Reflection of incident radiation, chemistry homework help

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Sketch the reflection of incident radiation of atomic planes,and derive Bragg's law for this geometry

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Explanation & Answer

Attached.

Forecasting refers to the prediction of the future trends using the past and current data. The
process generates forecasts for data with different patterns, viz. level, seasonality, and cyclical.

Forecasting methods are classified into two broad categories:
❖ Qualitative methods: In this method, the forecaster subjectively generates the
forecasts by the help of educated guess.

The different qualitative methods are:

a) Executive opinion
b) Market survey
c) Sales force composite
d) Delphi method
❖ Quantitative methods: These methods are based on mathematical modeling. There
are different types of quantitative methods for forecasting.

Quantitative methods can again be subdivided into two groups:

I.
II.

Associative models, and
Time series models

The different time series models are listed below:

Model

Description
It estimates the future trends using the last period's

Naive

actual value in the place of the current period's forecast.
Simple Mean (Average)

It determines the forecast using the average of all past
data.

Simple Moving Average

Uses an average of a specified number of the most
recent observations, with each observation receiving the

Weighted Moving Average

It
calculates
the(weight)
average of the most recent observations,
same
emphasis
whereby each observation is given a particular emphasis

Exponential Smoothing

The
model assumes that the weights will decline
(weight).
exponentially as data become older.

Trend Projection

It uses the assumption that the same factors that caused
the past trends will also play a role in the future trends.

Seasonal Indexes

It estimates the forecast by analyzing the seasonal
variation.

: the prevailing tendency
Trend
i.

of data such as the steady growth or decline over time.

ii.

Seasonality: Data exhibit upward and downward swings in short to the
intermediate time frame (most notably during a year).

iii.

Cycles: Data exhibit upward and downward swings in over a very long time
frame.

iv.

Random variations: Unsystematic and unpredictable variation in the data over
time with no discernable pattern.

For time series data exhibiting trends, the forecasting methods are most effective.

Forecasting tools are the methods via which future results are es...


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