Topic 1Before computers were widespread, almost all risk analysis was done without simulation. Therefore, only a handful of scenarios could be formulated to understand the risk of a decision. Typically, a best-case and worst-case scenario was determined and decisions were based on these two scenarios. What are some of the drawbacks of this decision-making approach? Specifically, how does the capability to summarize 1,000s of simulated scenarios improve the approach?Topic 2By definition, simulations require a distribution to be specified (e.g., normal, Poisson). Many times, the exact distribution to be used is unknown, so it must be assumed. One argument against using simulations to perform risk analysis is that there is no real benefit because the set of assumptions is simply shifted from assumed parameter values to assumed distributions of parameters. Comment on this argument and justify your opinions with reasons, facts, and examples.Topic 4-1Many times, linear optimization is used to maximize an objective function because profit, productivity, or efficiency is the outcome of interest. Provide two examples where the goal is to optimize a process by minimizing an objective function. In your examples, identify the outcome and any constraints that would need to be met.Topic 4-2When many constraints are present in a linear optimization problem, there is a greater chance that a redundant constraint exists. Assume you are trying to maximize an objective function and you have two decision variables, X1 and X2. If a redundant constraint exists, does the constraint become necessary if you try to minimize (instead of maximize) the same objective function? Why? Do you need an objective function to determine if a constraint is redundant? Explain.Topic 5-1Many linear optimization problems can be solved by finding a graphical solution, but there are some problems that require more advanced spreadsheets and software to find an optimal solution. Describe an optimization problem in which finding a solution would be impossible using the feasible-region approach. Discuss the attributes the problem would have to make it impossible to solve using the feasible-region approach.Topic 5-2Optimization techniques are used in many applications. For example, when customers order products from an online store, the shipper has to determine the optimal way to get the product delivered to the customer. The delivery path that is chosen is the path that minimizes shipping costs while simultaneously satisfying these constraints:The product must arrive by a promised date.The shipper must deliver a finite set of items.The product must originate from one of several warehouse hubs across the country.Discuss whether there can be multiple solutions (i.e., more than one path to get the product to your house). Explain why. Is there a guarantee that a solution always exists? Explain.Topic 6-1Most transshipment network modeling problems assume the costs are constant. For example, the costs of shipping a product from one city to another are assumed fixed. This can change over time if fuel costs change. If you knew the distribution of fuel costs, how could the distribution of fuel costs be incorporated into the transshipment problem? Discuss the benefits of employing this approach.Topic 6-2Minimum spanning trees were initially design to solve electrical grid problems but now have many more applications such as computer networks, transportation networks, and supply networks. Describe a business problem where minimum spanning trees can be used to find a solution.Topic 7-1Can linear and nonlinear optimization problems use the same approach to find a solution? For example, if the GRG algorithm is used to solve a nonlinear optimization problem, will it work to solve a linear optimization problem? Discuss whether or not the GRG algorithm will always find a corner point similar to the feasible-region approach.Topic 7-2Nonlinear optimization problems can have multiple solutions, and a solution can be local or global. Can there be multiple local solutions? Explain your answer. Can there be multiple global solutions? Explain our answer.Topic 8-1Betamax (or Beta) was a video recording format developed by Sony in the 1970s. Sony conducted research and found that consumers wanted a high-quality picture when using a Beta cassette with their home recording equipment. Sony developed the technology with video quality in mind and, as a consequence, limited the recording time to only 60 minutes.At the same time, JVC developed the Video Home System (VHS) but without much consumer research. JVC was more interested in developing a unified standard for broadcast operations. Consequently, they focused more on extending the recording time for their VHS cassettes at the expense of picture quality. In the end, the VHS format won by eventually squeezing the Beta format out of the market. Discuss the approaches these two companies took in the good decisions/good outcomes context.Topic 8-2Suppose you received two job offers when looking for a job, one from Company A and one from Company B. To make a decision, what type of methodology would you use: probabilistic or nonprobabilistic? Whichever you choose, describe the items to consider and the decision rules you would use before deciding which job offer to accept.Provide a 100 to 150 word response for each question, with references.

All the instructions and details are in a attached pdf file and required java files are in the attached folder(Project.zip).