1.
Question 1
B. (1)There are three common ways people respond to those who offend or bother them. (2)Perhaps the most
common way people deal with such negative situations is through passive behavior. (3)Passive people do not
share their feelings when they are upset. (4)Instead of trying to stop what is bothering them, passive people
will often remain silent and allow others to continue their annoying behavior. (5)A second way people deal
with a negative situation is through aggressive behavior. (6)Aggressive people lash out at those who have hurt
them—with little regard for others’ feelings. (7)The third way of dealing with negative situations is through
assertive behavior. (8)Like those who are aggressive, assertive people also actively address the cause of their
problem—they just do it differently. (9)They don’t yell at the person who has bothered them. (10)Instead,
assertive people will discuss what has annoyed them and then work to find a way to fix it.
B9. How many supporting details are in this passage?
1.
Two
2.
Three
3.
Four
4.
Five
2.
Question 2
Advertising should not be permitted on children's television shows for a variety of reasons.
The list words that signal the main idea are
1.
Advertising should not be permitted.
2.
children's television shows.
3.
a variety of reasons.
3.
Question 3
(1) People may think that love and romantic feelings are enough of a basis for choosing a spouse. (2) The
chances of a marriage surviving, however, would improve if prospective marriage partners considered a few
unromantic questions before deciding on matrimony. (3) For example, do the two individuals involved share a
common socioeconomic background? (4) The more similar they are in their social, economic, religious, and
cultural backgrounds, the more similar their expectations about married life will be. (5) In addition, what are
their goals? (6) It’s a big advantage to the marriage if they know and share one another’s goals concerning
career, lifestyle, and family. (7) Finally, and maybe most important, how does the prospective spouse treat
others in his or her life? (8) During the courtship, the boyfriend or girlfriend may get special consideration, but
in the long run, spouses will probably treat each other about the same way they treat their own family
members.
The sentence that expresses the main idea is: (Choose the number of the sentence.)
1.
1
2.
2
3.
3
4.
4
5.
5
6.
6
7.
7
8.
8
4.
Question 4
Languages EVOLVE over time, as you can see if you open a page of The Canterbury Tales , written about six
hundred years ago by the English poet Chaucer. It is barely recognizable as English today.
1.
remain the same
2.
improve
3.
develop and change
4.
get worse
5.
Question 5
(1) In both Canada and the United States, many people arrested for a crime never receive appropriate
punishment. (2) Prosecutors often drop charges because of flaws in the arrest procedures—officers didn’t
follow the rules with sufficient care or file their paperwork properly. (3) In many other cases, the charges are
dismissed at preliminary hearings because of problems of evidence, such as key witnesses failing to appear.
(4) Of cases surviving these barriers, many are resolved by a plea bargain. (5) That is, the charges are reduced
in exchange for a plea of guilty. (6) This spares the government the expense of a trial, but it also makes
punishment less severe. (7) And of those who do go to prison, very few will serve their full sentence. (8) Time
off for good behavior often equals 25 percent of one’s sentence, so most will be out on parole well before their
time is up.
The sentence that expresses the main idea is: (Choose the number of the sentence.)
1.
1
2.
2
3.
3
4.
4
5.
5
6.
6
7.
7
8.
8
6.
Question 6
Use context clues to choose the answer closest in meaning to the capitalized word. Then click on the answer of
your choice.
Quinine was first used as an ANTIDOTE for malaria over 300 years ago. Since then, it has prevented
thousands of deaths from malaria-infected mosquitoes.
1.
dangerous drug
2.
something that reduces the effects of a poison
3.
something that helps spread
7.
Question 7
“Necessity is the mother of invention” is an old saying. It means that when a need exists, creative minds will
DEVISE something to meet that need.
1.
buy
2.
invent
3.
hide
4.
oppose
8.
Question 8
Use context clues to choose the answer closest in meaning to the capitalized word. Then click on the answer of
your choice.
Brandy’s BLAND personality—sober, unimaginative, and boring—balanced her brother Randy’s hot temper
and lively sense of humor.
1.
exciting
2.
uninteresting
3.
sociable
9.
Question 9
B. (1)There are three common ways people respond to those who offend or bother them. (2)Perhaps the most
common way people deal with such negative situations is through passive behavior. (3)Passive people do not
share their feelings when they are upset. (4)Instead of trying to stop what is bothering them, passive people
will often remain silent and allow others to continue their annoying behavior. (5)A second way people deal
with a negative situation is through aggressive behavior. (6)Aggressive people lash out at those who have hurt
them—with little regard for others’ feelings. (7)The third way of dealing with negative situations is through
assertive behavior. (8)Like those who are aggressive, assertive people also actively address the cause of their
problem—they just do it differently. (9)They don’t yell at the person who has bothered them. (10)Instead,
assertive people will discuss what has annoyed them and then work to find a way to fix it.
B8. The major supporting details are
1.
ways to avoid being bothered by people.
2.
ways people respond to those who offend them.
3.
ways to act assertively.
4.
reasons to be aggressive.
10.
Question 10
(1) If we compressed the entire history of life on the planet into a single year, the first modern human would
not appear until December 31 at about 11:53 p.m., and the first civilizations would emerge only about a minute
before the end of the year. (2) Yet humanity's achievements in its brief history on Earth have been remarkable.
(3) Some 15,000 years ago, our ancestors practiced religious rituals and painted superb pictures on the walls of
their caves. (4) Around 11,000 years ago, some human groups began to domesticate animals and plants,
thereby freeing themselves from total dependence on hunting and gathering food. (5) About 6,000 years ago,
people began to live in cities, to specialize in different forms of labor, to divide into social classes, and to
create distinct political and economic institutions. (6) Within a few thousand years empires were created,
linking isolated groups and bringing millions under centralized rule. (7) Advanced agricultural practices
improved farming, resulting in growing populations and the emergence of large nation-states. (8) A mere 250
years ago the Industrial Revolution began, thrusting us into the modern world of factories and computers, jets
and nuclear reactors, instantaneous global communications and terrifying military technologies.
The sentence that expresses the main idea is: (Choose the number of the sentence.)
1.
1
2.
2
3.
3
4.
4
5.
5
6.
6
7.
7
8.
8
11.
Question 11
Use context clues to choose the answer closest in meaning to the capitalized word. Then click on the answer of
your choice.
“Let me be perfectly CANDID,” said the doctor to her patient. “With your weak lungs, if you continue to
smoke cigarettes you will probably die.”
1.
hopeful
2.
honest
3.
dishonest
12.
Question 12
Raul is an INDULGENT father. For instance, he lets his daughter stay up as late as she likes and never insists
that she does her homework.
1.
seeking advice
2.
giving in to someone’s wishes
3.
absent often
4.
strict
13.
Question 13
Use context clues to choose the answer closest in meaning to the capitalized word. Then click on the answer of
your choice.
Reggie REINFORCED his argument with convincing evidence.
1.
contradicted
2.
forgot
3.
added support to
14.
Question 14
(1) Finding a good way to get rid of garbage is a problem that faces many municipalities today. (2) It may be
of some consolation for them to know that getting rid of garbage has almost always involved problems.
(3) When settlements were very small, garbage was simply thrown outdoors, where it eventually decomposed.
(4) But as communities grew, pigs and other animals helped clear away garbage by eating it; of course, the
animals, in turn, recycled that garbage and thus created an even less appealing garbage problem. (5) The first
municipal effort to deal with garbage was begun in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin, whose solution was to
have it dumped into the Delaware River. (6) A century later, municipal incinerators, generally located in the
most crowded part of town, burned garbage and produced the worst of odors as a by-product.
The sentence that expresses the main idea is: (Choose the number of the sentence.)
1.
1
2.
2
3.
3
4.
4
5.
5
6.
6
15.
Question 15
A. (1)Once a virus, bacteria, or other pathogen enters your body, you can go through the five stages of a
disease. (2)First is the incubation period, which begins once the disease-causing agent enters your body.
(3)During this time, the pathogens multiply and spread throughout your body. (4)Next is the early-symptom
stage. (5)During this stage, the disease is highly contagious. (6)Symptoms are usually general and mild.
(7)They can include fever, headache, sneezing and tiredness. (8)The third stage, clinical disease, is the peak of
the disease. (9)Specific symptoms of the disease usually appear. (10)For example, jaundice is a symptom of
hepatitis. (11)Swelling of the face along the jawbone is a symptom of mumps. (12)Because symptoms develop
that a doctor can observe, the disease can usually be diagnosed during this stage. (13)Symptoms begin to
disappear in the decline stage. (14)Although you start to feel better, your body is still weakened from the
disease. (15)You can become worse if you become too active too soon. (16)Sometimes you can still transmit
the disease to others during this stage. (17)Convalescence is the final stage during which your body recovers.
(18)Most diseases are not contagious during convalescence.
A6. According to the paragraph a disease
1.
is rarely diagnosed.
2.
is easily diagnosed during the incubation period.
3.
can become worse if it is not diagnosed.
4.
is usually diagnosed in the third stage, clinical disease.
16.
Question 16
Use context clues to choose the answer closest in meaning to the capitalized word. Then click on the answer of
your choice.
Genghis Khan was known as a RUTHLESS warrior, whose greatest desire was to conquer the world. He
brutally slaughtered anyone and destroyed anything that stood in his way.
1.
without mercy
2.
kind
3.
noble
17.
Question 17
(1)Illiterate people face great problems in our society. (2)For one thing, people who cannot read or write are
limited in a world full of print. (3)They can't read stories in the newspaper or the menu in a restaurant. (4)In a
supermarket, they must depend on packages with familiar pictures and colors. (5)In addition, illiterate people
do not vote. (6)As a result, they are "half-citizens" who cannot exercise their democratic rights. (7)Another
problem is in pursuing an education. (8)Illiterate people find it difficult to take courses that might help them
advance in their job or get a better job. (9)Finally, they have trouble helping their children learn. (10)They are
not able to help with homework and often do not visit a school for fear of embarrassing their child or
themselves.
The addition words that signal the first problem of illiterate people are
1.
limited in a world full of print.
2.
For one thing.
3.
familiar pictures and colors.
18.
Question 18
People who do not vote in national elections give a number of excuses.
The list words that signal the main idea are
1.
a number of excuses.
2.
national elections.
3.
people who do not vote.
19.
Question 19
B. What separates friends from acquaintances? Studies show that there are several factors which influence
whether people become close friends. One important factor, according to researchers, is physical
attractiveness. People tend to be drawn to others—even in same-sex relationships—who are physically
attractive to them. Another factor is availability. Those people who indicate that they are willing and able to
socialize are more likely to make friends. Another key factor that helps friendship grow is frequent exposure.
People who see each other more often are much more likely to become friends. This is why people’s closest
friends are often co-workers, classmates, and neighbors.
B4. The third sentence of this passage provides
1.
a. the main idea.
2.
b. a major detail.
3.
c. a minor detail.
20.
Question 20
STEREOTYPES are not just racial or ethnic. Consider, for instance, the “dumb blond,” the hot-tempered
redhead, and the jolly fat person.
1.
facts
2.
languages
3.
groups
4.
oversimplified images
21.
Question 21
(1)Illiterate people face great problems in our society. (2)For one thing, people who cannot read or write are
limited in a world full of print. (3)They can't read stories in the newspaper or the menu in a restaurant. (4)In a
supermarket, they must depend on packages with familiar pictures and colors. (5)In addition, illiterate people
do not vote. (6)As a result, they are "half-citizens" who cannot exercise their democratic rights. (7)Another
problem is in pursuing an education. (8)Illiterate people find it difficult to take courses that might help them
advance in their job or get a better job. (9)Finally, they have trouble helping their children learn. (10)They are
not able to help with homework and often do not visit a school for fear of embarrassing their child or
themselves.
The addition word that signals the fourth problem of illiterate people is
1.
trouble.
2.
embarrassing.
3.
finally.
22.
Question 22
Use context clues to choose the answer closest in meaning to the capitalized word. Then click on the answer of
your choice.
In order to AVERT an argument, Jorge did not tell his wife how much he disliked her mother.
1.
start
2.
increase
3.
avoid
23.
Question 23
A. Parents worldwide use a special speech pattern when talking to babies. Called “baby talk,” this form of
communication differs from normal speech in a number of important ways. First, it has a distinct pitch that is
higher than that of normal language. Another feature of baby talk is that its vocabulary is simpler and more
concrete than the vocabulary in regular speech. Baby talk also uses shorter sentences than those used in normal
language. Finally, baby talk uses more questions, commands, and repetition than does day-to-day language.
A2. The second sentence of the passage provides
1.
a. the main idea.
2.
b. a major detail.
3.
c. a minor detail.
24.
Question 24
When you are first trying to ice skate, you may seem hopelessly INEPT. But don’t give up—with practice and
patience, you will learn to skate.
1.
unskilled
2.
talented
3.
confident
4.
uninterested
25.
Question 25
B. What separates friends from acquaintances? Studies show that there are several factors which influence
whether people become close friends. One important factor, according to researchers, is physical
attractiveness. People tend to be drawn to others—even in same-sex relationships—who are physically
attractive to them. Another factor is availability. Those people who indicate that they are willing and able to
socialize are more likely to make friends. Another key factor that helps friendship grow is frequent exposure.
People who see each other more often are much more likely to become friends. This is why people’s closest
friends are often co-workers, classmates, and neighbors.
B3. In general the major details of this paragraph are
1.
a. studies of neighbors.
2.
b. statistics about friendships and acquaintances.
3.
c. influences on friendship formation.
26.
Question 26
A. (1)Once a virus, bacteria, or other pathogen enters your body, you can go through the five stages of a
disease. (2)First is the incubation period, which begins once the disease-causing agent enters your body.
(3)During this time, the pathogens multiply and spread throughout your body. (4)Next is the early-symptom
stage. (5)During this stage, the disease is highly contagious. (6)Symptoms are usually general and mild.
(7)They can include fever, headache, sneezing and tiredness. (8)The third stage, clinical disease, is the peak of
the disease. (9)Specific symptoms of the disease usually appear. (10)For example, jaundice is a symptom of
hepatitis. (11)Swelling of the face along the jawbone is a symptom of mumps. (12)Because symptoms develop
that a doctor can observe, the disease can usually be diagnosed during this stage. (13)Symptoms begin to
disappear in the decline stage. (14)Although you start to feel better, your body is still weakened from the
disease. (15)You can become worse if you become too active too soon. (16)Sometimes you can still transmit
the disease to others during this stage. (17)Convalescence is the final stage during which your body recovers.
(18)Most diseases are not contagious during convalescence.
A3. Sentence 6 contains
1.
the main idea.
2.
a major detail.
3.
a minor detail.
27.
Question 27
A. (1)Once a virus, bacteria, or other pathogen enters your body, you can go through the five stages of a
disease. (2)First is the incubation period, which begins once the disease-causing agent enters your body.
(3)During this time, the pathogens multiply and spread throughout your body. (4)Next is the early-symptom
stage. (5)During this stage, the disease is highly contagious. (6)Symptoms are usually general and mild.
(7)They can include fever, headache, sneezing and tiredness. (8)The third stage, clinical disease, is the peak of
the disease. (9)Specific symptoms of the disease usually appear. (10)For example, jaundice is a symptom of
hepatitis. (11)Swelling of the face along the jawbone is a symptom of mumps. (12)Because symptoms develop
that a doctor can observe, the disease can usually be diagnosed during this stage. (13)Symptoms begin to
disappear in the decline stage. (14)Although you start to feel better, your body is still weakened from the
disease. (15)You can become worse if you become too active too soon. (16)Sometimes you can still transmit
the disease to others during this stage. (17)Convalescence is the final stage during which your body recovers.
(18)Most diseases are not contagious during convalescence.
A4. In general, the major details of this passage are
1.
symptoms of disease.
2.
reasons pathogens cause disease.
3.
stages of a disease.
4.
steps to avoid getting sick.
28.
Question 28
A. (1)Once a virus, bacteria, or other pathogen enters your body, you can go through the five stages of a
disease. (2)First is the incubation period, which begins once the disease-causing agent enters your body.
(3)During this time, the pathogens multiply and spread throughout your body. (4)Next is the early-symptom
stage. (5)During this stage, the disease is highly contagious. (6)Symptoms are usually general and mild.
(7)They can include fever, headache, sneezing and tiredness. (8)The third stage, clinical disease, is the peak of
the disease. (9)Specific symptoms of the disease usually appear. (10)For example, jaundice is a symptom of
hepatitis. (11)Swelling of the face along the jawbone is a symptom of mumps. (12)Because symptoms develop
that a doctor can observe, the disease can usually be diagnosed during this stage. (13)Symptoms begin to
disappear in the decline stage. (14)Although you start to feel better, your body is still weakened from the
disease. (15)You can become worse if you become too active too soon. (16)Sometimes you can still transmit
the disease to others during this stage. (17)Convalescence is the final stage during which your body recovers.
(18)Most diseases are not contagious during convalescence.
A5. How many major details are in this paragraph?
1.
four.
2.
five.
3.
six.
4.
seven.
29.
Question 29
In a research paper, you must CITE your sources. You can present them in footnotes or endnotes, or in
parentheses within the text itself.
1.
increase
2.
make known
3.
find
4.
remove
30.
Question 30
Use context clues to choose the answer closest in meaning to the capitalized word. Then click on the answer of
your choice.
During World War II, PROPAGANDA used to recruit soldiers included posters of “Uncle Sam” looking
directly at the viewer and pointing, with the slogan, “I want YOU!”
1.
ideas spread to support a cause
2.
groups of people
3.
useful information
31.
Question 31
C. Today’s college students are quite different from college students of the past. To begin with, students today
are more diverse then ever. In the past, college students were mainly white and male. Nonwhite students today
account for close to 30 percent of the college student population, and women now make up nearly 60 percent
of college students. Another major difference is that people attending college today are less likely to be
traditional students. A generation ago, most college students enrolled directly after high school and lived on
campus. Today, however, more college students have children, study part-time, and commute from home.
Lastly, today’s students are more likely to work than students of the past. Expensive tuitions make a part-time
job a necessity for a majority of students—something that was uncommon until recently.
C5. In general, the major details of this paragraph show
1.
a. similarities between past and present college students.
2.
b. differences between past and present college students.
3.
c. the qualities of an ideal college student.
32.
Question 32
One study after another has found that cigarette smoking has long-term effects on the body.
The list words that signal the main idea are
1.
One study after another.
2.
cigarette smoking.
3.
long-term effects on the body.
33.
Question 33
Although most celebrities would probably not choose different lives, they would agree that fame has some real
drawbacks.
The list words that signal the main idea are
1.
most celebrities.
2.
different lives.
3.
some real drawbacks.
34.
Question 34
The interest in plays seems to be UNIVERSAL. Theater has developed in every culture in the world.
1.
unimportant
2.
intelligent
3.
quite rare
4.
found everywhere
35.
Question 35
A. Parents worldwide use a special speech pattern when talking to babies. Called “baby talk,” this form of
communication differs from normal speech in a number of important ways. First, it has a distinct pitch that is
higher than that of normal language. Another feature of baby talk is that its vocabulary is simpler and more
concrete than the vocabulary in regular speech. Baby talk also uses shorter sentences than those used in normal
language. Finally, baby talk uses more questions, commands, and repetition than does day-to-day language.
A1. In general the major details of this paragraph are
1.
a. reasons
2.
b. statistics.
3.
c. differences.
36.
Question 36
Use context clues to choose the answer closest in meaning to the capitalized word. Then click on the answer of
your choice.
When his mother threatened to stop paying for college if he didn’t pass the course, Tony realized he had no
ALTERNATIVE but to study harder.
1.
pleasure
2.
choice
3.
excuse
37.
Question 37
People with red-green color blindness cannot DISCRIMINATE between reds and greens. People with blueyellow color blindness cannot distinguish between blues and yellows.
1.
prefer
2.
care
3.
paint
4.
tell the difference
38.
Question 38
B. (1)There are three common ways people respond to those who offend or bother them. (2)Perhaps the most
common way people deal with such negative situations is through passive behavior. (3)Passive people do not
share their feelings when they are upset. (4)Instead of trying to stop what is bothering them, passive people
will often remain silent and allow others to continue their annoying behavior. (5)A second way people deal
with a negative situation is through aggressive behavior. (6)Aggressive people lash out at those who have hurt
them—with little regard for others’ feelings. (7)The third way of dealing with negative situations is through
assertive behavior. (8)Like those who are aggressive, assertive people also actively address the cause of their
problem—they just do it differently. (9)They don’t yell at the person who has bothered them. (10)Instead,
assertive people will discuss what has annoyed them and then work to find a way to fix it.
B10. Which answer best completes the map of the paragraph?
1.
Box 1: Passive people do not share feelings
Box 2: Show little regard for others’ feelings
Box 3: Actively address the cause of their problem
Box 4: Lash out at those who hurt them
2.
Box 1: Passive behavior
Box 2: Aggressive behavior
Box 3: Assertive behavior
Box 4: Lash out at those who hurt them
3.
Box 1: Aggressive behavior
Box 2: Lash out at those who hurt them
Box 3: Passive behavior
Box 4: Assertive behavior
39.
Question 39
Both children and adults sometimes purposely act less COMPETENT than they really are. By pretending to be
helpless, they can get others to do things for them.
1.
trusting
2.
capable
3.
nervous
4.
friendly
40.
Question 40
To decide whether or not to take a job, consider several key factors.
The list words that signal the main idea are
1.
To decide.
2.
whether or not.
3.
several key factors.
41.
Question 41
Use context clues to choose the answer closest in meaning to the capitalized word. Then click on the answer of
your choice.
Although the actor was known for his violent outbursts on set, he promised that this time he would COMPLY
with whatever the director told him to do.
1.
obey
2.
disobey
3.
make fun of
42.
Question 42
(1)Illiterate people face great problems in our society. (2)For one thing, people who cannot read or write are
limited in a world full of print. (3)They can't read stories in the newspaper or the menu in a restaurant. (4)In a
supermarket, they must depend on packages with familiar pictures and colors. (5)In addition, illiterate people
do not vote. (6)As a result, they are "half-citizens" who cannot exercise their democratic rights. (7)Another
problem is in pursuing an education. (8)Illiterate people find it difficult to take courses that might help them
advance in their job or get a better job. (9)Finally, they have trouble helping their children learn. (10)They are
not able to help with homework and often do not visit a school for fear of embarrassing their child or
themselves.
The addition words that signal the second problem of illiterate people are
1.
"half-citizens."
2.
democratic rights.
3.
in addition.
43.
Question 43
A. (1)Once a virus, bacteria, or other pathogen enters your body, you can go through the five stages of a
disease. (2)First is the incubation period, which begins once the disease-causing agent enters your body.
(3)During this time, the pathogens multiply and spread throughout your body. (4)Next is the early-symptom
stage. (5)During this stage, the disease is highly contagious. (6)Symptoms are usually general and mild.
(7)They can include fever, headache, sneezing and tiredness. (8)The third stage, clinical disease, is the peak of
the disease. (9)Specific symptoms of the disease usually appear. (10)For example, jaundice is a symptom of
hepatitis. (11)Swelling of the face along the jawbone is a symptom of mumps. (12)Because symptoms develop
that a doctor can observe, the disease can usually be diagnosed during this stage. (13)Symptoms begin to
disappear in the decline stage. (14)Although you start to feel better, your body is still weakened from the
disease. (15)You can become worse if you become too active too soon. (16)Sometimes you can still transmit
the disease to others during this stage. (17)Convalescence is the final stage during which your body recovers.
(18)Most diseases are not contagious during convalescence.
A1. The main idea is expressed in sentence
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
17.
4.
18.
44.
Question 44
(1) To erase or not to erase? (2) That is the question in many students’ minds after they've penciled in one of
those small circles in multiple-choice tests. (3) Folk wisdom has long held that when answering questions on
such tests—or on any test—you should trust your first instincts. (4) However, a research instructor has found
that students who change answers they’re unsure of usually improve their scores. (5) The instructor spent three
years compiling and analyzing college students’ tests, watching for telltale erasure marks, which would
indicate that the student had, indeed, revised his or her answer. (6) What the instructor found was that revised
answers were two-and-a-half times as likely to go from wrong to right as vice-versa. (7) This statistic held up
even across such variables as sex, age, and race; the subject matter of the tests studied also proved not to be a
factor.
The sentence that expresses the main idea is: (Choose the number of the sentence.)
1.
1
2.
2
3.
3
4.
4
5.
5
6.
6
7.
7
45.
Question 45
(1)Illiterate people face great problems in our society. (2)For one thing, people who cannot read or write are
limited in a world full of print. (3)They can't read stories in the newspaper or the menu in a restaurant. (4)In a
supermarket, they must depend on packages with familiar pictures and colors. (5)In addition, illiterate people
do not vote. (6)As a result, they are "half-citizens" who cannot exercise their democratic rights. (7)Another
problem is in pursuing an education. (8)Illiterate people find it difficult to take courses that might help them
advance in their job or get a better job. (9)Finally, they have trouble helping their children learn. (10)They are
not able to help with homework and often do not visit a school for fear of embarrassing their child or
themselves.
The addition word that signals the third problem of illiterate people is
1.
another.
2.
education.
3.
courses.
46.
Question 46
The original versions of famous fairy tales have some shocking outcomes.
The list words that signal the main idea are
1.
original versions.
2.
famous fairy tales.
3.
some shocking outcomes.
47.
Question 47
A. (1)Once a virus, bacteria, or other pathogen enters your body, you can go through the five stages of a
disease. (2)First is the incubation period, which begins once the disease-causing agent enters your body.
(3)During this time, the pathogens multiply and spread throughout your body. (4)Next is the early-symptom
stage. (5)During this stage, the disease is highly contagious. (6)Symptoms are usually general and mild.
(7)They can include fever, headache, sneezing and tiredness. (8)The third stage, clinical disease, is the peak of
the disease. (9)Specific symptoms of the disease usually appear. (10)For example, jaundice is a symptom of
hepatitis. (11)Swelling of the face along the jawbone is a symptom of mumps. (12)Because symptoms develop
that a doctor can observe, the disease can usually be diagnosed during this stage. (13)Symptoms begin to
disappear in the decline stage. (14)Although you start to feel better, your body is still weakened from the
disease. (15)You can become worse if you become too active too soon. (16)Sometimes you can still transmit
the disease to others during this stage. (17)Convalescence is the final stage during which your body recovers.
(18)Most diseases are not contagious during convalescence.
A2. The second major detail is introduced in sentence
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
48.
Question 48
(1) An author doing research for a book asked thousands of Americans what made them happy. (2) Among the
popular responses she received were eating ice-cream sandwiches and candy, being offered a football ticket,
and visiting city parks. (3) Other specific responses included eating ravioli, feeling the cool underside of a
pillow, and rereading old love letters. (4) The most frequently cited response was simply spending time with
family. (5) Almost no one gave the answer of owning flashy jewelry, showy cars, or other fancy things.
(6) The author concluded that most of the things that put a smile on our face are simple and free or
inexpensive.
The sentence that expresses the main idea is: (Choose the number of the sentence.)
1.
1
2.
2
3.
3
4.
4
5.
5
6.
6
49.
Question 49
It’s a mistake to assume that if two events are CONSECUTIVE, the first must have caused the second. For
instance, Thursday does not cause Friday, and spring does not cause summer.
1.
happening at the same time
2.
happening unexpectedly
3.
happening one after the other
4.
happening daily
50.
Question 50
Use context clues to choose the answer closest in meaning to the capitalized word. Then click on the answer of
your choice.
When she was with her quarterback boyfriend, Quiana tried to hide her APATHY toward sports. Even though
she thought football was boring, she didn’t want to hurt her boyfriend’s feelings.
1.
anger
2.
great enthusiasm
3.
lack of interest
BUILDING VOCABULARY
SKILLS
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Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
BUILDING
VOCABULARY SKILLS
Fifth Edition
Eliza Comodromos
Paul Langan
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One
Chapter 1
acknowledge
candid
alternative
compel
anecdote
comply
appropriate
concise
avert
drastic
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
1 acknowledge
– verb
Tamara acknowledges that texting during class is a bad idea, but
she does it anyway.
Even after most of the votes had been counted, Senator Rice refused
to acknowledge that he had lost.
Choose the meaning closest
to that of the boldfaced word.
Acknowledge means
A. to deny.
B. to admit.
C. to remember.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
1 acknowledge
– verb
Tamara acknowledges that texting during class is a bad idea, but
she does it anyway.
Even after most of the votes had been counted, Senator Rice refused
to acknowledge that he had lost.
Acknowledge means
A. to deny.
B. to admit.
C. to remember.
In the first item, Tamara admits to doing something she
knows is “a bad idea.” In the second item, Rice refused
to admit that he had lost.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
2 alternative
– noun
The teacher stated the alternatives to Tim—either retake the test or
get a D for the course.
When her dog began to suffer from cancer, Wanda felt she had no
alternative. He would have to be put to sleep.
Bob Embleton via Wikimedia Commons
Alternative means
A. a choice.
B. a command.
C. an assignment.
Two alternatives for getting past
this hill: go left or go straight ahead
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
2 alternative
– noun
The teacher stated the alternatives to Tim—either retake the test or
get a D for the course.
When her dog began to suffer from cancer, Wanda felt she had no
alternative. He would have to be put to sleep.
Bob Embleton via Wikimedia Commons
Alternative means
A. a choice.
B. a command.
C. an assignment.
Two alternatives for getting past
this hill: go left or go straight ahead
Tim has the choice of retaking
the test or getting a D. Because
Wanda’s dog is suffering from
cancer, she feels she has no
choice other than putting him
to sleep.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
3 anecdote
– noun
Dad told the children an anecdote about getting his tie caught in a
file cabinet at work just as the boss walked in.
I once heard an anecdote about a stagehand’s revenge on a bossy
actor. The stagehand put wheels on a table used in the play, so when
the actor leaped onto the table during the most dramatic scene, he
rolled off the stage.
Anecdote means
A. an error.
B. a short, interesting story.
C. an article.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
3 anecdote
– noun
Dad told the children an anecdote about getting his tie caught in a
file cabinet at work just as the boss walked in.
I once heard an anecdote about a stagehand’s revenge on a bossy
actor. The stagehand put wheels on a table used in the play, so when
the actor leaped onto the table during the most dramatic scene, he
rolled off the stage.
Anecdote means
A. an error.
B. a short, interesting story.
C. an article.
Dad getting his tie caught and the stagehand getting revenge are
examples of short, interesting stories.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
4 appropriate
– adjective
Chuck has little sense of what is socially appropriate. For example,
he wore jeans and running shoes to his sister’s wedding.
Although it is appropriate for a man to take off his hat in church,
in a synagogue it is proper for a man to cover his head.
Used with the permission of Randy Glasbergen
Appropriate means
A. illegal.
B. fun.
C. proper.
“I don’t mean to be critical, Jones, but that
isn’t appropriate dress for a sales call.”
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
4 appropriate
– adjective
Chuck has little sense of what is socially appropriate. For example,
he wore jeans and running shoes to his sister’s wedding.
Although it is appropriate for a man to take off his hat in church,
in a synagogue it is proper for a man to cover his head.
Used with the permission of Randy Glasbergen
Appropriate means
A. illegal.
B. fun.
C. proper.
“I don’t mean to be critical, Jones, but that
isn’t appropriate dress for a sales call.”
Someone who has little sense of
what is socially proper would wear
jeans and running shoes to his
sister’s wedding. In the second
sentence, the word proper is a clue.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
5 avert
– verb
© Lawrence Weslowski Jr | Dreamstime.com
Renata averted an unpleasant meeting with her ex-boyfriend by
leaving the store before he saw her.
To avert an accident, Larry turned the steering sharply to the right—
and ran into a stop sign.
Avert means
A. to begin.
B. to prevent.
C. to report.
Drivers swerve to avert a crash
during this race.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
5 avert
– verb
© Lawrence Weslowski Jr | Dreamstime.com
Renata averted an unpleasant meeting with her ex-boyfriend by
leaving the store before he saw her.
To avert an accident, Larry turned the steering sharply to the right—
and ran into a stop sign.
Avert means
A. to begin.
B. to prevent.
C. to report.
By leaving the store, Renata
prevented an unpleasant meeting.
By turning the steering wheel (and
hitting a stop sign), Larry prevented
one accident and caused another.
Drivers swerve to avert a crash
during this race.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
6 candid
– adjective
I’ll give you my candid opinion, but you may not like what you hear.
My heart always sinks when Robbie invites me to his house for dinner.
He’s a wonderful person, but to be candid, he’s a terrible cook.
Lee Cannon via Wikimedia Commons
Candid means
A. honest.
B. friendly.
C. careful.
A candid historical marker
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
6 candid
– adjective
I’ll give you my candid opinion, but you may not like what you hear.
My heart always sinks when Robbie invites me to his house for dinner.
He’s a wonderful person, but to be candid, he’s a terrible cook.
Lee Cannon via Wikimedia Commons
Candid means
A. honest.
B. friendly.
C. careful.
A person may not like hearing
someone’s honest opinion.
Robbie’s friend is being honest
in saying that Robbie is a terrible
cook.
A candid historical marker
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
7 compel
– verb
My history teacher would often compel us to do useless work, such as
memorizing the date each state entered the union.
Charles Moore, Associated Press via Wikimedia Commons
If the law did not compel people to pay taxes, no one would pay them.
Police compelling Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
to answer their questions (1958)
Compel means
A. to help.
B. to forbid.
C. to force.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
7 compel
– verb
My history teacher would often compel us to do useless work, such as
memorizing the date each state entered the union.
Charles Moore, Associated Press via Wikimedia Commons
If the law did not compel people to pay taxes, no one would pay them.
Police compelling Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
to answer their questions (1958)
Compel means
A. to help.
B. to forbid.
C. to force.
A student would not do useless work
unless he or she were forced to. The
law forces people to pay taxes.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
8 comply
– verb
If someone with an iron pipe demands your wallet, it is safer to
comply than to resist.
“My wife is so used to being the boss at work,” Martin said, “that she
is annoyed when I don’t comply with her every request at home.”
HTO via Wikimedia Commons
Comply means
A. to argue.
B. to do as asked.
C. to hear.
A dog complying with its
owner’s request to “shake”
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
8 comply
– verb
If someone with an iron pipe demands your wallet, it is safer to
comply than to resist.
“My wife is so used to being the boss at work,” Martin said, “that she
is annoyed when I don’t comply with her every request at home.”
HTO via Wikimedia Commons
Comply means
A. to argue.
B. to do as asked.
C. to hear.
It is safer to do as asked than to risk
being hit with an iron pipe. If Martin’s
wife is the boss, she would expect
people to do what she asks.
A dog complying with its
owner’s request to “shake”
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
9 concise
– adjective
Because candidates in the debate had limited time to speak, they gave
concise answers to voters’ questions.
Unlike many politicians, our mayor is concise—his speeches are
short and to the point.
© Townsend Press
Concise means
A. wordy.
B. correct.
C. clear and brief.
A concise sign
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
9 concise
– adjective
Because candidates in the debate had limited time to speak, they gave
concise answers to voters’ questions.
Unlike many politicians, our mayor is concise—his speeches are
short and to the point.
Concise means
A. wordy.
B. correct.
C. clear and brief.
© Townsend Press
If time is limited, the answers need
to be clear and brief. If the mayor’s
speeches are short and to the point,
he must speak clearly and briefly.
A concise sign
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
10 drastic
– adjective
The company’s new president took drastic steps, closing two factories
and laying off three hundred employees.
Used with the permission of Randy Glasbergen
The most common punishment in schools is detention. If that does
not work, then schools resort to something more drastic.
“I agree you are good at getting people
to work harder, but your methods are a bit drastic.”
Drastic means
A. unimportant.
B. extreme.
C. easy.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Ten Words in Context
10 drastic
– adjective
The company’s new president took drastic steps, closing two factories
and laying off three hundred employees.
Used with the permission of Randy Glasbergen
The most common punishment in schools is detention. If that does
not work, then schools resort to something more drastic.
“I agree you are good at getting people
to work harder, but your methods are a bit drastic.”
Drastic means
A. unimportant.
B. extreme.
C. easy.
Closing to factories and laying off
three hundred employees are
extreme steps. If detention is not
enough, schools must resort to a
more extreme punishment.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
Complete the item with the correct word from the box.
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
1. In a traditional wedding, the person performing the
ceremony is often wordy, while the bride and groom
are very __________, saying just “I do.”
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
1. In a traditional wedding, the person performing the
ceremony is often wordy, while the bride and groom
are very __________,
concise saying just “I do.”
In contrast with someone who is wordy, the bride and groom
are very clear and brief, saying only two words each.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
2. When he saw no way to __________ the plane crash,
the pilot parachuted to safety.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
2. When he saw no way to __________
the plane crash,
avert
the pilot parachuted to safety.
If the pilot had to parachute to safety, he must have been unable
to prevent the plane crash.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
3. People often take __________ steps in anger and later
regret their extreme actions.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
3. People often take __________
drastic steps in anger and later
regret their extreme actions.
The word extreme is a clue.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
4. The drummer told interesting __________s about famous
rock singers he had played with.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
anecdotes about famous
4. The drummer told interesting ___________
rock singers he had played with.
A person who played drums for famous rock stars would have
interesting stories to tell about the stars.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
5. Because Frank seems so __________, everyone believes
him even when he tells a lie.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
5. Because Frank seems so __________,
candid
everyone believes
him even when he tells a lie.
If he seems very honest, everyone would believe him even
when he lies.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
6. In most American schools, it is not __________ for
students to call their teachers by their first names.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
appropriate for
6. In most American schools, it is not __________
students to call their teachers by their first names.
It is not usually considered proper for students to call their
teachers by their first names.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
7. When the real murderer confessed, the police had to
___________ that the wrong man had been jailed.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
7. When the real murderer confessed, the police had to
acknowledge that the wrong man had been jailed.
___________
If the real murderer confessed, the police would have to admit
they put the wrong man in jail.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
8. To earn money for college, Lonnie felt he had to either join
the army or get a job. He didn’t like either __________.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
8. To earn money for college, Lonnie felt he had to either join
alternative
the army or get a job. He didn’t like either __________.
Joining the army or getting a job are choices Lonnie does not like.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
9. A couple of older boys tried to __________ some
first-graders to hand over their lunch money.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
compel some
9. A couple of older boys tried to __________
first-graders to hand over their lunch money.
First-graders would not willingly hand over their lunch money.
The older boys would have to force them to do so.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
10. Any player who does not __________ with the rules will
be dropped from the team.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Sentence Check 1
A. acknowledge B. alternative
C. anecdote
D. appropriate E. avert
F. candid
H. comply
I. concise
G. compel
J. drastic
comply with the rules will
10. Any player who does not __________
be dropped from the team.
A player who does not obey the rules (do as the rules ask) will be
dropped from the team.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
Try to define each of the words from this chapter. The words will appear
one at a time as you advance the slides.
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
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Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
Extreme; harsh or intense
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
candid
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Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
candid
Very honest; truthful
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Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
candid
acknowledge
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
candid
acknowledge
To admit or confess
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Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
candid
acknowledge
concise
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
candid
acknowledge
concise
Saying much in a few clear words;
brief
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Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
candid
acknowledge
concise
appropriate
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
candid
acknowledge
concise
appropriate
Proper; suitable to the situation
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
anecdote
candid
acknowledge
concise
appropriate
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
anecdote
candid
An entertaining short story about
an event; a short, interesting story
acknowledge
concise
appropriate
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Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
anecdote
candid
alternative
acknowledge
concise
appropriate
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
anecdote
candid
alternative
acknowledge
A choice
concise
appropriate
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
anecdote
candid
alternative
acknowledge
compel
concise
appropriate
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
anecdote
candid
alternative
acknowledge
compel
concise
To force
appropriate
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
anecdote
candid
alternative
acknowledge
compel
concise
avert
appropriate
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
anecdote
candid
alternative
acknowledge
compel
concise
avert
appropriate
To prevent; avoid
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
anecdote
candid
alternative
acknowledge
compel
concise
avert
appropriate
comply
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Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
anecdote
candid
alternative
acknowledge
compel
concise
avert
appropriate
comply
To do as commanded or asked
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One / Chapter 1
Chapter Review
drastic
anecdote
candid
alternative
acknowledge
compel
concise
avert
appropriate
comply
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
Unit One
Chapter 1
acknowledge
candid
alternative
compel
anecdote
comply
appropriate
concise
avert
drastic
Copyright © 2018 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.
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