Description
Final Paper
The topic that you used was:
Nurse training on Ventilator Associated Pneumonia this was the outline.
Your final assignment for this course is a Final Paper that will focus on evaluating research studies and reports to analyze a specific topic within a Health and Human Services research area. You will select a topic area in Week Three of this course that will be used for the Final Paper. Examples of possible topic areas include:
- Program effectiveness of community-based mental health treatment facilities.
- Perceptions of ethical competence among human service professionals working in long- term care.
- Treatment intervention outcomes for veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder.
- Characteristics of successful job placement programs for special needs adults.
- Trends in health care legislation and impacts on health and human service delivery.
For your Final Paper, you will elaborate on each section of your Final Paper Outline from Week Three. You must utilize at least eight peer-reviewed sources that were published within the last 10 years; these will be the same sources that you identified in your Week Three assignment. Your sources must present actual research studies that correspond to the problem or background of your selected topic area. Your Final Paper must address the following:
- Describe your selected topic area. Your description of the problem or background of your topic area should include more detail than the overview you provided in Week Three.
- Summarize the components, attributes, and/or various segments of the topic area you have selected. For example:
- What is the research problem or issue?
- Who or what is affected by this problem or issue?
- What are some specific examples of research studies, evaluations, reports, literature reviews, etc. that address it?
- What are the findings of these sources, and what are their implications on the health and human services field?
- Evaluate the research reports and/or theories from the studies presented in your minimum of eight peer-reviewed resources. This analysis should add to the exploration of the problem or background of your selected topic area.
Writing the Final Paper
The Final Paper:
- Must be eight to ten double-spaced pages (excluding the title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
- Must include a title page with the following:
- Title of paper
- Student’s name
- Course name and number
- Instructor’s name
- Date submitted
- Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement.
- Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
- Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.
- Must use at least eight peer-reviewed sources from the Ashford University Library.
- Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
- Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Explanation & Answer
Hi,Find attached the completed work.Kindly do not hesitate to ask for any clarification or editing if need be.Looking forward to working with you in the future.Thank you.
Running head: VAP-FINAL PAPER
Ventilated Associated Pneumonia – Final Paper
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course Title
Date
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Nurse training on Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Bundle
Introduction and Background Information
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is a nosocomial infection which mostly affects
critically ill patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) as a secondary infection from their primary
illnesses in this medical stage and usually, occurs within 48-72 hours after endotracheal
intubation which is usually as a result of new or progressive infiltration. According to Kalanuria,
Zai, and Mirsk, (2014), this infection is a contribution of half of all pneumonia cases in the world
acquired in the health care institutions while a 9-27% approximate of these cases occur through
the mechanical ventilation assistance systems to patients in their early stages of hospitalization.
Further analysis indicate that, this infection has an infection rate of 1.2 to 8.5 per 1000 days of
ventilation which are orchestrated by the media of ventilation used and is considered highly
infectious during the first five days with acute mortality as a result of the infection ranging
between 30-50% but according to Kalanuria, Zai, and Mirsk, (2014) this percentage varies
depending on the awareness by the medical practitioners handling the patients as well as the
quality of systems used in the process of treatment.
It is further affirmed that most of the medicine administered to the patients in the ICU are
in the due prevention of the VAP which poses a high lie risk to the patient admitted. Usually,
there are two types of VAP which are the Early-onset VAP and the late onset VAP where the
early onset VAP infects the patient within 4 days and is usually resulted by antibiotic-sensitive
pathogens while the late onset VAP is usually as a result of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR)
pathogens which take effect after the 4 days of intubation. The common symptoms attributed to
this infection include intense fever, reduced white blood cells count, the presence of causative
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agents as well as a change in the sputum characteristics. The treatment of the VAP calls for
intense examination on the patient which incorporates radiography and microbiologic suspicion
and examination (Kalanuria, Zai, & Mirsk, 2014).
The Diagnosis of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is characterized by three main
methods which are the microbiologic diagnosis, radiologic diagnosis, and clinical diagnosis.
Under clinical diagnosis, the continuous formation of infiltrating, leukocytosis as well as
purulent tracheobronchial sections on the chest radiograph, is an indication of sabotage of the
patient’s immune system by this lethal infection but clinical diagnosis is only capable of the
identification of this infection. Further, though, the clinical diagnosis attributes the infection of
VAP to the longer stays of patients in the ICU which indicate symptoms as fever, the presence of
leukocytosis in lung infiltrates and change in sputum and usually results to nosocomial
tracheobronchitis. Radiologic diagnosis usually uses the chest radiographs to determine the
presence of VAP in a patient but it is more affected by the specificity and sensitivity of the
diagnosis taking into account that, most of the times poor x-ray films compromise the effective
elimination and prevention strategies (Kalanuria, Zai, & Mirsk, 2014). Radiography attributes
atelectasis, chemical pneumonitis, asymmetric cardiac pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism,
cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, pulmonary contusion, pulmonary hemorrhage and
asymmetric ARDS as additional factors that may cause VAP.
In this regard, radiologic diagnosis processes present a diagnosis of VAP by cavitation of
the pulmonary infiltrate by inducing 96% specificity in the airspace abutting process and a
further 96% in the air bronchogram. Microbiologic diagnosis involves the blood and pleural fluid
cultures which culture the organisms that may be spreading the infections through the blood.
This method uses two blood cultures on pleura effusions of equal or greater than 10 mm diameter
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in the lateral decubitus. Further, it considers gram staining and non-quantitative and semiquantitative cultures on the tracheal secretions as ways of preventing the spread of this infection
to other parts of the body (Kalanuria, Zai, & Mirsk, 2014).
Consequences of VAP
The effects of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) usually settle on the patents as
well as the entire healthcare. It is clear that VAP is usually as a result of the relationship between
antimicrobial resistance and patient outcomes while its treatment using the antibiotic treatment
regimen may lead to huge clinical costs due to long periods of hospitalization and close
examination as well as the costs of the prevention measures administered. The nature of VAP
requires timely identification of the symptoms, as well as appropriate administering of the
antibiotic therapy with the most appropriate regimen, accompanied by the correct administration
of the antibiotics which usually takes place through oral, intravenous or aerosol means.
Inappropriate administering of the antibiotics renders the microbial agents stronger than the
immune system of the patient at such a compromising situation can actually bear making them
more vulnerable and susceptible to more infections. In the VAP affected patients, the mortality
rates are usually high as shown earlier ranging to 50% of the tot deaths that occur during
ventilation procedures in health care (O'Keefe‐McCarthy, Santiago, & Lau, 2008).
VAP usually renders the microbial agents more strong than the antibodies that help in
fighting them thus rendering the patient immutably weak such that they can be easily affected by
other factors such as severity of the initial disease or infection, presence of type-2 respiratory
failure which weakens the respiratory system, high acute physiology, and chronic health
evaluation measures as well as the presence of hypoxemia. Further VAP leads to increased
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mechanical ventilation in patients which further renders them weak and susceptible to further
infections as well as longer duration of stay in this condition as well as in the hospital increasing
hospital costs both for the patient and for the healthcare facility. In order to mitigate these
negative effects in patients, the creation of awareness on the medical practitioners’ side is very
crucial to ensure that at the event of treatment of other infections precautions should be taken to
prevent the patient from acquiring VAP (O'Keefe‐McCarthy, Santiago, & Lau, 2008).
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) also largely affects healthcare be it in the
medical facility or the health care department in the federal government at large. It is worthwhile
noting that VAP is a severe, fatal infection that leads to high mortality rates in the country. The
requirements to counter this infection are more many and need acute and detailed attention to
prevent thes...
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