1.What do the decree on foreigners and the statute of the College of Manufacturers suggest about Peter I’s understanding of the role of commerce in building the power of the Russian state? In what ways was this understanding in line with broader changes in the European economy at this time? 2.Based on what you’ve learned about continental political and social history—through reading, the lecture slides, and the board discussion, why were the Portuguese and the Spanish the first to establish a permanent presence in the East, Africa, the Caribbean and the South America?3. What were the two main characteristics of any absolutist monarch?4.How did the rise of slavery and the plantation system change European politics and society? For part of your answer, describe some of the rules listed in the broadsheet A Sober and Wholesome Drink regarding coffee shop behavior and consider how this might have affected western society in areas with booming coffee shop cultures (such as in France).

In the last 100 years, women's role in war has gone from nonexistant to very active. This change reflects how our society has evolved over the last couple centuries. Compare the role of women in the military today in any two countries. Write a detailed extended response with at least 200 words.

The DuelThe gods, lying beside their nectar on 'Lympus and peeping over the edge of the cliff, perceive a difference in cities. Although it would seem that to their vision towns must appear as large or small ant-hills without special characteristics, yet it is not so. Studying the habits of ants from so great a height should be but a mild diversion when coupled with the soft drink that mythology tells us is their only solace. But doubtless they have amused themselves by the comparison of villages and towns; and it will be no news to them (nor, perhaps, to many mortals), that in one particularity New York stands unique among the cities of the world. This shall be the theme of a little story addressed to the man who sits smoking with his Sabbath-slippered feet on another chair, and to the woman who snatches the paper for a moment while boiling greens or a narcotized baby leaves her free. With these I love to sit upon the ground and tell sad stories of the death of Kings.New York City is inhabited by 4,000,000 mysterious strangers; thus beating Bird Centre by three millions and half a dozen nine's. They came here in various ways and for many reasons--Hendrik Hudson, the art schools, green goods, the stork, the annual dressmakers' convention, the Pennsylvania Railroad, love of money, the stage, cheap excursion rates,brains, personal column ads., heavy walking shoes, ambition, freight trains--all these have had a hand in making up the population.But every man Jack when he first sets foot on the stones of Manhattan has got to fight. He has got to fight at once until either he or his adversary wins. There is no resting between rounds, for there are no rounds. It is slugging from the first. It is a fight to a finish.Your opponent is the City. You must do battle with it from the time the ferry-boat lands you on the island until either it is yours or it has conquered you. It is the same whether you have a million in your pocket or only the price of a week's lodging.The battle is to decide whether you shall become a New Yorker or turn the rankest outlander and Philistine. You must be one or the other. You cannot remain neutral. You must be for or against--lover or enemy—bosom friend or outcast. And, oh, the city is a general in the ring. Not only by blows does it seek to subdue you. It woos you to its heart with the subtlety of a siren. It is a combination of Delilah, green Chartreuse, Beethoven, chloral and John L. in his best days.In other cities you may wander and abide as a stranger man as long as you please. You may live in Chicago until your hair whitens, and be a citizen and still prate of beans if Boston mothered you, and without rebuke. You may become a civic pillar in any other town but Knickerbocker's, and all the time publicly sneering at its buildings, comparing them with the architecture of Colonel Telfair's residence in Jackson, Miss., whence you hail, and you will not be set upon. But in New York you must be either a New Yorker or an invader of a modern Troy, concealed in the wooden horse of your conceited provincialism. And this dreary preamble is only to introduce to you the unimportant figures of William and Jack.They came out of the West together, where they had been friends. They came to dig their fortunes out of the big city. Father Knickerbocker met them at the ferry, giving one a right-hander on the nose and the other an upper-cut with his left, just to let them know that the fight was on.William was for business; Jack was for Art. Both were young and ambitious; so they countered and clinched. I think they were from Nebraska or possibly Missouri or Minnesota. Anyhow, they were out for success and scraps and scads, and they tackled the city like two Lochinvars with brass knucks and a pull at the City Hall.Four years afterward William and Jack met at luncheon. The business man blew in like a March wind, hurled his silk hat at a waiter, dropped into the chair that was pushed under him, seized the bill of fare, and had ordered as far as cheese before the artist had time to do more than nod. After the nod a humorous smile came into his eyes."Billy," he said, "you're done for. The city has gobbled you up. It has taken you and cut you to its pattern and stamped you with its brand. You are so nearly like ten thousand men I have seen to-day that you couldn't be picked out from them if it weren't for your laundry marks.""Camembert," finished William. "What's that? Oh, you've still got your hammer out for New York, have you? Well, little old Noisyville-on-the-Subway is good enough for me. It's giving me mine.”And, say, I used to think the West was the whole round world—only slightly flattened at the poles whenever Bryan ran. I used to yell myself hoarse about the free expense, and hang my hat on the horizon, and say cutting things in the grocery to little soap drummers from the East. But I'd never seen New York, then, Jack. Me for it from the rathskellers up. Sixth Avenue is the West to me now. Have you heard this fellow Crusoe sing? The desert isle for him, I say, but my wife made me go. Give me May Irwin or E. S. Willard any time.""Poor Billy," said the artist, delicately fingering a cigarette. "You remember, when we were on our way to the East how we talked about this great, wonderful city, and how we meant to conquer it and never let it get the best of us? We were going to be just the same fellows we had always been, and never let it master us. It has downed you, old man. Youhave changed from a maverick into a butterick.""Don't see exactly what you are driving at," said William. "I don't wear an alpaca coat with blue trousers and a seersucker vest on dress occasions, like I used to do at home. You talk about being cut to a pattern--well, ain't the pattern all right? When you're in Rome you've got to do as the Dagoes do. This town seems to me to have other alleged metropolises skinned to flag stations. According to the railroad schedule I've got in mind, Chicago and Saint Jo and Paris, France, are asterisk stops--which means you wave a red flag and get on every other Tuesday. I like this little suburb of Tarrytown-on-the-Hudson. There's something or somebody doing all the time. I'm clearing $8,000 a year selling automatic pumps, and I'm living like kings-up. Why, yesterday, I was introduced to John W. Gates. I took an auto ride with a wine agent's sister. I saw two men run over by a street car, and I seen Edna May play in the evening. Talk about the West, why, the other night I woke everybody up in the hotel hollering. I dreamed I was walking on a board sidewalk in Oshkosh. What have you got against this town, Jack? There's only one thing in it that I don't care for, and that's a ferryboat."The artist gazed dreamily at the cartridge paper on the wall."This town," said he, "is a leech. It drains the blood of the country. Whoever comes to it accepts a challenge to a duel. Abandoning the figure of the leech, it is a juggernaut, a Moloch, a monster to which the innocence, the genius, and the beauty of the land must pay tribute. Hand to hand every newcomer must struggle with the leviathan. You've lost, Billy. It shall never conquer me. I hate it as one hates sin or pestilence or—the color work in a ten-cent magazine. I despise its very vastness and power. It has the poorest millionaires, the littlest great men, the lowest skyscrapers, the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever saw. It has caught you, old man, but I will never run beside its chariot wheels. It glosses itself as the Chinaman glosses his collars. Give me the domestic finish. I could stand a town ruled by wealth or one ruled by an aristocracy; but this is one controlled by its lowest ingredients.Claiming culture, it is the crudest; asseverating its pre-eminence, it is the basest; denying all outside values and virtue, it is the narrowest. Give me the pure and the open heart of the West country. I would go back there to-morrow if I could.""Don't you like this filet mignon_?" said William. "Shucks, now, what's the use to knock the town! It's the greatest ever. I couldn't sell one automatic pump between Harrisburg and Tommy O'Keefe's saloon, in Sacramento, where I sell twenty here. And have you seen Sara Bernhardt in 'Andrew Mack' yet?""The town's got you, Billy," said Jack."All right," said William. "I'm going to buy a cottage on Lake Ronkonkoma next summer."At midnight Jack raised his window and sat close to it. He caught his breath at what he saw, though he had seen and felt it a hundred times. Far below and around lay the city like a ragged purple dream. The irregular houses were like the broken exteriors of cliffs lining deep gulches and winding streams. Some were mountainous; some lay in long, desert canyons. Such was the background of the wonderful, cruel, enchanting, bewildering, fatal, great city. But into this background were cut myriads of brilliant parallelograms and circles and squares through which glowed many colored lights. And out of the violet and purple depths ascended like the city's soul sounds and odors and thrills that make up the civic body. There arose the breath of gaiety unrestrained, of love, of hate, of all the passions that man can know. There below him lay all things, good or bad, that can be brought from the four corners of the earth to instruct, please, thrill, enrich, despoil, elevate, cast down, nurture or kill. Thus the flavor of it came up to him and went into his blood.There was a knock on his door. A telegram had come for him. It came from the West, and these were its words:"Come back and the answer will be yes."DOLLY."He kept the boy waiting ten minutes, and then wrote the reply:"Impossible to leave here at present." Then he sat at the window again and let the city put its cup of mandragora to his lips again. After all it isn't a story; but I wanted to know which one of the heroes won the battle against the city. So I went to a very learned friend and laid the case before him. What he said was: "Please don't bother me; I have Christmas presents to buy." So there it rests; and you will have to decide for yourself. Lesson 4: The Duel: An In Depth Look at Figurative LanguageFigurative Language- Figurative language can be defined as any language that is not literal. This means, the writer uses words to create meaning that may be hidden. They might be trying to say that the water is beautiful, but instead say the water is ‘as blue as a precious topaz stone’. Doesn’t it sound more interesting than just saying, the water is beautiful? The trick or puzzle here is that the reader is left to “figure” out what the writer is intending! Let’s look at some examples of Figurative Language.There are many types of figurative language, they include, but are not limited to the following:Hyperbole- When something is over-stated. For example:When dad and I went fishing, we must have caught a million fish! (*Tip to remember- When someone is hyper, how do they behave? They over-react and are often loud etc.)Metaphor- A comparison between two completely different things without using the words “like” or “as” in the statement.For example: 1. The Ocean is a gleaming blue bowl.2. The river is a mirror.Simile- A comparison between two different things using the words “like” or “as” in the statement.For example:1. Susan is as pretty as a picture.2. The leaves on the trees shine like glass.Personification- is one type of figurative language where an idea or object is given human characteristics. In simpler terms, we take something that is not human, like a tree and give it qualities a person would possess (personifying). For example, the tall oak salutes every visitor that comes to the park. In this example, the tree isn’t really saluting anyone, but the reader can visualize a tall tree standing straight in the air like a general saluting someone as they pass by.For Example:1. Lauren could hear the chocolate bar calling her name as she walked by the kitchen.*The chocolate bar is not capable of speaking, therefore it is being personified. 2. The flickering flame of the fire danced in the dark.*The flame cannot dance, but it looks like it is when it is flickering. Dancing is a human trait, and therefore the flame is being personified. 3. Henry’s heart skipped around as he saw the most beautiful girl in school.* Although Henry is a human, his heart is not. Therefore, his heart is being personified.Lesson 4: Reading Comprehension QuestionsThe DuelDirections: Please respond to the following questions. Unless otherwise stated, your responses to each question should be 3-7 sentences in length where applicable.1. What one thing about New York did William NOT like?2. How did Jack feel about New York after living there for four years?3. Why did people leave the West to come to New York?4. Who was every man's opponent in a fight?5. What figurative language technique is used in the following quote from the story: "The business man blew in like a March wind"?6. After four years, what had Jack seen in New York? What did he think about these things? Give specific examples from the story.7. Who do you think won the battle? Give textual evidence to support your response.8. Student’s Choice:Choose 2 of the following questions to respond to. Make sure to address ALL parts of the questions and be specific. a. In "The Duel," when someone sets foot in Manhattan, he has to fight, and either he or his adversary wins. The City is his opponent. He gets no resting between rounds because there aren't any. "It is a fight to a finish." What figurative technique is O. Henry using in this section of the story? In a 2-3 paragraph essay, indicate which technique is used. Then define the technique, and explain how it's used in the story. b. Write a different title for the story, "The Duel." In a short essay, explain why your title is more appropriate.c. In "The Duel," O. Henry indicates that moving to New York is a battle. What would moving to your city be? Write a 3-4 paragraph essay using figurative language to demonstrate how moving to your city would be doing something specific.d. Quote five uses of figurative language in "The Duel." Indicate each type used, and explain the meaning of each one.