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This assignment uses the information you have gathered for your weekly World View Chart Assignments. Choose one (1) category (origin of all things, nature of god, view of human nature, view of good and evil, etc.) from the chart to focus on for this assignment. Consider how the selected aspect relates to each of the religions covered and to your own social or work experiences.

Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you:

  1. Select one (1) category from the completed World View Chart. Provide a rationale for choosing this category.
  2. Describe the selected content and explain the significance of the selected category across the religions studied.
  3. Provide one (1) specific example of how the selected category is manifested in your social environment.
  4. Use at least three (3) quality resources as references for the assignment and document your sources using APA Style for in-text citations and references. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.
  5. Write clearly and coherently using correct grammar, punctuation, spelling, and mechanics.
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Religi on Origin of All Things Nature of God View of Human Nature View of Good and Evil View of “Salvation” View of After Life Practices and Rituals Celebrations and Festivals Week 2 No specific origin or founder. Gods are in male and female form and represent many different things. For Hinduism Brahman is a supreme reality. For Jainism’s Mahavira or Mahavir is the great hero. Actions have consequences. What goes around comes around. Karma will come back from the God’s and all actions are gifts to the absolute. Good actions will bring good things and bad actions will bring bad things. Karma is a real substance that flows into people and attaches itself in them like an impurity. People are born again and again until they get rid of their impure karma. People are born over and over until they are pure and clean from impurity and will be saved once the impure substances of karma are gone. SamsaraReincarnation Souls are immortal and imperishable. Belief in many heavens and hells. Public Worship (Puja) Darshan Yoga Images Home Shrines Meditation Vedas Reference: Hinduwebsite.c om Reference: Living Religions Diwali Tamil New Year Makarsankranti / Pongal Vasant Panchami Maha Shivaratri Holi Telugu New Year/ Ugadi/ Gudi PadwaHindi New Year Ramanavami Hanuman JayantiVaisakhi / Baisakhi / Vishu Bengali New Year Akshaya Tritiya Savitri Pooja Puri Rath Yatra Guru Purnima Nag Panchami Onam RakshaBandhan Krishna Janmashtami Ganesh Chaturthi Mahalaya Amavasya Navaratri begins Hindui sm & Jainis m Reference: Living Religions Reference: Hinduwebite.com – Living Religions Reference: Hinduwebsite.com Reference: Hinduwebsite.c om Durga Puja begins Navaratri ends Reference: Hinduwebsite.co m Week 3 Buddh ism The word comes from 'budhi', 'to awaken'. It has its origins about 2,500 years ago when Siddhartha Gotama, known as the Buddha, was himself awakened (enlightened) at the age of 35. Ref: http://www.aboutbuddhi sm.org/ There is no God. Buddhism is an atheistic religion that believes in self enlightenment. The Sanskrit word for enlightenment is "bodhi," which means "awakened." Ref: Living Religions Buddha taught that everything is temporary (anicca), and this includes everything that we associate with being human: sensations, feelings, thoughts and consciousness. This is the doctrine of anatta, "no-soul," a central concept of Buddhism. Ref: http://www.aboutbu ddhism.org The Buddha never directly addressed the question of whether humans are essentially good or evil. However, he said that we have the ability to do good and implied that given the right circumstances, we have receptiveness towards goodness. He said: ‘Develop the good! It can be done! If it were impossible I would not urge you to do so. But since it can be done I say to you “Develop the good!” And if developing the good caused you loss and sorrow I would not urge you to do so. But since it conduces to your welfare and happiness I say to For a Buddhist salvation is reaching Nirvana. Nirvana is a transcendental, blissful, spiritual state of nothingnessA person becomes a Buddha.. To reach Nirvana you must follow the Noble Eightfold Path. a Buddhist Ref: http://www.abo utbuddhism.org / reaching Nirvana. Nirvana is a According to Buddhism, after death a person is either reborn into another body (reincarnated) or enters nirvana. Only Buddhas those who have attained enlightenment will achieve the nirvana or the reincarnation. Ref: http://www.abo utbuddhism.org / Meditation in Buddhism refers to mental concentration and mindfulness. Mantras Mantras refers to sacred sounds. Mudras Mudras are symbolic hand gestures. Prayer Wheels Prayer wheels assist in reciting mantras with the turn of a wheel. Buddhism Symbols These are used in nearly all expressions of Buddhism. Vesak or Visakah Puja ("Buddha Day") Buddhist New Year Vesak or Visakah Puja ("Buddha Day") Asalha Puja Day ("Dhamma Day") The Elephant Festival The Buddha used the example of a wild elephant which, when it is caught, is harnessed to a tame one to train. In the same way, he said, a person new to Buddhism should have a special friendship of an older Buddhist. To mark this saying, Thais hold an elephant festival on the third Saturday in November you “Develop the good!”’ (A.I,58). Later Mahāyāna thinkers developed the doctrine of Buddha Nature, the idea that all humans, indeed all beings, have the same nature as the Buddha and thus are inherently good. Ref: http://www.buddhis ma2z.com/content.p hp?id=180 transcende ntal, blissful, spiritual state of nothingnes s--you become a Ref: http://www.bud dhanet.net/festi val.htm The Festival of the Tooth Kandy is a beautiful city in Sri Lanka. On a small hill is a great temple which was especially built to house a relic of the Buddha - his tooth. The tooth can never be seen, as it is kept deep inside may caskets. But once a year in August, on the night of the full moon, there is a special procession for it. Ref: http://www.buddh anet.net/festival.h tm Week 4 Daois m and Confu cianis m Confucianism has a cosmology which can explain the rise of universe and of the biological lives. It says, "There is Wu-Ch'i which causes Tai-Ch'i which produces Yin and Yang. Then Yin and Yang form Eight Kwa (Trigrams). The Sixtyfour Kwa (Hexagram) can then be generated. These Sixty-four Kwa incorporates the entire universe. Ref: http://www.chinesewordroots.org/confuciu.htm# III There is no specific God. Confucianism is based on the foundation of Confucius. The founder of Confucianism was Kong Qiu (K'ung Ch'iu), who was born around 552 B.C.E. in the small state of Lu and died in 479 B.C.E. The Latinized name Confucius, based on the honorific title Kong Fuzi (K'ung Futzu), was created by 16th-century Jesuit missionaries in China. Confucius was a teacher to sons of the nobility at a time when formal education was just beginning in China. Ref: http://www.patheo s.com/Library/Con fucianism.html Confucius said heaven and the afterlife were beyond human capacity to understand, and one should therefore concentrate instead on doing the right thing in this life. The earliest records from his students indicate that he did not provide many moral precepts; rather he taught an attitude toward one's fellow humans of respect, particularly respect for one's parents, teachers, and elders. Ref: Ref: http://www.patheos. com/Library/Confuc ianism.html Confucius did not deny the existence of a reality beyond the human world, but he said that the nature of ultimate reality and the intentions and expectations of divinities are beyond human capacity to know or understand. Human morals should therefore be based on human relationships, without reference to some higher order. According to some interpretations of Confucianism, suffering and evil are inevitable in human life, and can promote learning and growth. A mistake is not a "sin," but an opportunity to learn and do better next time. Empathy for the suffering of others also provides motivation to grow morally, but not all humans are capable of empathy. Ref: http://worldreligions. Confucians do not typically hold beliefs about the individual salvation or damnation of persons beyond this life, ancestor worship is an important part of Confucian faith and practice. Ancestor worship is among the oldest and most enduring Chinese religious practices. Even though the cult of ancestors frequently has been described as Confucian, devotees of nearly every religious tradition in China practice ancestor worship Ref: http://www.path eos.com/Librar y/Confucianism Kongzi stated that the afterlife was beyond human comprehension . Humans should live and behave in such a way as to promote ideal social relations, rather than to act based on the expectations of rewards or punishments after death. In Confucian terms, a meaningful life is one in which one develops one's innate moral potential to the fullest while fulfilling all of one's social obligations. At the same time, from a Confucian perspective, one cannot live fully in the present without being fully responsible to the past, both Birth is considered by confucianists as a creative life form. So when a baby is born, it is symbolized as a link in the chain of existence from the past to the future. Reaching Maturity As mentioned above, coming of age and maturity is a very important life passage to Confucianism They celebrate these important birthdays every ten years: Young adulthood, Age of independence, Age of mental maturity, Age of spiritual maturity, Age of acceptance, Age of unification. They also celebrate honor your ancestors In Confucianism ritual takes on a different meaning than that of most religions. Acts of everyday life are considered rituals. Some holidays are Easter Monday. Ching Ming festival is celebrated 106 days after the winter solstice and families visit their ancestors or relatives' graves. They also celebrate Confucius' birthday on September 28. Confucians do not celebrate specific Holy Days for Confucianism an d they practice days from other religions weebly.com/confuci anism.html /Beliefs/Afterlife -andSalvation.html in terms of paying respect to one's ancestors and making the best of what they have left behind. Ref: http://www.path eos.com/Librar y/Confucianism /Beliefs/Afterlife -andSalvation?offse t=0&max=1 day and teacher day which is known as Confucius birthday. Week 5 Shinto Shinto mythology, naturally, begins with a cosmogony, or explanation of the beginning of the universe. This differs from the Genesis of the Old Testament. In the Kojiki it states: "At the time of the beginning of heaven and earth" and does not refer to whatever may have preceded the separation of Heaven and Earth, but simply suggests that something already existed Ref: Encyclopedia of Shinto http://eos.kokugakuin.a c.jp/modules/xwords/en try.php?entryID=1319 Shinto is the "way of the gods" - and Shinto Gods and Goddesses are called kami. The term kami refers to anything that is above, high, special, unusual or auspicious in any way. It refers to the essence, or internal quality, of many phenomena that Shinto believers consider an aura of divinity. These phenomena include rocks, trees, rivers, animals, places and people. All of these can contain the nature of the kami. Ref: http://www.worl d-religionsprofessor.com/s hintogods.html "This kami was of a wicked nature, and was always fond of wailing and wrath. Many of the people (aokusa-hito) of the land died, and the green mountains withered." In both cases it should be understood that human beings were born after the land, mountains and rivers, plants and trees had been produced, also as offspring of the kami. This notion is based on the belief that the kami, human beings, and the natural world are related by blood, and in essence are bound in the realm of life. Ref: Encyclopedia of Shinto Purity is at the heart of Shinto's understanding of good and evil. Impurity in Shinto refers to anything which separates us from kami, and from musubi, the creative and harmonising power. The things which make us impure are tsumi - pollution or sin. Shinto does not accept that human beings are born bad or impure; in fact Shinto states that humans are born pure, and sharing in the divine soul. Badness, impurity or sin are things that come later in life, and that can usually be got rid of by simple cleansing or purifying rituals. Ref: http://www.bbc.c o.uk/religion/relig Salvation is related to the concept of purification. The misogi ritual consists on the cleansing of the spirit. Cleansing power of the water. They practice this ritual entering a natural source of life like the ocean or a waterfall. Before even entering the waterfall they must undergo preliminary purification practices, because the waterfall is considered kami. The ceremony is designed to restore one’s natural purity and sense of mission in life. Shinto beliefs in accordance with the afterlife believe that the human spirit is to remain forever as like the spirit of Kami. The spirits live in another world, this is mentioned in the Kojiki (Ancient Matters) and the Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan). It tells that the Kami is present in both worlds. The most known other world is named 'the other world of Heaven' in which the most respected and admired Gods reside. The most common type of ritual involves purification. Symbolically purifying oneself or an object before interacting with the kami. Shrine worship is also a common ritual. Shinto rituals are usually just one part of a type of large public festival called a matsuri, which is the main kind of celebration in Shinto. Hundreds and thousands of them fill the calendar thought the year.Other Shinto rituals are performed during The main Shinto rites and festivals are for celebrating the New Year, child birth, coming of age, planting and harvest, weddings, and groundbreaking ceremonies for new buildings. special water purification (misogi) confinement in shrines for devotional purposes (okomori) the procession of a sacred palanquin (omiyuki) or of boats (funa matsuri) ceremonial feast (toya matsuri) sumo wrestling horseback riding (kurabeuma) archery (matoi) a dance devoted to the lion (shishi ions/shinto/beliefs /purity.shtml Ref: Living Religions Ref: http://shintor eligion.wikisp aces.com/Shi nto-Origins smaller, more local or even private festivals. These mark stages of life, such as births, rites of passage in the early years of a child's life, marriages, and funerals. Ref: Living religions mai) rice-planting activities (otaue matsuri Ref: Encyclopedia of Shinto. Week 6 Judais m Jewish cosmology, generally known as the Old Testament account of creation, may be viewed as the Hebrew version of the beginning of the world, or universe, but particularly the earth including all things in it. The essential focus of this version is that God is the creative force, or power, and created everything himself; the God being the Jewish god Yahweh Thus, God created all things through a series of acts, or methodology, Judaism is the oldest of the three major monotheistic religions, the first religion to introduce the idea of a single, perfect and unified God that was master and creator of everything. The Jewish religion has developed through a relationship to this God. Although Jewish philosophy since the Hebrew Bible has evolved to include new ideas about God, the basic character of the Jewish God has remained the same. Ref: http://people.opp osingviews.com/e xplanation-nature- A fundamental to • Jewish beliefs about human beings is that they are created in the image of God. This does not mean that people look like God, for God is incorporeal. The general rabbinical interpretation of • this concept is that humans have the ability to reason. The two yods, the rabbis explain, stand for the two impulses found in humans: the yetzer tov and the yetzer ra. According to this view, the yetzer tov is the moral conscience that reminds a person of God's law when one considers a specific action or choice. The yetzer ra is the impulse to satisfy one's own needs and desires. God is good and will always protect and care for people. The goodness of God is shown by the creation of the world, by the giving of the Ten Commandments and on the occasions when God saved the Israelites. The story of humanity’s battle with good and evil is told in the story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. The serpent tempted Eve to go against God’s wishes. However, Judaism does not say that the serpent was Satan. Satan as an evil power does not appear in the Jewish scriptures until the book of Chronicles. However, in the Book of Job, Satan appears as a sort of spy for God. Judaism of the second Temple period (and prior) considered the concept of salvation more national (corporate) than exclusively personal, as modern Christianity views it. The salvation of the individual Jew was connected to the salvation of the entire people. This belief stemmed directly from the teachings of the Torah. The idea of corporate salvation of Israel is reflected in Paul's letter to the Romans, particularly in chapters 9-11. The concept of The Torah, the most important religious text, is surprisingly silent. Nowhere does it discuss the afterlife in detail. Over the centuries a few possible descriptions of the afterlife have been incorporated into Jewish thought. However there is no definitively Jewish explanation for what happens after we die. The Mitzov The Hebrew word mitzvot means "commandment s” Although the word is sometimes used more broadly to refer to rabbinic (Talmudic) law or general good deeds ("It would be a mitzvah to visit your mother"), in its strictest sense it refers to the divine commandments given by God in the Torah. The 613 Commandment s The important Jewish philosopher Maimonides made a list of the 613 commandments he found in the Jewish Bible, and here they are. Rabbinic Law In addition Jewish Calendar This page contains information on the dates of Jewish holidays from 2013-2016. Days of Awe The Days of Awe are the 10 days from the beginning of Rosh Hashanah to the end of Yom Kippur. This time, which occurs in the autumn, is devoted to introspection, repentance, and atonement for sin. Hanukkah (the Festival of Lights) This Jewish holiday is not the "Jewish Christmas" - it historically predates Christmas and is an entirely different celebration. Passover described in the Bible Ref:http://www.t hemystica.org/m ystica/articles/c/c osmology_jewish. html god-judaism5287.html • Ref: http://www.religion facts.com/judaism/b eliefs/human.htm • • God created everything, so God must also have created evil. If God is all-powerful (omnipotent), then evil will be under God’s control. If God is all-loving then it is reasonable to believe that God created evil for a purpose. Ref: http://www.bbc.co. uk/schools/gcsebite size/rs/god/jugooda ndevil2.shtml salvation was tied to that of restoration for Israel. It included such ideas as: Rescue from national enemies. Restoration of national symbols State of shalom among peoples Inauguration of the age to come Liberation from Rome Restoration of the Temple. Free enjoyment of their own land Inauguration of a new covenant between Israel and her God Ref: http://www.yas hanet.com/studi es/romstudy/ro m2.htm Ref: http://judais m.about.com /od/judaism basics/a/Afte rlife-InJudaismJewishBeliefs.htm to the 613 mitzvot, Jewish law incorporates a large body of rabbinical rules and laws. These are considered just as binding as the mitzvot, although the punishments for violating them are less severe. Another difference is that it is possible, though unlikely, for the rabbinical laws to be changed, but no rabbi can change the Torah mitzvot. The rabbinical portion of halakhah falls into three groups: a gezeirah, takkanah, and minhag. The Synagogue The Jewish house of worship is a (Pesach) Passover is a spring holiday in Judaism, which commemorating the Exodus - the liberation of the Hebrews from slavery in Egypt in the time of Moses. Purim Purim is a joyful spring Jewish holiday that features a festive meal, gift-giving, costumes, and noisemakers in the synagogue, commemorating Esther. Jewish New Year (Rosh Hashanah) Rosh Hashanah means "head of the year" and is commonly known as the Jewish New Year. This Jewish holiday is a solemn and holy time. Shabbat (the Sabbath) synagogue. The synagogue predates the destruction of the Second Temple, but it became central to religious life after the Temple was lost. The synagogue replaces ritual sacrifice with Torah readings, prayer and teaching. Jewish Worship and Prayer Guide to characteristics of Jewish worship and prayer, the weekday and Sabbath prayer services and etiquette for visitors. Keeping Kosher: Jewish Dietary Laws One of the most well-known Jewish religious practices is that of eating kosher foods. The laws Many people know that the Sabbath is Saturday, the day of the week on which Jews are forbidden to work. From the Jewish perspective, the Sabbath is not about rules but about joyful celebration and rest. Festival of Booths (Sukkot) Sukkoth is known by several names: the "Festival of the Ingathering" (Khag ha-Asif), the "Festival of Booths" (Khag ha-Sukkot); "The Festival" (Khag), and the "Season of Rejoicing" (Zeman Simkhateinu). 15th of Shevat (Tu B'Shevat) The Jewish holiday Tu B'Shevat, or the of kashrut (Jewish dietary laws) may be puzzling or meaningless to the outsider, but they have held great meaning for the Jewish people throughout their history. Not only are they an opportunity for obedience to God, they also strongly contribute to Jewish unity and identity. Ref: http://www.reli gionfacts.com/j udaism/practice s.htm#sthash.c3 hJDYje.dpuf "15th of Shevat," is the New Year for Trees. It is the day chosen to count the age of a newly-planted tree for the purposes of obeying a Levitical law. The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) Yom Kippur, celebrated on the 10th day of Tishri, is the most important and solemn of Jewish holidays. Yom Kippur is the occasion on which otherwise non-observant Jews are most likely to attend synagogue, refrain from work, or fast Ref: http://www.religi onfacts.com/juda ism/holidays.htm Week 7 Christi anity Christian cosmological concept has remained a three-status universe: heaven above, earth in the middle, and hell below. Christianity inherited the Jewish cosmology, but almost from the beginning of the religion, as early as Paul's letters; the adherents associated Christ with the creative work of the Father. He is "the one Lord through whom all things exist and by whom we are" (1 Corinthians 8:6). He is the Wisdom of God (1 Corinthians 1:24), the image of the invisible God and the first-born of all creatures; in whom all things were made and now exist (Colossians 1:15). Furthermore, creation now has its end and purpose in him, Christ. Ref:http://www.themy stica.com/mystica/artic les/c/cosmology_christi an.html There Is Only One God. Both the New and Old Testament declare there is only one God. Not just one God for this universe, or many gods united in one purpose, but one God. Both Judaism and Christianity are clearly monotheistic. The God of Christianity has a triune nature, and His character is reflected in His creation. The Bible teaches two truths: there is only one God, and God the Father, Jesus and the Holy Spirit are all that same. Ref:http://coldcas echristianity.com/ 2014/what-doeschristianity-sayabout-the-natureof-god/ Christianity teaches that the universe was created through love by an intelligent power, namely the God of the Bible. Creation was purposeful, not arbitrary, and therefore the universe is not morally neutral, but fundamentally good. In this purposeful creation, everything and everyone is intrinsically valuable. God's design or purpose for creation reflects God's intention that all creatures enjoy perfect love and justice. God works in human history to fulfill that purpose. God created human beings in the divine image, enabling humans to have some Christianity teaches that the universe was created through love by an intelligent power, namely the God of the Bible. Creation was purposeful, not arbitrary, and therefore the universe is not morally neutral, but fundamentally good. In this purposeful creation, everything and everyone is intrinsically valuable. God's design or purpose for creation reflects God's intention that all creatures enjoy perfect love and justice. God works in human history to fulfill that purpose. God created human beings in the divine image, enabling humans to have some understanding of God and of God's vast and complex In his letter to the Romans, Paul wrote, "For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord" (Romans 6:23). This single sentence neatly summarizes the Christian doctrine of atonement, which teaches that the reconciliation of sinful humanity with the God of love was accomplished by God in the sacrifice of His son, Jesus Christ, on the cross. Christianity teaches that God hates sin and will punish the transgressor. It is in the nature of humans to sin, so all people risk separation from God, the source of all life and love. Cut off Christians believe that human existence does not end at physical death. There is a world to come, and the consequences of sin will follow humans there. As the judge of all, God will assess each individual's relationship to Christ; people risk a sentence of eternal punishment and spiritual death, forever separated from God. A great deal of Christian art and writing has vividly depicted the grotesque torture and suffering of those damned Most Christians attend worship services at church on Sundays, which generally include singing, prayer and a sermon. Most churches have a special ritual for ordination, or designating a person fit for a leadership position in the church. At home, most practicing Christians pray regularly and many read the Bible. Many Christians will have been baptized, either as an infant or as an adult, and regularly participate in communion (also called the Lord's Supper Epiphany Baptism of the Jesus Candlemas St. Valentine's Day Ash Wednesday St. Patrick's Day St. Joseph's Day Palm Sunday Maundy (Holy)Thursday Good Friday Easter Easter Monday St. George's Day St. James the Great Day Ascension of Jesus Pentecost Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi Saints Peter and Paul Saint Vladimir Lammas The Assumption of Mary Holy Cross Day Michael and All Angels All Hallows Eve All Saints' Day understanding of God and of God's vast and complex design. The purpose of life is to love and serve God in order to help bring about God's glorious plan for creation. Ref: http://www.pathe os.com/Library/Chr istianity/Beliefs/Hu man-Nature-andthe-Purpose-ofExistence.html#ixzz 3SX6Bi2ky design. The purpose of life is to love and serve God in order to help bring about God's glorious plan for creation. from God, we suffer anxiety and despair in an insignificant and unhappy life. We become hateful toward others and ourselves, inflicting pain on each other and on the rest of creation. Ref: http://www.patheo s.com/Library/Christ ianity/Beliefs/Huma n-Nature-and-thePurpose-ofRef: Existence.html#ixzz3 http://www.pa SX6Bi2ky theos.com/Lib rary/Christiani ty/Beliefs/Aft erlife-andSalvation.htm l#ixzz3SX7T We60 to hell. and the Eucharist). Ref: Baptism and http://www.pa communion theos.com/Libr are considered ary/Christianity sacraments /Beliefs/Afterlif sacred rituals e-andinstituted by Salvation.html# Christ himself. ixzz3SX7xlAcc The Catholic Church recognizes five additional sacraments, as well as many other distinctive practices that are known as "sacramental" or "devotions" and include praying the rosary and going on pilgrimages. – Ref: http://www.rel igionfacts.com/ christianity/pra ctices.htm#sth ash.tLRUgwiU. dpuf All Souls' Day Christ the King Advent - first Sunday St. Andrew's Day St. Nicholas Day Christmas Eve Christmas Holy Innocents Watch Night Week 8 Islam The Quran begins with the celebration that Allah is lord of all the worlds. It means the universe is not confined to earth and solar system, that there are other worlds and God has created all. Therefore he is exalted. The first thing regarding the creation of universe is that the universe is created by God. There are many verses in the Holy Quran that clearly explain that the authority over the entire universe belongs to Allah, the Creator and Sustainer of the universe. He created the universe then made laws and systems. It is a fundamental belief of Islam because it saves humans from wild goose chases. Islam lays stress on its believers to think and ponder over the creation of God. Ref: http://www.patheos.com /Resources/AdditionalResources/Quran-and-AllTruth?offset=1&max=1 In the religion of Islam, belief in Allah is the single most important tenet. The Muslim name for God is "Allah," which is simply Arabic for "the (al) God (Ilah)." Muslims believe that Muhammad was Allah's chief servant and messenger. Muslims believe that Allah is the allpowerful Creator of a perfect, ordered universe. He is transcendent and not a part of his creation, and is most often referred to in terms and with names that emphasize his majesty and superiority Ref; http://www.religion facts.com/islam/beli efs/god.htm#sthash .bOamsASY.dpuf Islam is a monotheistic religion like Judaism and Christianity, and like those religions, it teaches that God created the whole universe and everything in it. God is the master designer who put order and purpose in his creation, and he rules over it with compassion and mercy. Everything in creation depends upon God, the Sustainer, for its existence. The purpose of all creation, including humans, is to love and serve God. The Islamic definitions of good and evil are based on the purposes of creation and the meaning of human life. The ultimate goal of human life is to become perfected spiritually through belief in God (iman), the knowledge of God (marifatullah), the love of God (muhabbatullah), and the worship of God (ibada). Accordingly, whatever brings a person closer to God and will benefit him in the Next World is good, and whatever takes a person away from God, and thus incurs His anger is evil. Ref: http://www.patheos. com/Library/Islam/B eliefs/HumanNature-and-thePurpose-ofExistence.html#ixzz3 TC6IqiTu Ref: http://www.fountain magazine.com/Issue/d etail/Good-and-Evilin-Islam In the religion of Islam, the purpose of life is to live in a way that is pleasing to Allah so that one may gain Paradise. It is believed that at puberty, an account of each person's deeds is opened, and this will be used at the Day of Judgment to determine his eternal fate. The Quran, the most important text in Islam, also suggests a doctrine of divine predestination. {1} The Muslim doctrine of salvation is that unbelievers (kuffar, literally "those who are ungrateful") and sinners will be condemned, but genuine repentance results in Allah's forgiveness and The religion of Islam beliefs about the afterlife are very important. Muslims believe in the continued existence of the soul and a transformed physical existence after death. Islam teaches that there will be a day of judgment when all humans will be divided between the eternal destinations of Paradise and Hell. Ref: http://www.relig ionfacts.com/isla m/beliefs/afterlif e.htm#sthash.BY WvhVga.dpuf Prayer Fasting Pilgrimage Charity Purification Animal sacrifice Akikah. An informal birth ceremony. This ceremony is not practiced widely. Shadada. The marking of a young Muslim’s formal entry into Islam. There is no set age for this rite, though it is most commonly celebrated during the teenage years. Marriage Ritual. Witnesses observe the groom’s formal offer of marriage and the bride’s acceptance of it. There is no elaborate ceremony. The waleemah is the reception which includes music and dancing. Ramadan. This Holy Festival takes place in the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. It is a time of fasting and daily repentance. Lailat ul-Qadr – The final 10 days of Ramadan. Muslims celebrate Muhammad’s first revelation. Id al-Fitr – The feast period just after the month long fast of Ramadan. It lasts for three days. Id ul-Adha. Two to three months after Ramadan, animals are slaughtered to benefit the poor. The purpose of the the Id ul-Adha is to celebrate the faithfulness and obedience of Abraham. Al-Isra Wal Miraj. Celebrated on the 27th Day of the 7th month in the Islamic Calendar. It marks Muhammad’s entrance into Paradise upon death. Ref: http://www.relig ionfacts.com/isla m/beliefs/salvati on.htm#sthash.Y mQGrlff.dpuf Funerals and Mourning. This includes the recitation of the janazah (prayers for the dead) at the gravesite and may include a service at the funeral home. Muslims do not condone cremation and burial of the dead takes place within 24 hours of death. The official mourning period for a family member is 40 days. Ref: http://www.dive rsiton.com/religi on/main/islam/h olydays-festivalsrituals.asp journey from Mecca. Maulid al-Nabi. Celebrates the birth of Muhammad. Ref: http://www.diversi ton.com/religion/ main/islam/holyda ys-festivalsrituals.asp Week 9 Sikhis m The Sikh Gurus bring their own mystical and philosophical powers to provide an insight into the origin of Existence. For the Sikh Gurus, all Existence is unified into a singular “Godhead”, sacred, compassionate, unchanging and blissful, Ik Oaangkaar. There is no room for any dualistic or polytheistic doctrines. According to Sikh world-view there was a time when the world had not yet appeared and there will be a time when the world will again disappear. Says Guru Arjan, “kai bar pasario pasar sada sada ik akankar—Many a time you have projected this creation, yet you always remained the only formless One” (GG, 276). Ref: http://www.sikh.co.uk /cosmology/index.html Sikhism preaches a God who is nameless and formless and the entire human existence is explained as the creation of that one God. Sikhs focus their lives around their relationship with God, and being a part of the Sikh community. The Sikh ideal combines action and belief. To live a good life a person should do good deeds as well as meditating on God. Sikh spirituality is centred round this need to understand and experience God, and eventually become one with God. Ref: http://www.bbc.co.uk/re ligion/religions/sikhism/b eliefs/beliefs.shtml Sikhs perceive • human life as an opportunity to merge with the divine will. However, the core • problem is that human judgment is occluded by a false • sense of self. Sikhism teaches that Kartar created the universe in one command and cares for it. His command set the world into being, and his orders run it.The Sikh ideal for human life is to live within • the divine will. Humans should enjoy life amidst remembrance of Kartar and be disciplined by prayer, self-restraint, and • moral purity. Ref: http://www.patheos. com/Library/Sikhism/ Beliefs/HumanNature-and-thePurpose-ofExistence.html#ixzz3 TqPSXbD7 • Everything that happens is Hukam, the will of God. People should live their lives in obedience to God’s will. God created everything and gave people free will. Suffering is not inflicted directly by God but is permitted by God as a test of courage and faith. Suffering is appreciated for the good that it often brings out in humanity eg, compassion. It is a person’s own actions that are responsible for their suffering. There is a divine spark or soul, which is part of God, in everyone. This spark or soul is reabsorbed into God when a person is finally released from the cycle of births and deaths. The soul lives through many different forms of existence before being born into a human body. There are 8,400,000 different forms of life, and many souls have to travel though many of these before they can finally reach God. Only humans know the difference between right and wrong, and can make moral choices. So Sikhs do not believe in a time of judgment during which human souls are rewarded by entrance to heaven or punished with an eternity in hell. Nor do they believe in a resurrection of the human body. Rather, judgment operates through the process of karma. Sikhs are taught not to practice ascetic rituals like fasting that isolate them from the rest of humanity. Ethical practices and commitment to social justice also play a role. Finally, it is deemed important to remember one's commitment to the one God at all times; chanting his name can be a conduit to bring the believer closer to God. Ref: http://people.opp osingviews.com/si khism-salvation4201.html Sikhs do not believe in an afterlife in either Heaven or Hell. Sikhism teaches that the soul reincarnates when the body dies. Sikhs believe that good, or bad actions, in this life, determine the life form into which a soul takes rebirth. At the time of death, demonic ego centered souls may be destined to suffer great agonies, and pain, in the dark underworld of Narak. Ref: http://sikhism.a bout.com/od/sik hism101/qt/Sik h_Afterlife.htm Nam Karan, Naming of a Child Amrit Sanskar, Baptism Funeral Ceremony Akhand Path Gurpurbs Vaisakhi Bandi Chhor Divasi Maghi Hola Mohalla Sangrand Practices, rituals and festivals play a very significant part in a religion. It allows to the people to come together as one and celebrate what they believe in. Most religious festivals are symbolic and honour a God or a certain belief. A practice, ritual or festival can strengthen a person's faith, remind them of the commitment Gurpurbs. The marking of important anniversaries relating to the birth or death (martyrdom) of a Guru. This includes the full recitation of the Guru Granth Sahib as well as the singing of hymns and Sikh lectures. Baisakhi. The day is celebrated around the 13th April. It is the celebration of the founding of the Khalsa Order and Sikh nation. Many Sikhs choose to be initiated on this day. Often, a religious street procession marks this key event. Bandi Chhor. Sikhs commemorate the release of Guru Hargobind (Sixth Guru) from false imprisonment. It coincides with the Indian Festival of Lights (Divali) between the end of October and • it is only when the soul is in a human being that the cycle can be broken. Freedom from this cycle of rebirth is called mukti. Good actions do lead to good karma. However, Guru Nanak preached that the birth is due to a person’s karma, but the final liberation (mukti) is due to God’s grace. Ref:http://www.bbc.co. uk/schools/gcsebitesiz e/rs/god/sigoodandevil rev2.shtml that they have made to their religion and allow them to enjoy the “perks” of their beliefs. Ref: http://brockbake r.pbworks.com/ w/page/8688033 /Sikhism%3A%20 Practices%20Ritu als%20and%20F estivals mid-November. A Muslim saint laid the foundation stone of the Golden Temple, also on this day. Maghi. This celebration occurs around the middle of January and marks the martyrdom of forty Sikhs at the hands of the Mughal army. Hola Mohalla. On this day Sikhs practice military exercises, stage mock battles, perform martial arts and organize sports competitions. This is to keep the martial skills and spirit alive. Ref: http://www.diversi ton.com/religion/ main/sikhism/cere moniescelebrationsfestivals.asp Week 10 Moder n Religi ons Bahá'í cosmology is the understanding of reality in the Bahá'í Faith, and for which reality is divided into three divisions. The first division is God, who is preexistent and on whom the rest of creation is contingent. The second division is God's logos, which is the realm of God's commands and grace. This realm pervades all created things. The Manifestations of God, messengers from God, are appearances of the logos in the physical world. The third division is creation, which includes the physical world. Creation is not seen as confined to the material universe, and individual material objects, such as the Earth, are seen to come into being at particular moment and then subsequently break down into their constituent parts. Thus, the current universe is seen as a result of a long-lasting process, evolving to its current state. In Bahá'í Bahá'ís believe that there is only one God, the Creator of the universe. This one God has absolute control over His creation (omnipotence) as well as complete knowledge of it (omniscience). Bahá'u'lláh emphasized that God is entirely selfsufficient and independent of all His creation. He has no need of human worship or allegiance, so the obedience he asks of humankind is entirely for the benefit of individuals and motivated only by his love for them. Bahá'ís teach that although we may have different concepts of God's nature and call Him by different names – Allah or Yahweh, God or Brahma Ref: According to Bahá'í teachings, human nature is fundamentally spiritual and the essential identity of each person is defined by an invisible, rational, and everlasting soul. Although undetectable by physical instruments, the soul shows itself through the qualities of character that we associate with each person. The soul is the focal point for love and compassion, for faith and courage, and for other such "human" qualities that cannot be explained solely by thinking of a human being as an animal or as a sophisticated organic machine Ref: http://www.religionf acts.com/bahai/belie fs/human_nature.ht m#sthash.tqvM4eAS. dpuf The Bahá'í Faith rejects the concept of "original sin" or any doctrine that teaches people are basically evil or have intrinsically evil elements in their nature. All the forces and faculties within us are God-given and thus potentially beneficial to our spiritual development. However, if a person, through his own Godgiven free will, turns away from this force or fails to make the necessary effort to develop his spiritual capacities, the result is imperfection. `Abdu'lBahá said that "evil is imperfection." The Bahá'í Faith denies the existence of Satan, a devil, or an "evil force." Evil does not have independence existence, but is rather the absence of good, just as darkness is the absence of light and cold is the absence of heat. Just as the sun is the unique source of all Baha’is do not believe that salvation is a free gift of God. Salvation is seen as a collaboration between God and man. This collaboration is seen as being initiated by God, but it is one that man must participate in. Salvation is not seen as a one-time event, but it is seen as a process that involves both the actions of God and the individual. Ref https://carm.or g/the-bahaifaith-andsalvation Bahá'ís believe in an afterlife in which the soul is separated from the body. At death, according to the Bahá'í faith, the soul begins a spiritual journey towards God through many planes of existence. Progress on this journey towards God is likened to the idea of "heaven." If the soul fails to develop, one remains distant from God. This condition of remoteness from God can in some sense be understood as "hell." Thus Bahá'ís do not regard heaven and hell as literal places but as different states of being during one's spiritual journey toward or away from God. Sacred Time Sacred time in the Baha'i Faith may be divided into the personal, which includes such activities as prayer and meditation, and the communal, which includes the celebration of Holy Days. Sacred Space Baha'is have a number of holy places, including the shrines of the central figures of the religion and places associated with their lives. There are also Houses of Worship (Mashriqu'lAdhkar) where prayers are recited and scriptures read. Rites and Ceremonies There are few rites and rituals in the Baha'i faith. There are, however, several practices of the Baha'i community that create what Naw-Ruz (New year) 21 March Ridvan - first day 21 April Ridvan - ninth day 29 April Ridvan - twelfth day 2 May The Bab's declaration of his mission 23 May Passing of Baha'u'llah 29 May Martyrdom of the Bab 9 July Birth of the Bab 20 October Birth of Baha'u'llah 12 November Ref: http://bahailibrary.com/book s/hinduism/ch7.h tm belief, the whole universe is a sign of God and is dependent on him and humanity was created to know God and to serve his purpose. Ref: Lepain, J.M. (2010) [1990]. The Tablet of All Food: The Hierarchy of the Spiritual Worlds and the Metaphoric Nature of Physical Reality. Baha’i Studies Review 16, pp. 43–60. doi: 10.1386/bsr.16.43/1. http://www.religion facts.com/bahai/bel iefs/god.htm#sthas h.ertmotUb.dpuf life in a solar system, so ultimately is there only one force or power in the universe, the force we call God. Ref: http://www.religionfa cts.com/bahai/beliefs/ evil.htm#sthash.fwfkq PvP.dpuf Ref: http://www.relig ionfacts.com/ba hai/beliefs/afterl ife.htm#sthash. MPaARBSk.dpuf may be called a Baha'i culture or ethos. Worship and Devotion in Daily Life Baha'u'llah gave a number of laws and obligations that were designed to develop the spiritual life of the individual. These include the obligation to perform daily prayer, reading of the scriptures, and meditation. Symbolism The writings of Baha'u'llah are rich in symbolism and imagery. Some of this is the symbolism of the Abrahamic religions, which form the background to the Baha'i Faith, but many of these symbols are used in new ways. REF http://www.patheos. com/Library/Bahai/Ri tual-WorshipDevotion-Symbolism
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