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Reactions In Aqueous Solutions Lab Report Sheet
The main objective of the lab was achieved. The unknown compound was found to be MgSO4. It formed an insoluble salt (MgOH) ...
Reactions In Aqueous Solutions Lab Report Sheet
The main objective of the lab was achieved. The unknown compound was found to be MgSO4. It formed an insoluble salt (MgOH) with LiOH, insoluble salt ...
Genetic Disorders
Perhaps you and/or your significant other is a carrier of a harmful recessive trait, such as cystic fibrosis. What would y ...
Genetic Disorders
Perhaps you and/or your significant other is a carrier of a harmful recessive trait, such as cystic fibrosis. What would you do when considering having children? Would you hope for the best and ignore the situation, or would you see a genetic counselor or what?Select a genetic disorder from the "groups" list. Don't forget to sign up for it. Genetic disorder: AlbinismExplain what type of genetic defect or disorder it is. Explain how this genetic anomaly occurs. Is it autosomal or sex linked? Is it dominant, recessive or aneuploidy?You should include what the effects are for individuals, what are the survival rates, is there a higher risk in certain populations, and any other interesting information.
What advantages do you see for Lemaitre’s perspective that we should not mix science with religion?
APA format 200 words pick a optioOption #1: What advantages do you see for Lemaitre’s perspective that we should not mix ...
What advantages do you see for Lemaitre’s perspective that we should not mix science with religion?
APA format 200 words pick a optioOption #1: What advantages do you see for Lemaitre’s perspective that we should not mix science with religion? What disadvantages could exist if we do not mix science with religion? Do you think it’s a good idea for various Christian ministers to stop making proclamations about cosmology or other sciences?Option #2: Pope Francis once stated that God is not a magician with a magic wand and that the Big Bang theory and the theory of evolution complement, rather than contradict the Scriptures. Perhaps this was in attempt to move the church away from its anti-scientific reputation that currently exists. What do you think about the Pope’s ideas and share one idea that you have to help bring the church away from its anti-scientific reputation?
The chemical symbol Kr, chemistry homework help
QUESTION 41The chemical symbol Kr stands for kryptonite.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 42The chemical symbol of silver is:Si ...
The chemical symbol Kr, chemistry homework help
QUESTION 41The chemical symbol Kr stands for kryptonite.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 42The chemical symbol of silver is:SiSArAg3 points QUESTION 43The chemical symbol, Na, represents the element:SodiumNitrogenNadonLanthanum3 points QUESTION 44The element, tungsten, is represented by which of the following chemical symbols?WTTuTn3 points QUESTION 45The proper name for O2- is oxygen ion.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 46The proper name for Fe2+ is ferride ion.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 47Which of the following describes the specific vanadium ion in the compound, VO2?Vanadide ionVanadium (II) ionVanadium (I) ionVanadium (IV) ion3 points QUESTION 48Which of the following describes the specific copper ion in the compound, CuCl?Cupride ionCopper (I) ionCopper (II) ionCupride (I) ion3 points QUESTION 49Which of the following describes the anion in the compound MgO?Mg1+Mg2+O1−O2−3 points QUESTION 50Which of the following describes the specific iron ion in the compound, FeO?Ferride ionIron (I) ionIron (II) ionFerride (I) ion3 points QUESTION 51The proper name for SrO is strontium oxide.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 52The proper name for CH4 is monocarbon tetrahydride.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 53The proper name for AlCl3 is:Aluminum trichlorideMonoaluminum trichlorideAluminum chlorideAluminum chlorine3 points QUESTION 54The proper name for VO2 is:Vanadium oxideVanadium (II) oxideVanadium (I) oxideVanadium (IV) oxide3 points QUESTION 55The formula for xenon tetrafluoride is:XeFXe4FXeF4Xe4F43 points QUESTION 56The formula for carbon dioxide is:COC2OCO2C2O23 points QUESTION 57The sharing or transferring of outer valence electrons between atoms results in a chemical bond.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 58The bond exhibited between two fluorine atoms is an example of an ionic bond.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 59The bond exhibited between nitrogen and oxygen is an example of an ionic bond.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 60Which of the following pairs of atoms do NOT exhibit an ionic bond?Xe and FCs and ClMn and FBa and I3 points QUESTION 61Which of the following pairs of atoms do NOT exhibit a covalent bond?O and SC and HSr and FF and H3 points QUESTION 62Which of the following pairs of atoms do NOT exhibit an ionic bond?Cl and AlCl and BCa and FRb and S3 points QUESTION 63The Lewis structure of HCl has a double-bond.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 64The compound, BF3, has the Lewis structure as shown below: TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 65The Lewis structure for NH4+ is: 3 points QUESTION 66The Lewis structure for CO2 is: 3 points QUESTION 67The compound H2CO, has a Lewis structure of: 3 points QUESTION 68The Lewis structure for the compound, CH2Cl2, is: 3 points QUESTION 69Cynthia and Jackie both draw the Lewis structure for F2 as shown below. Which drawing is correct? Explain. Cynthia's Drawing Jackie's DrawingPress Tab to enter the content editor. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).-- Font family --Andale MonoArialArial BlackBook AntiquaComic Sans MSCourier NewGeorgiaHelveticaImpactSymbolTahomaTerminalTimes New RomanTrebuchet MSVerdanaWebdingsWingdings-- Font size --1 (8pt)2 (10pt)3 (12pt)4 (14pt)5 (18pt)6 (24pt)7 (36pt)-- Format --HeadingSub Heading 1Sub Heading 2ParagraphFormatted Code-- Font family ---- Font size --Path: pWords:05 points QUESTION 70Which functional groups are involved in an amino acid?Press Tab to enter the content editor. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).-- Font family --Andale MonoArialArial BlackBook AntiquaComic Sans MSCourier NewGeorgiaHelveticaImpactSymbolTahomaTerminalTimes New RomanTrebuchet MSVerdanaWebdingsWingdings-- Font size --1 (8pt)2 (10pt)3 (12pt)4 (14pt)5 (18pt)6 (24pt)7 (36pt)-- Format --HeadingSub Heading 1Sub Heading 2ParagraphFormatted Code-- Font family ---- Font size --Path: pWords:0
anthropology discussion
Complete Forum #11 - Exploring selective pressure and immune responses!The genetic scripts written in DNA code constantly ...
anthropology discussion
Complete Forum #11 - Exploring selective pressure and immune responses!The genetic scripts written in DNA code constantly undergo changes, or mutations. At times, these mistakes in a gene's message can be harmful; often, they have no significant effect. Occasionally, though, a mutation confers a survival advantage in the face of an environmental change. Most of the non-carriers of the mutation die, and those with the mutation are able to reproduce. With that powerful evolutionary selection force, the gene can become common in a population.Scientists were astonished to find that some individuals did not become infected with HIV, even after repeated exposure to the deadly virus. For some reason, they were immune. A long and difficult scientific search, using blood samples from hundreds of HIV-resistant patients, finally teased out the genetic explanation. Resistant individuals had in their cells two copies of a mutation that disrupted the entryway through which HIV viruses entered white blood cells. People who inherited just one copy of the change could become infected, but their disease progressed more slowly. With this being such a recent epidemic, where did peoples' immunity come from? Another puzzle was the way this resistance is distributed throughout the world. In some Northern European populations it is relatively common. In Southern Europeans it is more rare, and it is almost entirely absent in Africans, Asians, and Native Americans. Logically, the mutation must have occurred in the past, acting as a defense against a different, previous epidemic caused -- like the AIDS epidemic -- by a pathogen that also targeted white blood cells.Reading a chronological history, biologists traced the HIV-resistance gene mutation back about 700 years. That was the time at which the Black Death (bubonic plague) swept through Europe, killing one-third of the population. Then, as now, there were individuals who survived the lethal organism, perhaps because it could not enter their white blood cells. The areas that were hardest hit by the Black Plague match those where the gene for HIV resistance is the most common today. After trying to infect such resistant cells with bubonic plague bacteria to test the hypothesis that the mutation in the CCR-5 receptor gene could have thwarted the plague in the Middle Ages, as it does HIV today – results suggested a different disease might be more likely. Focus has now moved to looking at smallpox as the catalyst. This will be yet another illustration of what scientists are finding over and over in the human genome: Nature's past successes often remain part of our genetic toolbox.Since the reporting of the first cases of AIDS in 1981, and the discovery of its etiologic agent, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), in 1983, there has been substantial scientific progress in the development of both effective antiretroviral therapy and the understanding of virus–host cellular interactions. Nonetheless, the correlates of effective immunity to HIV remain elusive, and the paucity of knowledge has hindered development of effective vaccines. One approach to understanding the immune response to HIV and why it fails in most people lies in examining those few hosts who appear to be resistant either to acquisition of the virus or to its devastation once acquired.Scientists have considered the possibility that HIV-2, the less virulent form of HIV found in West Africa, evolved from a form of SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) found in sooty mangabeys (SIVsm). Recently published research demonstrates that HIV-1, the form responsible for most AIDS cases, almost certainly evolved from a type of SIV (SIVcpz) that occurs in West African populations of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes). Researchers postulate that transmission from chimpanzees to humans occurred at least three different times, probably while human hunters butchered carcasses of chimpanzees killed for food. Evidence of the evolutionary history of the HIV virus, and the fact that chimpanzees apparently suffer few, if any, ill effects from SIVcpz infection, illustrates a successful pathogen. It is beneficial for pathogens to be sufficiently benign so as not to kill their hosts immediately, since less lethal pathogens are able to infect more hosts and increase their own reproductive success.Need an example?Ebola VirusSeveral strains of the Ebola virus exist. The incubation period is between 2 and 21 days. Initial symptoms are sudden malaise, headache, and muscle pain, progressing to high fever, vomiting, severe hemorrhaging (internally and out of the eyes and mouth). Patient mortality is between 50%–90% (usually within days). There is no vaccine and no cure - but we're getting closer. THE TASK:Given the premise in this discussion, research and describe a disease for the class. (please try to avoid duplicating the work of other students so we get a wide distribution of examples) (15 points)Note the degree of virulence with your selected disease and whether it is increasing or decreasing in prevalence. (5 points)Your post should be a minimum of 100+ words - please cite any resources used. (5 points)Leave substantive* comments on THREE (3) other student posts – select ones who wrote about different examples than you selected. Use this as an opportunity to learn what they have to share. (50 words+ each)*Substantive comments extend the conversation, ask a question, or offer an observation – strive to create a dialogue. Comments that consist of only praise will be awarded 1/5 points. student 1: As we know so far, mutation is the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes. At times, these changes can be seen as mistakes and these mistakes in a gene's message can be harmful; often, they have no significant effect. Occasionally, though, a mutation confers a survival advantage in the face of an environmental change. Most of the non-carriers of the mutation die, and those with the mutation are able to reproduce. With that powerful evolutionary selection force, the gene can become common in a population. Today I will share with the class more about the Ebola virus disease. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans.The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. Ebola virus disease (EVD) first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in what is now, Nzara, South Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred in a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name. The 2014–2016 outbreak in West Africa was the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak since the virus was first discovered in 1976. There were more cases and deaths in this outbreak than all others combined. It also spread between countries, starting in Guinea then moving across land borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia. The incubation period, that is, the time interval from infection with the virus to onset of symptoms is 2 to 21 days. Humans are not infectious until they develop symptoms. First symptoms are the sudden onset of fever fatigue, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. This is followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding. Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest. Ebola then spreads through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and with surfaces and materials (e.g. bedding, clothing) contaminated with these fluids.Supportive care-rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids- and treatment of specific symptoms, improves survival. There is as yet no proven treatment available for EVD. However, a range of potential treatments including blood products, immune therapies and drug therapies are currently being evaluated.An epidemiological analysis of Ebola virus disease in West Africa was performed based on 26 593 cases from March 2014 to May 2015. Compared to the peak of the outbreak, the number of new cases per day has decreased by 92.13% in Guinea and 97.70% in Sierra Leone. It was predicted that the Ebola outbreak in West Africa would end in June 2015.Works Cited:http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/ (Links to an external site.) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971215001848 (Links to an external site.)student 2: In this assignment, I would like to share with the class about Marburg virus because it is one of the most dangerous virus. It is named after a small and idyllic town on the river Lahn - but that has nothing to do with the disease itself. The Marburg virus is a hemorrhagic fever virus. Signs and symptoms typically begin abruptly within five to 10 days of infection with Marburg virus. Early signs and symptoms include fever, severe headache, joint and muscle aches, chills, weakness. Over time, symptoms become increasingly severe and may include: nausea and vomiting, diarrhea (may be bloody), red eyes, raised rash, chest pain and cough, sore throat, stomach pain, severe weight loss, bruising, bleeding, usually from the eyes, and when close to death, possible bleeding from the ears, nose and rectum, internal bleeding. As with Ebola, the Marburg virus causes convulsions and bleeding of mucous membranes, skin, and organs. People at risk are those who come in contact with African monkeys (bushmeat means meat from monkeys) and bats; individuals who research these viruses are also at higher risk of becoming infected. There have been several outbreaks in Africa in miners due to their exposure to bats. Veterinarians may also be at higher risk if they are exposed to African monkeys. Also, people who care for Marburg virus-infected patients and health workers who remove those bodies of deceased Marburg virus-infected patients are at high risk of contracting the disease. The case-fatality ratio for this disease ranges from 23% to 90%. Since now there is a new treatment for Marburg virus, the number of patients is decreasing, and the number of fatalities is dropping down.Work Cited:“Marburg Virus Disease – Uganda.” World Health Organization, World Health Organization, www.who.int/csr/don/25-october-2017-marburg-uganda/en/.student 3: Cholera is an infectious disease cause by the some strains of bacterium Vibrio cholerae in small intestine. Cholera mainly caused by bad sanitation and un-clean water(drinking, use for vegetable growth, seafood lived in polluted water, etc.). (gram-negative cell that habitat in salt-water)The primary symptoms of cholera are profuse diarrhea and vomiting of clear fluid, half day to 5 days after ingestion of Vibrio cholerae, which can cause dehydration, people's skin will turned blue/grey because of loss of huge amount of fluid. Lower body temperature or fever can also happened. Cholera affects an estimated 3–5 million people worldwide and causes 28,800–130,000 deaths a year. Risk of death after affected can be from 5% - 50% One of most important prevention of Cholera is keep sanitary, treatment include antibiotic for different strain of Vibrio cholerae , oral vaccine Dukoral and (ii) Shanchol and mORCVAX http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf (Links to an external site.)
4 pages
Spectroscope
1. Describe the differences in appearance among the three spectra. The continuous spectrum is displayed in a sharp, distin ...
Spectroscope
1. Describe the differences in appearance among the three spectra. The continuous spectrum is displayed in a sharp, distinct, and crisp run in its
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Reactions In Aqueous Solutions Lab Report Sheet
The main objective of the lab was achieved. The unknown compound was found to be MgSO4. It formed an insoluble salt (MgOH) ...
Reactions In Aqueous Solutions Lab Report Sheet
The main objective of the lab was achieved. The unknown compound was found to be MgSO4. It formed an insoluble salt (MgOH) with LiOH, insoluble salt ...
Genetic Disorders
Perhaps you and/or your significant other is a carrier of a harmful recessive trait, such as cystic fibrosis. What would y ...
Genetic Disorders
Perhaps you and/or your significant other is a carrier of a harmful recessive trait, such as cystic fibrosis. What would you do when considering having children? Would you hope for the best and ignore the situation, or would you see a genetic counselor or what?Select a genetic disorder from the "groups" list. Don't forget to sign up for it. Genetic disorder: AlbinismExplain what type of genetic defect or disorder it is. Explain how this genetic anomaly occurs. Is it autosomal or sex linked? Is it dominant, recessive or aneuploidy?You should include what the effects are for individuals, what are the survival rates, is there a higher risk in certain populations, and any other interesting information.
What advantages do you see for Lemaitre’s perspective that we should not mix science with religion?
APA format 200 words pick a optioOption #1: What advantages do you see for Lemaitre’s perspective that we should not mix ...
What advantages do you see for Lemaitre’s perspective that we should not mix science with religion?
APA format 200 words pick a optioOption #1: What advantages do you see for Lemaitre’s perspective that we should not mix science with religion? What disadvantages could exist if we do not mix science with religion? Do you think it’s a good idea for various Christian ministers to stop making proclamations about cosmology or other sciences?Option #2: Pope Francis once stated that God is not a magician with a magic wand and that the Big Bang theory and the theory of evolution complement, rather than contradict the Scriptures. Perhaps this was in attempt to move the church away from its anti-scientific reputation that currently exists. What do you think about the Pope’s ideas and share one idea that you have to help bring the church away from its anti-scientific reputation?
The chemical symbol Kr, chemistry homework help
QUESTION 41The chemical symbol Kr stands for kryptonite.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 42The chemical symbol of silver is:Si ...
The chemical symbol Kr, chemistry homework help
QUESTION 41The chemical symbol Kr stands for kryptonite.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 42The chemical symbol of silver is:SiSArAg3 points QUESTION 43The chemical symbol, Na, represents the element:SodiumNitrogenNadonLanthanum3 points QUESTION 44The element, tungsten, is represented by which of the following chemical symbols?WTTuTn3 points QUESTION 45The proper name for O2- is oxygen ion.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 46The proper name for Fe2+ is ferride ion.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 47Which of the following describes the specific vanadium ion in the compound, VO2?Vanadide ionVanadium (II) ionVanadium (I) ionVanadium (IV) ion3 points QUESTION 48Which of the following describes the specific copper ion in the compound, CuCl?Cupride ionCopper (I) ionCopper (II) ionCupride (I) ion3 points QUESTION 49Which of the following describes the anion in the compound MgO?Mg1+Mg2+O1−O2−3 points QUESTION 50Which of the following describes the specific iron ion in the compound, FeO?Ferride ionIron (I) ionIron (II) ionFerride (I) ion3 points QUESTION 51The proper name for SrO is strontium oxide.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 52The proper name for CH4 is monocarbon tetrahydride.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 53The proper name for AlCl3 is:Aluminum trichlorideMonoaluminum trichlorideAluminum chlorideAluminum chlorine3 points QUESTION 54The proper name for VO2 is:Vanadium oxideVanadium (II) oxideVanadium (I) oxideVanadium (IV) oxide3 points QUESTION 55The formula for xenon tetrafluoride is:XeFXe4FXeF4Xe4F43 points QUESTION 56The formula for carbon dioxide is:COC2OCO2C2O23 points QUESTION 57The sharing or transferring of outer valence electrons between atoms results in a chemical bond.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 58The bond exhibited between two fluorine atoms is an example of an ionic bond.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 59The bond exhibited between nitrogen and oxygen is an example of an ionic bond.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 60Which of the following pairs of atoms do NOT exhibit an ionic bond?Xe and FCs and ClMn and FBa and I3 points QUESTION 61Which of the following pairs of atoms do NOT exhibit a covalent bond?O and SC and HSr and FF and H3 points QUESTION 62Which of the following pairs of atoms do NOT exhibit an ionic bond?Cl and AlCl and BCa and FRb and S3 points QUESTION 63The Lewis structure of HCl has a double-bond.TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 64The compound, BF3, has the Lewis structure as shown below: TRUEFALSE2 points QUESTION 65The Lewis structure for NH4+ is: 3 points QUESTION 66The Lewis structure for CO2 is: 3 points QUESTION 67The compound H2CO, has a Lewis structure of: 3 points QUESTION 68The Lewis structure for the compound, CH2Cl2, is: 3 points QUESTION 69Cynthia and Jackie both draw the Lewis structure for F2 as shown below. Which drawing is correct? Explain. Cynthia's Drawing Jackie's DrawingPress Tab to enter the content editor. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).-- Font family --Andale MonoArialArial BlackBook AntiquaComic Sans MSCourier NewGeorgiaHelveticaImpactSymbolTahomaTerminalTimes New RomanTrebuchet MSVerdanaWebdingsWingdings-- Font size --1 (8pt)2 (10pt)3 (12pt)4 (14pt)5 (18pt)6 (24pt)7 (36pt)-- Format --HeadingSub Heading 1Sub Heading 2ParagraphFormatted Code-- Font family ---- Font size --Path: pWords:05 points QUESTION 70Which functional groups are involved in an amino acid?Press Tab to enter the content editor. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).-- Font family --Andale MonoArialArial BlackBook AntiquaComic Sans MSCourier NewGeorgiaHelveticaImpactSymbolTahomaTerminalTimes New RomanTrebuchet MSVerdanaWebdingsWingdings-- Font size --1 (8pt)2 (10pt)3 (12pt)4 (14pt)5 (18pt)6 (24pt)7 (36pt)-- Format --HeadingSub Heading 1Sub Heading 2ParagraphFormatted Code-- Font family ---- Font size --Path: pWords:0
anthropology discussion
Complete Forum #11 - Exploring selective pressure and immune responses!The genetic scripts written in DNA code constantly ...
anthropology discussion
Complete Forum #11 - Exploring selective pressure and immune responses!The genetic scripts written in DNA code constantly undergo changes, or mutations. At times, these mistakes in a gene's message can be harmful; often, they have no significant effect. Occasionally, though, a mutation confers a survival advantage in the face of an environmental change. Most of the non-carriers of the mutation die, and those with the mutation are able to reproduce. With that powerful evolutionary selection force, the gene can become common in a population.Scientists were astonished to find that some individuals did not become infected with HIV, even after repeated exposure to the deadly virus. For some reason, they were immune. A long and difficult scientific search, using blood samples from hundreds of HIV-resistant patients, finally teased out the genetic explanation. Resistant individuals had in their cells two copies of a mutation that disrupted the entryway through which HIV viruses entered white blood cells. People who inherited just one copy of the change could become infected, but their disease progressed more slowly. With this being such a recent epidemic, where did peoples' immunity come from? Another puzzle was the way this resistance is distributed throughout the world. In some Northern European populations it is relatively common. In Southern Europeans it is more rare, and it is almost entirely absent in Africans, Asians, and Native Americans. Logically, the mutation must have occurred in the past, acting as a defense against a different, previous epidemic caused -- like the AIDS epidemic -- by a pathogen that also targeted white blood cells.Reading a chronological history, biologists traced the HIV-resistance gene mutation back about 700 years. That was the time at which the Black Death (bubonic plague) swept through Europe, killing one-third of the population. Then, as now, there were individuals who survived the lethal organism, perhaps because it could not enter their white blood cells. The areas that were hardest hit by the Black Plague match those where the gene for HIV resistance is the most common today. After trying to infect such resistant cells with bubonic plague bacteria to test the hypothesis that the mutation in the CCR-5 receptor gene could have thwarted the plague in the Middle Ages, as it does HIV today – results suggested a different disease might be more likely. Focus has now moved to looking at smallpox as the catalyst. This will be yet another illustration of what scientists are finding over and over in the human genome: Nature's past successes often remain part of our genetic toolbox.Since the reporting of the first cases of AIDS in 1981, and the discovery of its etiologic agent, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), in 1983, there has been substantial scientific progress in the development of both effective antiretroviral therapy and the understanding of virus–host cellular interactions. Nonetheless, the correlates of effective immunity to HIV remain elusive, and the paucity of knowledge has hindered development of effective vaccines. One approach to understanding the immune response to HIV and why it fails in most people lies in examining those few hosts who appear to be resistant either to acquisition of the virus or to its devastation once acquired.Scientists have considered the possibility that HIV-2, the less virulent form of HIV found in West Africa, evolved from a form of SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) found in sooty mangabeys (SIVsm). Recently published research demonstrates that HIV-1, the form responsible for most AIDS cases, almost certainly evolved from a type of SIV (SIVcpz) that occurs in West African populations of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes). Researchers postulate that transmission from chimpanzees to humans occurred at least three different times, probably while human hunters butchered carcasses of chimpanzees killed for food. Evidence of the evolutionary history of the HIV virus, and the fact that chimpanzees apparently suffer few, if any, ill effects from SIVcpz infection, illustrates a successful pathogen. It is beneficial for pathogens to be sufficiently benign so as not to kill their hosts immediately, since less lethal pathogens are able to infect more hosts and increase their own reproductive success.Need an example?Ebola VirusSeveral strains of the Ebola virus exist. The incubation period is between 2 and 21 days. Initial symptoms are sudden malaise, headache, and muscle pain, progressing to high fever, vomiting, severe hemorrhaging (internally and out of the eyes and mouth). Patient mortality is between 50%–90% (usually within days). There is no vaccine and no cure - but we're getting closer. THE TASK:Given the premise in this discussion, research and describe a disease for the class. (please try to avoid duplicating the work of other students so we get a wide distribution of examples) (15 points)Note the degree of virulence with your selected disease and whether it is increasing or decreasing in prevalence. (5 points)Your post should be a minimum of 100+ words - please cite any resources used. (5 points)Leave substantive* comments on THREE (3) other student posts – select ones who wrote about different examples than you selected. Use this as an opportunity to learn what they have to share. (50 words+ each)*Substantive comments extend the conversation, ask a question, or offer an observation – strive to create a dialogue. Comments that consist of only praise will be awarded 1/5 points. student 1: As we know so far, mutation is the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes. At times, these changes can be seen as mistakes and these mistakes in a gene's message can be harmful; often, they have no significant effect. Occasionally, though, a mutation confers a survival advantage in the face of an environmental change. Most of the non-carriers of the mutation die, and those with the mutation are able to reproduce. With that powerful evolutionary selection force, the gene can become common in a population. Today I will share with the class more about the Ebola virus disease. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans.The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. Ebola virus disease (EVD) first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in what is now, Nzara, South Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred in a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name. The 2014–2016 outbreak in West Africa was the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak since the virus was first discovered in 1976. There were more cases and deaths in this outbreak than all others combined. It also spread between countries, starting in Guinea then moving across land borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia. The incubation period, that is, the time interval from infection with the virus to onset of symptoms is 2 to 21 days. Humans are not infectious until they develop symptoms. First symptoms are the sudden onset of fever fatigue, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. This is followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding. Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest. Ebola then spreads through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and with surfaces and materials (e.g. bedding, clothing) contaminated with these fluids.Supportive care-rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids- and treatment of specific symptoms, improves survival. There is as yet no proven treatment available for EVD. However, a range of potential treatments including blood products, immune therapies and drug therapies are currently being evaluated.An epidemiological analysis of Ebola virus disease in West Africa was performed based on 26 593 cases from March 2014 to May 2015. Compared to the peak of the outbreak, the number of new cases per day has decreased by 92.13% in Guinea and 97.70% in Sierra Leone. It was predicted that the Ebola outbreak in West Africa would end in June 2015.Works Cited:http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/ (Links to an external site.) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971215001848 (Links to an external site.)student 2: In this assignment, I would like to share with the class about Marburg virus because it is one of the most dangerous virus. It is named after a small and idyllic town on the river Lahn - but that has nothing to do with the disease itself. The Marburg virus is a hemorrhagic fever virus. Signs and symptoms typically begin abruptly within five to 10 days of infection with Marburg virus. Early signs and symptoms include fever, severe headache, joint and muscle aches, chills, weakness. Over time, symptoms become increasingly severe and may include: nausea and vomiting, diarrhea (may be bloody), red eyes, raised rash, chest pain and cough, sore throat, stomach pain, severe weight loss, bruising, bleeding, usually from the eyes, and when close to death, possible bleeding from the ears, nose and rectum, internal bleeding. As with Ebola, the Marburg virus causes convulsions and bleeding of mucous membranes, skin, and organs. People at risk are those who come in contact with African monkeys (bushmeat means meat from monkeys) and bats; individuals who research these viruses are also at higher risk of becoming infected. There have been several outbreaks in Africa in miners due to their exposure to bats. Veterinarians may also be at higher risk if they are exposed to African monkeys. Also, people who care for Marburg virus-infected patients and health workers who remove those bodies of deceased Marburg virus-infected patients are at high risk of contracting the disease. The case-fatality ratio for this disease ranges from 23% to 90%. Since now there is a new treatment for Marburg virus, the number of patients is decreasing, and the number of fatalities is dropping down.Work Cited:“Marburg Virus Disease – Uganda.” World Health Organization, World Health Organization, www.who.int/csr/don/25-october-2017-marburg-uganda/en/.student 3: Cholera is an infectious disease cause by the some strains of bacterium Vibrio cholerae in small intestine. Cholera mainly caused by bad sanitation and un-clean water(drinking, use for vegetable growth, seafood lived in polluted water, etc.). (gram-negative cell that habitat in salt-water)The primary symptoms of cholera are profuse diarrhea and vomiting of clear fluid, half day to 5 days after ingestion of Vibrio cholerae, which can cause dehydration, people's skin will turned blue/grey because of loss of huge amount of fluid. Lower body temperature or fever can also happened. Cholera affects an estimated 3–5 million people worldwide and causes 28,800–130,000 deaths a year. Risk of death after affected can be from 5% - 50% One of most important prevention of Cholera is keep sanitary, treatment include antibiotic for different strain of Vibrio cholerae , oral vaccine Dukoral and (ii) Shanchol and mORCVAX http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf (Links to an external site.)
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Spectroscope
1. Describe the differences in appearance among the three spectra. The continuous spectrum is displayed in a sharp, distin ...
Spectroscope
1. Describe the differences in appearance among the three spectra. The continuous spectrum is displayed in a sharp, distinct, and crisp run in its
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