BUS 401 University of Arizona Nike Inc Principles of Finance Valuation Conclusion Paper

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Business Finance

BUS 401

University of Arizona

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Section 4: Valuation Conclusion [WLOs: 3, 4] [CLOs: 1, 2, 3, 4]

In this assignment, you will recalculate the value of the company’s stock based on your company’s specific required rate of return. To do this, you will calculate the required rate of return for your chosen publicly traded company using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM).

Last week, you determined a preliminary estimate of the company’s stock price using the constant growth formula. To simplify the calculation, you were required to use general market required rates of return, based on size. However, this is an assumption that does not account for the specific risk of an investment in a specific company. This week, you will calculate the required rate of return for your chosen publicly traded company using the CAPM. The CAPM is a more precise tool to estimate a firm’s required rate of return. This tool is “tremendously valuable because required returns are used as the discount rates in the valuation formulas when doing time value of money problems and security valuation” (Hickman et al., 2013, Section 9.3, para. 1). You will then use this CAPM required rate of return to revise your stock price value based on the constant growth formula. This will allow you to determine your final recommendation of buy, hold, or sell.

Prepare:

Prior to beginning work on this assignment,

BUS401 - Valuation Conclusion (Links to an external site.)

Write:

In your paper, address the following five parts in a Word document:

Part 1: (two paragraphs)

  • Explain the three types of risk and beta, and how these concepts relate to a company’s required rate of return.

Part 2: (two paragraphs)

  • Find your company’s beta from a credible source.
  • Compare your company’s beta to the market beta of 1.0. 
  • Calculate the company-specific required rate of return using the CAPM formula.
    • Show all calculations. 
    • Use the beta you determined for your chosen company
    • Use a risk-free rate of 2.0%.
    • For the market risk premium, use the following assumptions:
      • For a large capitalization company (greater than $10.0 billion in market capitalization) use 6.0% as the market risk premium.
      • For a mid-cap company (between $2.0 billion and $10.0 billion in market capitalization) use 8.0% as the market risk premium.
      • For a small-cap company (less than $2.0 billion in market capitalization) use 11.0% as the market risk premium.
  • Compare the company-specific required rate of return you calculated to the required return based on size you used in Section 3: Dividend Analysis and Preliminary Valuation in Week 3 for the constant growth formula.
    • Determine whether the company-specific required rate of return higher or lower than the rate of return based on size that you used in Section 3 in Week 3 for the constant growth formula?
    • Explain the difference in required rate of returns.

Part 3: (two to four paragraphs)

  • Recalculate both estimates (the low-end and the high-end) of the stock price using the constant growth formula.
    • Use the company’s specific required rate of return you determined using the CAPM.
    • Review your selected high-end and low-end growth rates from Week 3. 
      • If either growth rate is higher than the new CAPM discount rate, you must reduce your selected growth rate(s).
      • Your growth rates cannot be higher than the discount rate, because the calculations will result in a negative stock price, which is not meaningful.
      • Include a short, written explanation to explain the revised growth rates.
  • Show your revised high-end and low-end stock price calculations
  • Compare each of the two recalculated stock prices to the current stock price per share of the company.
  • State whether each recalculated stock price (low-end and high-end) is above or below the current market price.
  • State whether each recalculated stock price (low-end and high-end) indicates if the stock price is currently under-valued or over-valued in the market.
    • (See Section 9.3: Required Returns in your course text.)
  • State your recommendation for your concluded stock price for the company.
    • Use either the high-end stock price or the low-end stock price from the constant growth formula using the CAPM required rate of return.
  • Justify the conclusion of value for your stock based on the most important financial facts from the prior weeks’ analysis.

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Powered by Clearbit NIKE Inc (NYS: NKE) Company Financials Income Statement Exchange rate used is that of the Year End reported date As Reported Annual Income Statement Report Date 05/31/2021 05/31/2020 05/31/2019 Currency Audit Status USD Not Qualified USD Not Qualified USD Not Qualified Yes Thousands Yes Thousands Yes Thousands Consolidated Scale Revenues $ 44,538,000 Cost of sales $ 24,576,000 Gross profit $ 19,962,000 Demand creation expense $ 3,114,000 Operating overhead expense $ 9,911,000 Total selling & administrative expense $ 13,025,000 Interest income (expense), net $ (262,000) Other expense (income), net $ 14,000 Income (loss) before income taxes - U.S. $ 5,723,000 Income (loss) before income taxes - foreign $ 938,000 Income (loss) before income taxes $ 6,661,000 Current provision (benefit) for income taxes $ - U.S. - federal 328,000 Current provision (benefit) for income taxes $ - U.S. - state 134,000 Current provision (benefit) for income taxes $ - foreign857,000 Total current provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 1,319,000 Deferred provision (benefit) for income taxes$ - U.S. (371,000) - federal Deferred provision (benefit) for income taxes$ - U.S. - (34,000) state Deferred provision (benefit) for income tax - $foreign 20,000 Total deferred provision (benefit) for income$taxes (385,000) Income tax expense (benefit) $ 934,000 Net income (loss) $ 5,727,000 Net income available to common stockholders $ 5,727,000 Weighted average shares outstanding - basic 1,573,000 Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted 1,609,400 Year end shares outstanding 1,578,000 Net income (loss) per share - basic $ 3.64 Net income (loss) per share - diluted $ 3.56 Dividends declared per common share $ 1.07 Total number of employees 73300 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 37,403,000 21,162,000 16,241,000 3,592,000 9,534,000 13,126,000 (89,000) 139,000 2,954,000 (67,000) 2,887,000 (109,000) 81,000 756,000 728,000 (231,000) (47,000) (102,000) (380,000) 348,000 2,539,000 1,558,800 1,591,600 1,558,000 1.63 1.60 0.96 75400 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 39,117,000 21,643,000 17,474,000 3,753,000 8,949,000 12,702,000 (49,000) (78,000) 593,000 4,208,000 4,801,000 74,000 56,000 608,000 738,000 (33,000) (9,000) 76,000 34,000 772,000 4,029,000 1,579,700 1,618,400 1,568,000 2.55 2.49 0.86 76700 Class A common stockholders Class B common stockholders Foreign currency translation adjustments 14 22745 496000 14 23114 -148000 13 23305 -173000 Report Date 05/31/2021 05/31/2020 05/31/2019 Currency Audit Status USD Not Qualified USD Not Qualified USD Not Qualified Yes Thousands Yes Thousands Yes Thousands Balance Sheet Exchange rate used is that of the Year End reported date As Reported Annual Balance Sheet Consolidated Scale Cash & equivalents $ 9,889,000 Short-term investments $ 3,587,000 Accounts receivable, gross $ 4,556,000 Less: allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable $ 93,000 Accounts receivable, net $ 4,463,000 Finished goods $ 6,854,000 Inventories $ 6,854,000 Prepaid expenses & other current assets $ 1,498,000 Total current assets $ 26,291,000 Land & improvements $ 363,000 Buildings $ 3,365,000 Machinery & equipment $ 3,023,000 Internal-use software $ 1,391,000 Leasehold improvements $ 1,608,000 Construction in process $ 311,000 Machinery, equipment & internal-use software Total property, plant & equipment, gross $ 10,061,000 Less: accumulated depreciation - property, plant $ &5,157,000 equipment Property, plant & equipment, net $ 4,904,000 Operating lease right-of-use assets, net $ 3,113,000 Identifiable intangible assets, net $ 269,000 Goodwill $ 242,000 Deferred income taxes & other assets $ 2,921,000 Total assets $ 37,740,000 Current portion of long-term debt Notes payable $ 2,000 Accounts payable $ 2,836,000 Current portion of operating lease liabilities $ 467,000 Accrued compensation & benefits, excluding$taxes1,472,000 Accured sales-related reserves $ 1,077,000 Accrued allowance for expected loss on sale$ 358,000 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 8,348,000 439,000 2,963,000 214,000 2,749,000 7,367,000 7,367,000 1,653,000 20,556,000 345,000 2,442,000 2,751,000 1,483,000 1,554,000 1,086,000 9,661,000 4,795,000 4,866,000 3,097,000 274,000 223,000 2,326,000 31,342,000 3,000 248,000 2,248,000 445,000 1,248,000 1,178,000 - $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 4,466,000 197,000 4,302,000 30,000 4,272,000 5,622,000 5,622,000 1,968,000 16,525,000 329,000 2,445,000 1,563,000 797,000 4,335,000 9,469,000 4,725,000 4,744,000 283,000 154,000 2,011,000 23,717,000 6,000 9,000 2,612,000 1,232,000 1,218,000 - Allowance for cumulative foreign currency translation lossesAccrued endorsement compensation Accrued dividends payable Accrued import & logistics costs Accrued collateral received from counterparties to hedging instruments Accrued taxes other than income taxes payable Accrued advertising & marketing Accrued fair value of derivatives Liabilities held-for-sale Other accrued liabilities $ 3,156,000 Accrued liabilities $ 6,063,000 Income taxes payable $ 306,000 Total current liabilities $ 9,674,000 Corporate term debt $ 9,413,000 Japanese Yen notes Total long-term debt $ 9,413,000 Less: current maturities Long-term debt $ 9,413,000 Operating lease liabilities $ 2,931,000 Deferred income taxes & other liabilities $ 2,955,000 Class B common stock at stated value $ 3,000 Capital in excess of stated value $ 9,965,000 Foreign currency translation adjustment $ 2,000 Cash flow hedges $ (435,000) Net investment hedges $ 115,000 Other accumulated other comprehensive income $ (loss) (62,000) Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) $ (380,000) Retained earnings (deficit) $ 3,179,000 Total shareholders' equity $ 12,767,000 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 405,000 393,000 384,000 273,000 202,000 97,000 190,000 146,000 668,000 5,184,000 156,000 8,284,000 9,406,000 3,000 9,409,000 3,000 9,406,000 2,913,000 2,684,000 3,000 8,299,000 (494,000) 390,000 115,000 (67,000) (56,000) (191,000) 8,055,000 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 424,000 346,000 296,000 289,000 234,000 114,000 52,000 805,000 5,010,000 229,000 7,866,000 3,461,000 9,000 3,470,000 6,000 3,464,000 3,347,000 3,000 7,163,000 (346,000) 520,000 115,000 (58,000) 231,000 1,643,000 9,040,000 Cash Flows Exchange rate used is that of the Year End reported date As Reported Annual Cash Flow Report Date Currency Audit Status Consolidated Scale Net income (loss) $ Depreciation $ Deferred income taxes $ Stock-based compensation $ Amortization & other Amortization, impairment & other adjustments $ 05/31/2021 05/31/2020 05/31/2019 USD Not Qualified USD Not Qualified USD Not Qualified Yes Thousands Yes Thousands Yes Thousands 5,727,000 744,000 (385,000) 611,000 53,000 $ $ $ $ $ 2,539,000 721,000 (380,000) 429,000 398,000 $ $ $ $ $ 4,029,000 705,000 34,000 325,000 15,000 - Net foreign currency adjustments $ (138,000) $ 23,000 Accounts receivable $ (1,606,000) $ 1,239,000 Inventories $ 507,000 $ (1,854,000) Prepaid expenses & other current & non-current assets Prepaid expenses, operating lease right-of-use $ assets (182,000) & other current & non-current $ (654,000) assets accounts payable, accrued liabilities & other current & non-current liabilities Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, operating $ lease 1,326,000 liabilities & other current $ & non-current 24,000 liabilities Net cash flows from operating activities $ 6,657,000 $ 2,485,000 Purchases of short-term investments $ (9,961,000) $ (2,426,000) Maturities of short-term investments $ 4,236,000 $ 74,000 Sales of short-term investments $ 2,449,000 $ 2,379,000 Additions to property, plant & equipment $ (695,000) $ (1,086,000) Disposals of property, plant & equipment Other investing activities $ 171,000 $ 31,000 Net cash flows from investing activities $ (3,800,000) $ (1,028,000) Proceeds from borrowings, net of debt issuance costs $ 6,134,000 Long-term debt payments, including current portion Increase (decrease) in notes payable, net $ (52,000) $ 49,000 Repayment of borrowings $ (197,000) Payments on capital lease & other financing obligations Proceeds from exercise of stock options & other $ stock 1,172,000 issuances $ 885,000 Issuance (repurchase) of common stock $ (608,000) $ (3,067,000) Dividends - common & preferred $ (1,638,000) $ (1,452,000) Tax payments for net share settlement of equity awards Other financing activities $ (136,000) $ (58,000) Net cash flows from financing activities $ (1,459,000) $ 2,491,000 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash & equivalents $ 143,000 $ (66,000) Net increase (decrease) in cash & equivalents $ 1,541,000 $ 3,882,000 Cash & equivalents, beginning of year $ 8,348,000 $ 4,466,000 Cash & equivalents, end of year $ 9,889,000 $ 8,348,000 Cash paid during the year for interest, net of$capitalized 293,000 interest $ 140,000 Cash paid during the year for income taxes $ 1,177,000 $ 1,028,000 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 233,000 (270,000) (490,000) (203,000) 1,525,000 5,903,000 (2,937,000) 1,715,000 2,072,000 (1,119,000) 5,000 (264,000) (6,000) (325,000) (27,000) 700,000 (4,286,000) (1,332,000) (17,000) (5,293,000) (129,000) 217,000 4,249,000 4,466,000 153,000 757,000 Powered by Clearbit NIKE Inc (NYS: NKE) Company Financials Income Statement Exchange rate used is that of the Year End reported date As Reported Annual Income Statement Report Date 05/31/2021 05/31/2020 05/31/2019 Currency Audit Status USD Not Qualified USD Not Qualified USD Not Qualified Yes Thousands Yes Thousands Yes Thousands 100.00% 56.58% 43.42% 9.60% 25.49% 35.09% -0.24% 0.37% 7.90% -0.18% 7.72% -0.29% 0.22% 2.02% 1.95% -0.62% -0.13% -0.27% -1.02% 0.93% 6.79% 100.00% 55.33% 44.67% 9.59% 22.88% 32.47% -0.13% -0.20% 1.52% 10.76% 12.27% 0.19% 0.14% 1.55% 1.89% -0.08% -0.02% 0.19% 0.09% 1.97% 10.30% Consolidated Scale Revenues Cost of sales Gross profit Demand creation expense Operating overhead expense Total selling & administrative expense Interest income (expense), net Other expense (income), net Income (loss) before income taxes - U.S. Income (loss) before income taxes - foreign Income (loss) before income taxes Current provision (benefit) for income taxes - U.S. - federal Current provision (benefit) for income taxes - U.S. - state Current provision (benefit) for income taxes - foreign Total current provision (benefit) for income taxes Deferred provision (benefit) for income taxes - U.S. - federal Deferred provision (benefit) for income taxes - U.S. - state Deferred provision (benefit) for income tax - foreign Total deferred provision (benefit) for income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Net income available to common stockholders Weighted average shares outstanding - basic Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted Year end shares outstanding Net income (loss) per share - basic Net income (loss) per share - diluted Dividends declared per common share Total number of employees Class A common stockholders Class B common stockholders Foreign currency translation adjustments 100.00% 55.18% 44.82% 6.99% 22.25% 29.24% -0.59% 0.03% 12.85% 2.11% 14.96% 0.74% 0.30% 1.92% 2.96% -0.83% -0.08% 0.04% -0.86% 2.10% 12.86% 12.86% 3.53% 3.61% 3.54% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.16% 0.00% 0.05% 1.11% NM NM 4.17% 4.26% 4.17% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.20% 0.00% 0.06% -0.40% 4.04% 4.14% 4.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.20% 0.00% 0.06% -0.44% Balance Sheet Exchange rate used is that of the Year End reported date As Reported Annual Balance Sheet Report Date 05/31/2021 Currency USD Audit Status Not Qualified Consolidated Yes Scale Thousands Cash & equivalents 26.20% Short-term investments 9.50% Accounts receivable, gross 12.07% Less: allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable 0.25% Accounts receivable, net 11.83% Finished goods 18.16% Inventories 18.16% Prepaid expenses & other current assets 3.97% Total current assets 69.66% Land & improvements 0.96% Buildings 8.92% Machinery & equipment 8.01% Internal-use software 3.69% Leasehold improvements 4.26% Construction in process 0.82% Machinery, equipment & internal-use software NM Total property, plant & equipment, gross 26.66% Less: accumulated depreciation - property, plant & equipment 13.66% Property, plant & equipment, net 12.99% Operating lease right-of-use assets, net 8.25% Identifiable intangible assets, net 0.71% Goodwill 0.64% Deferred income taxes & other assets 7.74% Total assets 100.00% Current portion of long-term debt NM Notes payable 0.01% Accounts payable 7.51% Current portion of operating lease liabilities 1.24% Accrued compensation & benefits, excluding taxes 3.90% Accured sales-related reserves 2.85% Accrued allowance for expected loss on sale 0.95% Allowance for cumulative foreign currency translation losses NM Accrued endorsement compensation NM Accrued dividends payable NM Accrued import & logistics costs NM Accrued collateral received from counterparties to hedging NM instruments Accrued taxes other than income taxes payable NM Accrued advertising & marketing NM Accrued fair value of derivatives NM Liabilities held-for-sale NM Other accrued liabilities 8.36% Accrued liabilities 16.07% Income taxes payable 0.81% Total current liabilities 25.63% Corporate term debt 24.94% Japanese Yen notes NM Total long-term debt 24.94% 05/31/2020 USD Not Qualified Yes Thousands 26.64% 1.40% 9.45% 0.68% 8.77% 23.51% 23.51% 5.27% 65.59% 1.10% 7.79% 8.78% 4.73% 4.96% 3.46% 05/31/2019 USD Not Qualified Yes Thousands 18.83% 0.83% 18.14% 0.13% 18.01% 23.70% 23.70% 8.30% 69.68% 1.39% 10.31% NM NM 6.59% 3.36% 18.28% 39.92% 19.92% 20.00% NM 30.82% 15.30% 15.53% 9.88% 0.87% 0.71% 7.42% 100.00% 0.01% 0.79% 7.17% 1.42% 3.98% 3.76% NM 1.29% 1.25% 1.23% 0.87% NM 1.19% 0.65% 8.48% 100.00% 0.03% 0.04% 11.01% NM 5.19% 5.14% NM NM 1.79% 1.46% 1.25% 1.22% 0.99% 0.48% 0.22% NM 0.64% 0.31% 0.61% 0.47% 2.13% 16.54% 0.50% 26.43% 30.01% 0.01% 30.02% NM 3.39% 21.12% 0.97% 33.17% 14.59% 0.04% 14.63% Less: current maturities NM Long-term debt Operating lease liabilities Deferred income taxes & other liabilities Class B common stock at stated value Capital in excess of stated value Foreign currency translation adjustment Cash flow hedges Net investment hedges Other accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Retained earnings (deficit) Total shareholders' equity 24.94% 7.77% 7.83% 0.01% 26.40% 0.01% -1.15% 0.30% -0.16% -1.01% 8.42% 33.83% 0.01% 30.01% 9.29% 8.56% 0.01% 26.48% -1.58% 1.24% 0.37% -0.21% -0.18% -0.61% 25.70% Cash Flows Exchange rate used is that of the Year End reported date As Reported Annual Cash Flow Report Date Currency Audit Status Consolidated Scale Net income (loss) Depreciation Deferred income taxes Stock-based compensation Amortization & other Amortization, impairment & other adjustments Net foreign currency adjustments Accounts receivable Inventories Prepaid expenses & other current & non-current assets Prepaid expenses, operating lease right-of-use assets & other current & non-current assets accounts payable, accrued liabilities & other current & non-current liabilities Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, operating lease liabilities & other current & non-current liabilities Net cash flows from operating activities Purchases of short-term investments Maturities of short-term investments Sales of short-term investments Additions to property, plant & equipment Disposals of property, plant & equipment Other investing activities Net cash flows from investing activities Proceeds from borrowings, net of debt issuance costs Long-term debt payments, including current portion Increase (decrease) in notes payable, net Repayment of borrowings Payments on capital lease & other financing obligations Proceeds from exercise of stock options & other stock issuances Issuance (repurchase) of common stock 0.03% 14.61% NM 14.11% 0.01% 30.20% -1.46% 2.19% 0.48% -0.24% 0.97% 6.93% 38.12% Dividends - common & preferred Tax payments for net share settlement of equity awards Other financing activities Net cash flows from financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash & equivalents Net increase (decrease) in cash & equivalents Cash & equivalents, beginning of year Cash & equivalents, end of year Cash paid during the year for interest, net of capitalized interest Cash paid during the year for income taxes Powered by Clearbit NIKE Inc (NYS: NKE) Exchange rate used is that of the Year End reported date Profitability Ratios ROA % (Net) ROE % (Net) ROI % (Operating) EBITDA Margin % Calculated Tax Rate % Revenue per Employee 05/31/2021 16.58 55.01 34.71 17.21 14.02 607613 05/31/2020 9.2 29.62 19.63 9.88 12.05 494706 05/31/2019 17.42 42.74 37.11 14.2 16.08 510000 Liquidity Ratios Quick Ratio Current Ratio Net Current Assets % TA 05/31/2021 1.85 2.72 44.03 05/31/2020 1.39 2.48 39.16 05/31/2019 1.14 2.1 36.51 Debt Management LT Debt to Equity Total Debt to Equity Interest Coverage 05/31/2021 0.74 0.74 26.42 05/31/2020 1.17 1.2 33.44 05/31/2019 0.38 0.38 98.98 Asset Management Total Asset Turnover Receivables Turnover Inventory Turnover Accounts Payable Turnover Accrued Expenses Turnover Property Plant & Equip Turnover Cash & Equivalents Turnover 05/31/2021 1.29 12.35 3.46 17.52 7.92 9.12 4.88 05/31/2020 1.35 10.63 3.26 15.35 7.32 7.76 5.82 05/31/2019 1.69 10.07 3.98 16 9.45 8.51 8.98 Per Share Cash Flow per Share Book Value per Share 05/31/2021 4.23 8.09 05/31/2020 1.59 5.17 05/31/2019 3.74 5.77 Powered by Clearbit NIKE Inc (NYS: NKE) * all results are stated in US Dollars Target Country (United States) Peer Grouping by: Peer Scope: Company Name Caleres Inc Columbia Sportswear Co. Deckers Outdoor Corp. Designer Brands Inc Lands' End Inc NIKE Inc Skechers USA Inc Under Armour Inc Weyco Group, Inc Average NAIC country ROA % (Net) latest ROE % Gross Net Profit (Net) - Margin % Margin % latest - latest - latest Quick Ratio latest Current LT Debt Ratio - to Equity latest latest -20.49 3.73 19.46 -22.07 1.01 16.58 1.84 -11.09 -3.06 -104.07 5.85 29.61 -101.68 3.03 55.01 4.10 -28.63 -4.25 37.18 48.93 53.98 13.93 42.44 44.82 47.81 48.27 40.21 -20.74 4.32 15.03 -21.87 0.76 12.86 2.14 -12.27 -4.34 0.23 2.25 2.77 0.33 0.20 1.85 1.78 1.44 2.85 0.86 3.36 3.52 1.04 1.57 2.72 2.76 2.28 5.52 0.99 1.12 0.73 0.74 0.27 0.60 - -1.57 -15.67 41.95 -2.68 1.52 2.63 0.74 Total Interest Total Inventory Debt to Coverage Asset Turnover Equity - latest Turnover latest latest latest 2.24 0.99 2.40 0.86 2.20 148.69 1.29 3.97 1.38 1.01 3.48 0.77 1.48 1.33 2.17 0.74 26.42 1.29 3.46 0.30 12.84 0.86 2.31 0.60 0.90 2.59 0.70 1.60 1.01 47.3575 1.03 2.69
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1

Principles of Finance

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2
Principles of Finance
Part one
The risks that an investor must take into consideration are many and diverse in nature. Beta
risks include idiosyncratic risks, industry-specific risks, and market risks, amongst other things.
To put it another way, "idiosyncratic risk" refers to the inherent components that have the potential
to negatively impact the value of an individual's securities or a certain group of investments. In
contrast to idiosyncratic risk, systematic risk is seen as a hazard that is inherent to a market or a
group of market sectors. The market as a whole is affected, rather than simply a single stock or
industry in particular. When it comes to this kind of hazard, there is no way to completely rule it
out (Hickman et al. 2013). For investors, sector-specif...


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