treated surgically during the first 2 years of life. Discuss: What information would you include in a public service announcement to educate the public about the dangers of the Zika virus, discussed in Box 3.1? All Rights Reserved. © Rowman & Littlefield 2019. Prenatal Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment • Options for assessing fetal development and detecting potential problems: • • • • • • • Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) Ultrasound Maternal Blood Screening Chorionic Villus Sampling Amniocentesis Fetal Echocardiography Fetal Therapy Discuss: Which assessment, diagnostic, and treatment options would you want to use if you and your spouse or partner were expecting a child? Which options would you avoid, and why? All Rights Reserved. © Rowman & Littlefield 2019. Prenatal Influences • Prenatal care helps pregnant women promote their baby’s health: • Nutrition: a healthy diet may prevent a range of birth defects and other problems. • Alcohol and Drugs: problems caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol and drugs include Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and neonatal abstinence syndrome. • Disease: prenatal development can be affected by the mother’s pre-existing chronic conditions or infectious diseases. • Stress: prenatal stress may lead to pregnancy complications and behavioral problems after birth. • Environmental Hazards: if teratogens are present in the mother’s workplace or in the food supply, every effort should be made to avoid those hazards during pregnancy. • Paternal Influences: prenatal exposure to illicit substances used by the father, or environmental hazards in his workplace, should also be avoided. Discuss: If you could focus on only one prenatal influence, which would it be, and why? All Rights Reserved. © Rowman & Littlefield 2019. Summary • Genetics and the Human Genome • Genetics and Disease • Genetics and Prenatal Development • Conception • Twins and Other Multiples • Sex Chromosome Abnormalities • Infertility and Assisted Reproduction • Prenatal Development • The Germinal Stage, Fertilization to 2 Weeks • The Embryonic Stage, 2-8 Weeks • The Fetal Stage, 8 Weeks to Birth (38 Weeks) • Birth Defects • Neural Tube Defects • Congenital Heart Defects • Prenatal Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment • Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis • Ultrasound • Maternal Blood Screening • Chorionic Villus Sampling • Amniocentesis • Fetal Echocardiography • Fetal Therapy • Prenatal Influences • Nutrition • Alcohol and Drugs • Disease • Stress • Environmental Hazards • Paternal Influences • Videos related to topics in this chapter may be found on the website of: • Simms/Mann Institute: Early Development, Stress All Rights Reserved. © Rowman & Littlefield 2019.
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JOURNAL ENTRY 1: PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

Journal Entry 1: Prenatal Development
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JOURNAL ENTRY 1: PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

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A. Describe
Prenatal development was one aspect of this week's material that interested me and
engaged my curiosity. In humans, it encompass...


Anonymous
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