Running head: Qualitative Research
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Rough Draft: Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations
Introduction
Nursing care is a procedure that goes during the day and night without being interrupted,
or it is a constant process that takes place in the hospital for patients in twenty-four hours. Since
Qualitative Research
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a nurse cannot work twenty-four hours, there is the introduction of nursing shift where at the end
of a nurse shift information of the patient is passed to the other nurse who is supposed to
continue the other shift. The patient information is passed through a nurse report which contains
analysis, procedures and care plan for the patient. This is essential as it helps to improve the
communication cycle between the nurses and also it helps to ensure that procedure taken by the
nurses during the shifts are safe and effective for the patient ( Maxson, Derby, Wrobleski, and
Foss, 2012). Studies have exposed that bedside reporting has improved the relationship between
the patients and the nurses and also has led to the fulfillment of both the patient and the nurse.
The main of paper is to review the background, procedures results, and ethics used in the
qualitative study evaluating bedside report.
Background of the study
•
•
Identify the clinical problem and research problem that led to the study. What was not
known about the clinical problem that, if understood, could be used to improve health
care delivery or patient outcomes? This gap in knowledge is the research problem.
List research questions that the study was designed to answer. If the author does not
explicitly provide the questions, attempt to infer the questions from the answers.
Were the purpose and research questions related to the problem
The responsibility of a patient is passed from one nurse to the other through the handoff.
The bedside reporting enables a patient to known about their current situation thus increasing the
satisfaction of the patient and reducing their worry relating to their disease. This also increases
teamwork and effectiveness between the nurses.it was noted that in most cases that nurse was not
taking the time to inform the patient and their situation and their treatments. About 12% of the
nurse report provided the care procedure for the patient, and 2% provided the nurse evaluation,
but this did not provide the oncoming nurse with enough information to give the best care for the
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patient. Due to lack of information on the patient, this could lead to errors when treating the
patient and also give them the wrong medication thus jeopardizing the lives of the patients.
In addition, the researchers noted that 80% of the errors that are made in the medication
and treatment of the patients are caused by lack of substantial information during the handoff of
nurse’s shifts (The Joint Commission, June 2012). In implementing the bedside, nurse handoff
has improved the satisfaction of the patient and also minimized the incidents of medication errors
thus this show there was a void in the understating of patients involved in the handoff report. The
objective of the paper is to show the importance of the implementing the bedside nurse report to
the patient. The core question of the report was to show how bedside shift reports with patient
involvement compare to giving handoff report outside patient’s room affect patient's satisfaction.
The purposes of the report and research question are related as they tend to show the significance
of the patient participation in the nurse report.
Method of study
The qualitative method used in the research was suitable to the research question as it
tends to show the importance of patient involvement in the nurse report and their viewpoint to
the implementation of the bedside nurse handoff. The definite viewpoint of which the study was
established was to determine the satisfaction of the nurse in the hospitals and also the barriers to
the handoff report. The number of quantitative and qualitative studies that were quoted by the
authors was ten and three of the cited studies are old more than five years.
All the cited studies were significant to the research as they show the significance of the
patient involvement in the handoff report and also they used the present literature to show the
void between the patient and the nurse when taking a report and also their weakness. The
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literature review provided sufficient information showing how the implementation of bedside
nurse report has developed the team working of the nurse, increased the satisfaction of both the
patients and the nurses. There was the use of diagram to elaborate better the percentages of
services provided during the prior period of the educational intervention and the period of the
post education.
Result
The collection of the information which took place during the period of the preintervention and post-intervention was used to note the bedside report which took thirty days.
During the fifteen days of the pre-intervention period one hundred and eighty-two bedside
observations were taken, and in the fifteen days of the post-intervention period, one hundred and
eleven bedside observations were taken having a difference of seventy-one. There was an
increase of 16% as the nurses who entered the patient rooms during the pre-intervention period
were 79% and during the post-intervention was 95%.
There was also an increase of 7% of the nurses who reviewed the diagnosis of the patient
as during the pre-intervention only 84% reviewed the diagnosis and in the post-intervention 91%
reviewed it. Also, there was a 13% increase in the sector concerning the condition of the patient
as during the time of the pre-intervention there was 87%, and in the post-intervention, there were
100% nurses who stated the condition of the patients. The study enhanced the adjustment of the
handoff report thus enabling the nurses and the patient to have a good relationship, improve
teamwork among the nurses and increase the satisfaction of the patients (Evans, Grunawalt,
McClish, Wood, and Friese, 2012).
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The implication to nursing are implementing the bedside nurse handoff is and involving
the patient essential as it helps the oncoming nurse on the next shift to have sufficient
information about the patient thus making them use the right procedures in treating the patients (
Washington Regional Medical Center , 2014). The qualitative research had contributed to the
nursing knowledge thus enabling them to know the importance of information in the nurse shift
and the impact of lack of standardized data. The research had an impact on their education and
practiced as it helped them to increase the health of the patient by minimizing medical errors in
the hospital.
Ethical considerations
There are several ethical traits that were portrayed during the research report. University
of Arkansas Institutional Review Board plus the Washington Regional Medical Center’s Quality
Improvement Department approved the study. The confidentiality of the patient was maintained
as the bedside report took place between the patient and the nurse and process took place in the
patient’s room. Privacy of the patient was respect as the bedside process only involves the two
and the information of the patient in only shared to the nurses who are responsible for the patient
care.
Conclusion
The study shows the importance of bedside nurse handoff and the impact it has on the
services provided to the patients. The involvement of patients in the report is important as it
helps to provide a better care and also eliminates errors that may arise in the report taking.
Implementation of the bedside nurse hand reading is important as it helps the oncoming nurse in
the shift to know the situation of the patient as it provides enough information for them to
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provide better care for the patients. It is important for the nurse to implement the bedside nurse
report and also they should consider the ethics of the patients.
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Reference
Evans, D., Grunawalt, J., McClish, D., Wood, W., & Friese, C. R. (2012). Bedside Shift-to-Shift
Nursing Report: Implementation and Outcomes. Medsurg Nursing, 21(5), 281.
Maxson, P. M., Derby, K. M., Wrobleski, D. M., & Foss, D. M. (2012). Bedside nurse-to-nurse
handoff promotes patient safety. Medsurg Nursing, 21(3), 140.
The Joint Commission (June 2012). Joint Commission Introduces New, Customized Tool to
Improve Hand-Off Communications. Retrieved from http://www.jointcommission.org/
issues/article.aspx?Article=RZlHoUK2oak83WO8RkCmZ9hVSIJT8ZbrI4NznZ1LEUk
%3D
Washington Regional Medical Center (2014). Policy #123: Bedside/purposeful rounds
guidelines. Fayetteville, AR.
Running head: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH REVIEW
Rough Draft: Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations
Quantitative Research Review
1
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH REVIEW
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Clinical care in a health facility is an important continuous process, which is aimed at
creating a better understanding of the underlying issues within the focus on the delivery of quality
patient care. There are a number of aspects, which are considered in creating a better understanding
of nursing care at a given time. This means that there is significant need to develop an outward
report, which provides important information about a given session of care delivery (Rogers et.al,
2016). Provision of the nursing report is an important consideration in attaining quality care within
any given healthcare facility. Therefore, there are different approaches that are considered in nurse
reporting. Bedside reporting has been lately considered as the most effective nursing care reporting
since it captures crucial information. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to provide a critical
understanding of background, methods, results and ethical considerations of the study conducted
by Sand‐Jecklin and Sherman on quantitative assessment of patient and nurse outcomes of bedside
nursing report implementation (Sand‐Jecklin and Sherman, 2014).
Background of the study
Nursing care significantly focuses on the key underlying issues within the delivery of
quality care. Communication in healthcare is an important process, and thus there is significant
need to ensure that there is a better implementation better technique, which can be used to provide
quality information. There have been significant considerations regarding bedside reporting as
significantly identified by nursing with a significant number suggesting that bedside reporting can
provide a critical understanding of the underlying aspects which are not always captured in the
usual normal form of reporting. However, despite the significant focus on nursing reporting most
of the published studies have been unable to effectively quantify outcomes that are related to the
process change (Pearce and McCarry, 2016). This has been significantly attributed to the fact that
most of these studies do not incorporate significant sample sizes or unrecognizable thus making it
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH REVIEW
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difficult to achieve a better understanding of the quantitative measures that are put in place. Thus,
inadequate quantitative studies have provided a significant loophole where it is difficult decisions
based on the assumptions made regarding bedside reporting. The key research question considered
in the study was to assess patient and nurse outcomes of bedside nursing report implementation
through quantitative consideration.
Methods
(good job) Missing Missing or not clear:
•
Are the major variables (independent and dependent variables) identified and defined?
What were these variables?
•
Identify the time period for data collection of the study.
Describe the data management and analysis methods used in the study.
The study employed the use of quantitative research method, which was significantly
sufficient in providing a greater understanding of the issues that were being addressed since it
sought to provide a significant understanding of patient and nurse outcomes of bedside nursing
report implementation from an experimental point of view. The study incorporated quasiexperimental pre and post implementation design to obtain significant outcome regarding the
purpose of the study. A large university hospital was considered where seven medical-surgical
units were considered where both blends of recorded and bedside nursing report were assessed.
The data collection process started after the internal board approval. The participants were required
to sign the consent forms. The key outcome that was considered included patient and nursing
satisfaction, medical errors, nursing overtime, and patient falls (Sand‐Jecklin and Sherman, 2014).
The methodology that was adopted by the study was very efficient in providing a better
understanding of the underlying issues in bedside nurse reporting where the existing loopholes
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH REVIEW
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were effectively engaged. The key risk of participation that was addressed in the study included
confidentiality and privacy of the respondents (Krenz, 2017). The study thus significantly focused
on this issue, and thus confidentiality of the participants was assured since there was no conclusion
of personal information, which could link a participant to a set of answers provided. The
participants were also expected to sign a consent form showing that they are participating
voluntarily in the study. The data collection process therefore incorporated survey approach where
questionnaires were distributed within the Mid-Atlantic university hospital. The methodology
applied provided a better environment where quality results would be obtained from the study, and
they also focused on eliminating any level of biases. The author highlighted the weaknesses of the
existing studies highlighting that they did not provide clear information that could create an
enabling environment where decision making regarding bedside reporting could be developed
(Sand‐Jecklin and Sherman, 2014).
Results of the study
The patient views on nursing care were completed by 233 patients where 157 included
patients at three months post implementation and 154 at 13-month post implementation. The
baseline nursing perception survey was completed by 148 nurses. The results of the study showed
significant improvements post implementation in four patient survey items that were considered.
There were significantly improved nursing perceptions of the report in the areas of patient safety
and involvement in care and nursing accountability. The study was also able to reveal that there
was a decline in nursing perception that took a reasonable amount of time after bedside report
implementation. The study was also able to reveal that to a significant extent both nurses and
patients revealed that the bedside report was not steadily executed (Sand‐Jecklin and Sherman,
2014).
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Therefore, the study revealed that there are significant positive outcomes documented
regarding the implementation of blended bedside shift report with slightly fewer drawbacks. It was
also revealed that nursing attitude about the report at the final data was more positive than the
initial post implementation data collection. Therefore, the quantitative consideration of the issues
focused upon in the study was able to provide quality information regarding the focus on bedside
nurse reporting. The results provide a clear understanding of effective ways where quality
healthcare delivery can be engaged where both patients and nursing care providers understand the
critical aspects involved in the delivery of quality care. The findings from the study can be
significantly applied in general nursing practice since they focus on improving the quality of care
delivered (Whitty et.al, 2016).
Ethical consideration
Ethics play a very significant role in any research, and thus there is significant need to
ensure that a research puts in place better understanding of the underlying ethical issues to ensure
that the study conforms to the required research standards. The study was conducted after
significant review and approval from the internal review board. This shows that the study was
conducted within the required research ethical constraints (Sand‐Jecklin and Sherman, 2014).
Confidentiality is an important aspect of any research, and thus the respondents need to be
assured of the privacy regarding the information that is being developed. The privacy of the
participants was significantly upheld. The study included a consent form where participants were
expected to sign showing their willingness to participate in the study voluntary having been
convinced about their wellbeing. The study significantly followed all the available ethical
considerations and thus created a very much enabled environment where quality results were
obtained without infringing or invading participant’s privacy. Quasi-experimental is a critical
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research design, and thus it significantly requires that the methodology in data collection do no
harm to the respondents since it is an important thing to ensure that privacy of the respondents is
upheld (Groves et.al, 2016).
Conclusion
The study findings provide a critical understanding of bedside nurse reporting considering
the significant vital benefits that bedside reporting brings within the clinical care. The benefits of
bedside nurse reporting provide a significant focus on better communication consideration within
healthcare settings. The results from the study thus play a very critical role in creating a better
understanding between healthcare providers and patients since critical information can be obtained
through bedside nurse reporting compared to other forms of reporting within healthcare that
includes a common understanding between patients and nursing care providers (Sand‐Jecklin and
Sherman, 2014).
Bedside reporting, therefore, focuses on improved nursing satisfaction and patient safety
outcomes and thus it is important to understand that considering these important aspects of clinical
care will boost the overall understanding and implementation of quality care since it aims at
maximizing the delivery of quality care in healthcare facilities. Effective implementation of the
study findings in clinical care will provide a clean environment where it is easy to assess and
understand the key issues facing nursing service providers as well as patients in a health facility.
This provides a better platform where better countermeasures can be put in place to ensure that
challenges facing nurses and patients are significantly dealt with thus providing effective and
quality care where the wellbeing of different players in healthcare are well engaged.
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References
Groves, P. S., Manges, K. A., & Scott-Cawiezell, J. (2016). Handing Off Safety at the
Bedside. Clinical nursing research, 25(5), 473-493.
Krenz, A. (2017, March). Patient Perspectives on Bedside Reporting. In NURSING
RESEARCH (Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. E17-E17). TWO COMMERCE SQ, 2001 MARKET ST,
PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103 USA: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS.
Pearce, I. S., & McCarry, N. (2016). Let's chat: Bedside reporting in the ED. Nursing2016 Critical
Care, 11(4), 48.
Rogers, J., Li, R., Clements, R., Casperson, S., & Sifri, C. (2017). Can We Talk? The Bedside
Report Project. Critical Care Nurse, 37(2), 104-107.
Sand‐ Jecklin, K., & Sherman, J. (2014). A quantitative assessment of patient and nurse outcomes
of bedside nursing report implementation. Journal of clinical nursing, 23(19-20), 28542863.
Whitty, J. A., Spinks, J., Bucknall, T., Tobiano, G., & Chaboyer, W. (2016). Patient and nurse
preferences for implementation of bedside handover: Do they agree? Findings from a
discrete choice experiment. Health Expectations.
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Running head: BENCHMARK CRITIQUES
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I have included a properly formatted running head
Benchmark Critiques
Grand Canyon University: NRS 433
BENCHMARK CRITIQUES
2
Title of Paper Goes Here: Benchmark Critiques
Every paper needs an introduction in this section. Also, be sure to include a purpose
statement. Use the paper objectives to summary the purpose of the paper. This is an example of
a well done introduction: When an infant is born prematurely and admitted to the neonatal
intensive care unit (NICU), proper development and bonding with family is interrupted. The
infant now needs to develop, bond with family and process painful procedures in an environment
that is louder, brighter and more complicated than the womb. One intervention to help a
premature infant with this process is skin-to-skin holding which is simply when an infant is held
skin-to-skin on the chest of their parent with the infant wearing only a diaper. Studies have
shown there are many benefits of skin to skin contact (kangaroo care) such as improved
physiological stability, decreased stress and improved bonding with parents (Cho et al., 2016).
This paper will present a proposed evidenced practice change based on a review of research
articles and development of a PICOT statement.
PICOT Statement
Put your PICOT Statement here. Example: In neonates admitted to the NICU, does skin
to skin contact; i.e. kangaroo care (KC), compared to non-kangaroo conventional care increase
and improve parental bonding and satisfaction, infant’s physiologic stability and development
while admitted in NICU?
Population: infants admitted to NICU
Intervention: skin to skin contact/kangaroo care
Comparison: no kangaroo care
Outcome: improved parental bonding, satisfaction, infant physiologic stability
Timeline: while admitted to NICU
BENCHMARK CRITIQUES
3
Revised Research Critiques
Cut and paste your Research Critiques here. Use the feedback I gave you to update the
paper. It would be VERY helpful if you highlighted your new content in yellow so I can easily
find the updated info. Use the following headings: backgrounds, methods, results ethical
consideration and conclusion. Do not include your introductory paragraph as there is a section
for that at the top of the paper. You will only have one reference list and that will go at the end
of the paper.
Proposed -Evidence Based Practice Change
This is going to be all new content. Discuss the link between the PICOT statement, the
research articles, and the nursing practice problem you identified. Include relevant details and
supporting explanation and use that information to propose evidence-based practice changes (a
nursing practice that you want changed and that your research supports i.e.
implementation of bedside report). Be sure to include a conclusion to your paper.
BENCHMARK CRITIQUES
4
References
Below is an example of properly formatted references. Note the spacing and that they are
alphabetizes.
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Daresh, J. C. (2004). Beginning the assistant principalship: A practical guide for new school
administrators. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival
times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi:10.1037/02786133.24.2.225
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart,
Lung, and Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH
Publication No. 02-2650). Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
health/prof/asthma/asth_sch.pdf
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