SUNY Plattsburgh Medicalization in Pregnancy and Childbearing Paper

User Generated

aj22

Economics

SUNY Plattsburgh

Description

Unformatted Attachment Preview

REPRODUCTIVE STUDIES DRAFT To complete the draft, download the template and use it as instructed (see instructions below). Do NOT copy headings or create your own document. There is a rubric on the template for grading purposes. DO NOT remove this rubric. Go to the final paper section at the bottom of the course. Read the instructions for the topics that are included in the draft (see template). Do NOT complete other sections as they will not be read. Submit your paper in the “submit here” section. You cannot complete section 2 of the paper which is a documentary review of the documentary that is being shown at no charge on campus on May 4. Complete only sections indicated on draft template. USING THE TEMPLATE You are provided with a template that is REQUIRED to be used to complete the assignment. DO NOT CREATE YOUR OWN DOCUMENT! You must complete the work on and submit the template that is provided. If you have Word: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Click on and save the template to your computer. DO NOT remove any typing that is already on the template. Type your responses in the area designated for them Save your work. Upload the template to the assignment submission area in the course. If you do NOT have Word: 1. Click on and save the template to your computer. 2. DO NOT remove any typing that is already on the template. 3. If you cannot open the template because it is in Word format, upload the template to your Google Docs 4. Complete the assignment in Google Docs by typing your responses in the area designated for them. 5. Do NOT send me a message sharing the assignment and asking me to get the assignment from your Google Docs. 6. Download the assignment from Google Docs to your computer as a Word (docx) document. When you download you have the option to select a format. 7. Save your work. 8. Upload the template to the assignment submission area in the course. Reproductive Justice [Type Title of Paper here:] [Student Name] [Course/Number] [Date] [Instructor Name] Reproductive Justice Leave this page blank Reproductive Justice SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION SECTION 3: MEDICALIZATION SECTION 4: ECONOMICS OF THE MEDICALIZATION OF PREGNANCY AND BIRTH SECTION 5: MIDWIFERY, MIDWIVES, DOULAS AND HOME BIRTHS Reproductive Justice References Hanging indent for all references. Remember to organize your references alphabetically. To keep this format, simply place the cursor at the end of this topic. Then press enter to type your source information. Reproductive Justice DO NOT REMOVE: FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY REQUIREMENT AND POSSIBLE POINTS COMMENTS Introduction: 4 Points Intro: 2 Thesis: 2 Must contain thesis statement as specified in instructions SECTION 3: MEDICALIZATION 8 points SECTION 4: ECONOMICS OF THE MEDICALIZATION OF PREGNANCY AND BIRTH 8 points SECTION 5: MIDWIFERY, MIDWIVES, DOULAS AND HOME BIRTHS 8 points Mechanics (spelling, punctuation, other writing conventions). 10 points 1 point deduction is taken for error identified by using spell and grammar checking tool Research and APA 12 points Must have a minimum of 18 (final paper) and at least 3 per subtopic YOUR POINTS Intro: Thesis: Reproductive Justice academically acceptable resources. Two sources must come from bibliography provided by instructor. A minimum of one additional source must be based on your research and each of these is worth up to 2 points. NOTE: In draft, deduction is not take for both For unacceptable sources content and here for a percentage deduction unacceptable sources; (percentage of total however, in final paper, number of sources) will because poor sources be taken AND it will lower the quality of the lower the score on your work, both would see content as material from deductions. If you have poor sources detracts sections written from from the quality of your unacceptable sources you paper). need to rewrite the Incorrect citation: 1 point section. deduction or each source incorrectly cited in body or reference list. Must be APA format. There is a link on the homepage of the course in the upper right corner to citation helpers from the library. If you need additional assistance with citing, you should go to the writing center and work with one of the writing tutors. Failure to use required template -5 points Reproductive Justice Late work 1 day late: -5 points 2 days late: -10 points Not accepted more than 2 days late. Word-for-word material TOTAL of 50 NOTE TO ALL: Very few students do well on the draft which is why it is kept as a low point assignment. There are various reasons for this. Often, students think they are good writers so don’t bother to read instructions. Reading and following instructions is critical to getting a good grade on this paper. Some skipped previous assignments which were important in preparing to do the paper. Whatever the reason, it is important to learn from the feedback on the draft in order to do well on the final paper. REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS/JUSTICE: ITS NOT JUST ABOUT ABORTION INTRODUCTION Birth Time documentary MEDICALIZATION OF PREGNANCY AND BIRTH Al-Gailani, S., & Davis, A. (2014). Introduction to "Transforming pregnancy since 1900". Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences, 47 Pt B(Pt B), 229–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.07.001 Benoit, C., Zadoroznya, M., Hallgrimsdottir, H., Treloar, A. and Taylor, K. (2010) Medical dominance and neoliberalism in maternal care provision; The evidence from Canada and Australia. Social Science and Medicine. 71(3) 475 – 481 Accessed https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4445451/ Benyamini, Y., Molcho, M. L., Dan, U., Gozlan, M., & Preis, H. (2017). Women’s attitudes towards the medicalization of childbirth and their associations with planned and actual modes of birth. Women and Birth : Journal of the Australian College of Midwives, 30(5), 424– 430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.03.007 Betrán, A. P., Ye, J., Moller, A.-B., Zhang, J., Gülmezoglu, A. M., & Torloni, M. R. (2016). The Increasing Trend in Caesarean Section Rates: Global, Regional and National Estimates: 1990-2014. PloS One, 11(2), e0148343–e0148343. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148343 Bohren, M. A., Vogel, J. P., Hunter, E. C., Lutsiv, O., Makh, S. K., Souza, J. P., Aguiar, C., Saraiva Coneglian, F., Diniz, A. L. A., Tunçalp, Ö., Javadi, D., Oladapo, O. T., Khosla, R., Hindin, M. J., & Gülmezoglu, A. M. (2015). The Mistreatment of Women during Childbirth in Health Facilities Globally: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. PLoS Medicine, 12(6), e1001847; discussion e1001847–e1001847; discussion e1001847. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001847 Cahill, H. (2000). Male Appropriation and Medicalization of Childbirth: A Historical Analysis. Accessed https://www.wmmsk.com/media/Library/%D0%9C%D0%B5 %D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0/Male%20a ppropriation%20and%20medicalization%20of%20childbirth%20an%20 historical%20analysis.pdf Calnan, S. (2012). The medicalization of birth and its effects on women’s perceptions of birth. Accessed https://dl.tufts.edu/downloads/z603r9259?filename=r494vx35h.pdf https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30001-1 Dahlen, H. G., Tracy, S., Tracy, M., Bisits, A., Brown, C., & Thornton, C. (2012). Rates of obstetric intervention among low-risk women giving birth in private and public hospitals in NSW: a population-based descriptive study. BMJ Open, 2(5), e001723–. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001723 Institute of Human Studies. (2020). Does the medicalization of birth harm mothers? Accessed https://theihs.org/blog/does-themedicalization-of-birth-harmmothers/?gclid=CjwKCAjwyvaJBhBpEiwA8d38vJCsF_z9MAAPFc9L UD4Yj3QRMtvTRmNr4eumYXhfeDL4hRx6ffQ7hoCBMsQAvD_BwE Johnsdottir, O. (2012). Medicalisation of childbirth in western society; Can women resist the medicalization of childbirth. Accessed https://skemman.is/bitstream/1946/11156/1/Mannfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i %20BA%20ritger%C3%B0%20%20Oddn%C3%BD%20Vala%20J%C3%B3nsd%C3%B3ttir.pdf Johnson, C. (2008). The Political “Nature” of Pregnancy and Childbirth. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 41(4), 889–913. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423908081079 MacDougall, C. (2020). Childbirth Distress: A Call for Professional Engagement. Affilia, 35(3), 376–396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109919873909 Kaczmarek, E. (2019). How to distinguish medicalization from overmedicalization? Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy, 22(1), 119– 128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-018-9850-1 Lennon, S. L. (2016). Risk perception in pregnancy: a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(9), 2016–2029. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13007 Luce, A., Cash, M., Hundley, V., Cheyne, H., van Teijlingen, E., & Angell, C. (2016). “Is it realistic?” the portrayal of pregnancy and childbirth in the media. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16(1), 40–40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0827-x Martucci, J. (2018). Beyond the nature/medicine divide in maternity care. AMA J Ethics. 2018;20(12):E1168-1174. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2018.1168. Accessed https://journalofethics.amaassn.org/article/beyond-naturemedicine-divide-maternity-care/2018-12 Mirghafourvand, M., Mohammad Alizadeh Charandabi, S., Ghanbari‐ Homayi, S., Jahangiry, L., Nahaee, J., & Hadian, T. (2019). Effect of birth plans on childbirth experience: A systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 25(4), e12722–n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12722 Neiterman, E. (2013). Sharing Bodies: The Impact of the Biomedical Model of Pregnancy on Women’s Embodied Experiences of the Transition to Motherhood. Healthcare Policy, 9(SP), 112–125. https://doi.org/10.12927/hcpol.2013.23595 Oakley, A. (2016). The sociology of childbirth: an autobiographical journey through four decades of research. Sociology of Health & Illness, 38(5), 689–705. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.12400 OECD (2019). Caesarean Sections. Health at a Glance 2019: OECD Indicators. Accessed https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/fa1f7281en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/fa1f7281-en O’Malley, A. (2013). Preventing a return to twilight and straitjackets; using the patient protection and affordable care act as a starting point for evidence-based obstetric reform in the United States. Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy, Vol. 8(2). Accessed https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?arti cle=1106&context=njlsp Preis, H., Pardo, J., Peled, Y., & Benyamini, Y. (2018). Changes in the basic birth beliefs following the first birth experience: Self-fulfilling prophecies? PloS One, 13(11), e0208090–e0208090. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208090 Sandall, J., Tribe, R. M., Avery, L., Mola, G., Visser, G. H., Homer, C. S., Gibbons, D., Kelly, N. M., Kennedy, H. P., Kidanto, H., Taylor, P., & Temmerman, M. (2018). Short-term and long-term effects of caesarean section on the health of women and children. The Lancet (British Edition), 392(10155), 1349–1357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31930-5 Sedigh Mobarakabadi, S., Mirzaie Najmabadi, K., Ghazi Tabatabaie, M., & Esmaily, H. (2016). Predictors of Mode of Childbirth Based on Medicalized Maternal Care: A Cross-Sectional Study. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 19(2), 1–. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.25073 The Lancet. (2018). Stemming the global caesarean section epidemic. The Lancet (British Edition), 392(10155), 1279–1279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32394-8 World Health Organization. (2015). WHO statement on caesarean section rates. Accessed https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal _health/cs-statement/en/ World Health Organization (2015). Caesarean sections should only be performed when medically necessary says WHO. Accessed https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/maternal_perinatal/csstatement/en/ World Health Organization. (2021). Caesarian section rates continue to rise, amid growing inequalities in access: WHO. Accessed https://www.who.int/news/item/16-06-2021-caesarean-section-ratescontinue-to-rise-amid-growing-inequalities-in-access-who World Health Organization. (2018). New WHO guidance on nonclinical interventions specifically designed to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections. Accessed https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/guidance-to-reduceunnecessary-caesarean-sections/en/ ECONOMICS Béhague, D. P. (2002). Beyond the Simple Economics of Cesarean Section Birthing: Women’s Resistance to Social Inequality. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 26(4), 473–507. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021730318217 Brennan, R., Eagle, L., & Rice, D. (2010). Medicalization and Marketing. Journal of Macromarketing, 30(1), 8–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146709352221 Hazarika, S. and Dutta, A. (2012). Profit from sickness; The case of technology-driven healthcare. Advances in Applied Sociology Vol.2, No.4, 237-244 Hoxha, I., Syrogiannouli, L., Luta, X., Tal, K., Goodman, D. C., da Costa, B. R., & Jüni, P. (2017). Caesarean sections and for-profit status of hospitals: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 7(2), e013670–e013670. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013670 McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2012). The crisis of capitalism and the marketization of health care: the implications for public health professionals. Journal of Public Health Research, 1(3), 37–e37. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2012.e37 Morris, T., McNamara, K., & Morton, C. H. (2017). Hospital‐ownership status and cesareans in the United States: The effect of for‐profit hospitals. Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 44(4), 325– 330. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12299 Poitras, G., & Meredith, L. (2009). Ethical Transparency and Economic Medicalization. Journal of Business Ethics, 86(3), 313–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9849-2 Rossiter, K. (2017). Pushing Ecstasy: Neoliberalism, Childbirth, and the Making of Mama Economicus. Women’s Studies, 46(1), 41–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/00497878.2017.1252568 World Health Organization Europe. (2015). Childbirth: Myths and Medicalization. Accessed https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/277738/ Childbirth_myths-and-medicalization.pdf HOME DELIVERY and MIDWIVES Brodsky, P. L. (2008). Where Have All the Midwives Gone? The Journal of Perinatal Education, 17(4), 48–51. https://doi.org/10.1624/105812408X324912 Burns, E. (2015). More Than Four Walls: The Meaning of Home in Home Birth Experiences. Social Inclusion, 3(2), 6–16. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v3i2.203 Ellmann, N. (2020) Community based doulas and midwives: Key to addressing the U.S. maternal health crisis. Center for American Progress. Accessed https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/reports/2020/04/14/48 3114/community-based-doulas-midwives/ Findings on Obstetrics Detailed by Investigators at University of California (Making Room at the Table for Obstetrics, Midwifery, and a Culture of Normalcy Within Maternity Care). (2016). Women’s Health Weekly, 2274–. Hickey, J. (2021). Nature is smarter than we are;: Midwifery and the responsive state. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law Vol. 40 No. 2 (2020) https://doi.org/10.52214/cjgl.v40i2.8063 Accessed https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/cjgl/article/view/8063 Hollander, M. H., van Hastenberg, E., van Dillen, J., van Pampus, M. G., de Miranda, E., & Stramrood, C. A. I. (2017). Preventing traumatic childbirth experiences: 2192 women’s perceptions and views. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 20(4), 515–523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-017-0729-6 International Confederation of Midwives. (2021). Planned Pregnancies and parenthood. Accessed https://www.internationalmidwives.org/assets/files/statementfiles/2018/04/eng-planned-pregnancies-and-parenthood.pdf Jewish Healthcare Foundation. (2020). Beyond Medicalization: Midwives and Maternity Care in America. Accessed https://www.jhf.org/publications-videos/pub-andvids/roots/372-beyond-medicalization-midwives-maternity-care-inamerica/file Kaitlyn Arbour. (2016). Home Birth vs. Hospital Birth. Voices in Bioethics, 2. https://doi.org/10.7916/vib.v2i.6331 Karlström, A., Nystedt, A., & Hildingsson, I. (2015). The meaning of a very positive birth experience: focus groups discussions with women. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(1), 251–251. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0683-0 Kline, W. (2020). Coming home : how midwives changed birth . Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Volume 75, Number 2. Accessed https://muse-jhuedu.webdb.plattsburgh.edu:2443/article/755064/pdf Mayo Clinic Staff. (2021). Home birth; know the pros and cons. Accessed https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/labor-anddelivery/in-depth/home-birth/art-20046878 Niethammer, C. (2020). Coronavirus exposes the business of safe birth. Accessed https://www.forbes.com/sites/carmenniethammer/2020/05/14/coronaviru s-exposes-the-business-of-safe-birth/?sh=1dfb19a154da Parry, D. C. (2008). “We Wanted a Birth Experience, not a Medical Experience”: Exploring Canadian Women’s Use of Midwifery. Health Care for Women International, 29(8-9), 784–806. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399330802269451 Patterson, J., Martin, C., and Karatzias, T. (2019). Disempowered midwives and traumatized women; Exploring the parallel processes of care provider interaction that contribute to women developing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after childbirth. Midwifery 76 (2019) 21025.. Accessed https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/midwifery/vol/76/suppl/C Rodríguez‐Garrido, P., Pino‐Morán, J. A., & Goberna‐Tricas, J. (2020). Exploring social and health care representations about home birth: An Integrative Literature Review. Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.), 37(3), 422–438. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12724 Shaw, J. C. A. (2013). The Medicalization of Birth and Midwifery as Resistance. Health Care for Women International, 34(6), 522–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2012.736569 Simpson, A. (2020). Fearing coronavirus, many rural black women avoid hospitals to give birth at home. Accessed https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-andanalysis/blogs/stateline/2020/04/17/fearing-coronavirus-many-ruralblack-women-avoid-hospitals-to-give-birth-at-home Thompson, D. (2016). Midwives and pregnant women of color: Why we need to understand intersectional changes in midwifery to reclaim home birth. Columbia Journal of Race and Law. Accessed https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8V69JX0 POST PARTUM (PPD AND PTSD) Ballard, C., Stanley, A., and Brockington, I. (1995). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after childbirth. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166(4), 525-528. Doi:10.1192/bjp.166.4.525 Bromley, P., Martin, C. J. H., & Patterson, J. (2017). Post traumatic stress disorder post childbirth versus postnatal depression: a guide for midwives. British Journal of Midwifery, 25(8), 484– 490. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2017.25.8.484 Çapik, A., & Durmaz, H. (2018). Fear of Childbirth, Postpartum Depression, and Birth‐Related Variables as Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Childbirth. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 15(6), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12326 Goldbort, J. (2002). Postpartum depression: Bridging the gap between medicalized birth and social support. The International Journal of Childbirth Education, 17(4), 11-17. (7p) Lopez, U., Meyer, M., Loures, V., Iselin-Chaves, I., Epiney, M., Kern, C., & Haller, G. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder in parturients delivering by caesarean section and the implication of anaesthesia: a prospective cohort study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 15(1), 118–118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-017-0692-y Patterson, J., Hollins Martin, C. J., & Karatzias, T. (2019). Disempowered midwives and traumatised women: Exploring the parallel processes of care provider interaction that contribute to women developing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) post childbirth. Midwifery, 76, 21– 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2019.05.010 Rania, N. (2019). Giving voice to my childbirth experiences and making peace with the birth event: the effects of the first childbirth on the second pregnancy and childbirth. Health Psychology Open, 6(1), 2055102919844492– 2055102919844492. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102919844492 Rao, W.-W., Zhu, X.-M., Zong, Q.-Q., Zhang, Q., Hall, B. J., Ungvari, G. S., & Xiang, Y.-T. (2020). Prevalence of prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers: A comprehensive meta-analysis of observational surveys. Journal of Affective Disorders, 263, 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.030 Scarff, J. R. (2019). Postpartum Depression in Men. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 16(5-6), 11–14. Accessed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC6659987/ Shiva, L., Desai, G., Satyanarayana, V. A., Venkataram, P., & Chandra, P. S. (2021). Negative Childbirth Experience and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder - A Study Among Postpartum Women in South India. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 640014–640014. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.640014 Tarsuslu, B., Durat, G., & Altınkaynak, S. (2020). Postpartum Depression in Fathers and Associated Risk Factors: A Systematic Review. Türk psikiyatri dergisi, 31(4), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.5080/u25084 RACIAL ASPECTS Adams, C., & Thomas, S. P. (2018). Alternative prenatal care interventions to alleviate Black–White maternal/infant health disparities. Sociology Compass, 12(1), e12549–n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12549 Campbell. C. (2021). MEDICAL VIOLENCE, OBSTETRIC RACISM, AND THE LIMITS OF INFORMED CONSENT FOR BLACK WOMEN. Michigan Journal of Race & Law, 26, 47–75. Chosid, H. (2020). Indigenous midwives. Accessed https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/indigenous-midwives Cidro, Bach, R., & Frohlick, S. (2020). Canada’s forced birth travel: towards feminist indigenous reproductive mobilities. Mobilities, 15(2), 173–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2020.1730611 Cidro, Doenmez, C., Sinclair, S., Nychuk, A., Wodtke, L., & Hayward, A. (2021). Putting them on a strong spiritual path: Indigenous doulas responding to the needs of Indigenous mothers and communities. International Journal for Equity in Health, 20(1), 1–189. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-01521-3 Collins, C. C., Rice, H., Bai, R., Brown, P. L., Bronson, C., & Farmer, C. (2021). “I felt like it would’ve been perfect, if they hadn’t been rushing”: Black women’s childbirth experiences with medical providers when accompanied by perinatal support professionals. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(10), 4131–4141. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14941 Gamlin, J., & Holmes, S. (2018). Preventable perinatal deaths in indigenous Wixárika communities: an ethnographic study of pregnancy, childbirth and structural violence. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 243–243. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1870-6 Goode, K., & Katz Rothman, B. (2017). African‐American Midwifery, a History and a Lament. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 76(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajes.12173 Guloglu, F. (2021). Rosalynn A. Vega. No Alternative: Childbirth, Citizenship, and Indigenous Culture in Mexico. Anthropological Quarterly, 94(2), 357–. Hardeman, R. R., Karbeah, J., & Kozhimannil, K. B. (2020). Applying a critical race lens to relationship‐centered care in pregnancy and childbirth: An antidote to structural racism. Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 47(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12462 Hayward, A., & Cidro, J. (2021). Indigenous Birth as Ceremony and a Human Right. Health and Human Rights, 23(1), 213–224. Landry, A. (2020). As an indigenous woman, I was scared to have my baby in a hospital. Today’s Parent. Accessed https://www.todaysparent.com/pregnancy/giving-birth/indigenouswoman-scared-to-give-birth-in-a-hospital/# Marini, J. (2018). Caring for maternal health needs in indigenous communities with local midwives. Accessed https://womendeliver.org/2018/maternal-health-needs-indigenouscommunities-local-midwives/ Nash, J. C. (2019). Birthing Black Mothers: Birth Work and the Making of Black Maternal Political Subjects. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 47(3/4), 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1353/wsq.2019.0054 Quickening. (2020). Valuing the lives of all mothers. Accessed https://quickening.midwife.org/roundtable/eliminating-racial-disparitiescontributing-to-the-rise-in-u-s-maternal-mortality-perspectives-fromacnm-bmma-and-icm/ Shaw. (2013). The Medicalization of Birth and Midwifery as Resistance. Health Care for Women International, 34(6), 522–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2012.736569 Thorngate, S. (2021). Race, information and power in perinatal care and childbirth. Accessed https://www.ala.org/acrl/sites/ala.org.acrl/files/content/conferences/conf sandpreconfs/2021/RaceInformationPower.pdf Vang, Gagnon, R., Lee, T., Jimenez, V., Navickas, A., Pelletier, J., & Shenker, H. (2018). Interactions Between Indigenous Women Awaiting Childbirth Away From Home and Their Southern, Non-Indigenous Health Care Providers. Qualitative Health Research, 28(12), 1858–1870. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732318792500 Warren, K. (2019). ‘We can help ourselves’: Native women come together to confront high rates of maternal mortality. Cronkite News. Accessed https://cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2019/12/16/nativeamerican-maternal-mortality/ FATHERS AND PARTNERS Albuja, A. F., Sanchez, D. T., Lee, S. J., Lee, J. Y., & Yadava, S. (2019). The effect of paternal cues in prenatal care settings on men’s involvement intentions. PloS One, 14(5), e0216454–. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216454 Alio, A. P., Lewis, C. A., Scarborough, K., Harris, K., & Fiscella, K. (2013). A community perspective on the role of fathers during pregnancy: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13(1), 60–60. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-13-60 Child and Family Research Partnership. (2014). Dad’s absence at birth linked to adverse health outcomes for mom and baby. Accessed https://childandfamilyresearch.utexas.edu/dads-absence-birth-linkedadverse-health-outcomes-mom-and-baby Ghaffari, S. F., Sharif Nia, H., Elyasi, F., Shahhosseini, Z., & Mohammadpoorsaravimozafar, Z. (2021). Design and psychometric evaluation of the fathers’ fear of childbirth scale: a mixed method study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21(1), 222–222. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03696-7 Houser, P. (2015). Fathers present at birth. Pathways to Family Wellness (46). Accessed https://pathwaystofamilywellness.org/PregnancyBirth/fathers-present-at-birth.html Huusko, L., Sjöberg, S., Ekström, A., Hertfelt Wahn, E., & Thorstensson, S. (2018). First-Time Fathers’ Experience of Support from Midwives in Maternity Clinics: An Interview Study. Nursing Research and Practice, 2018, 9618036–9618037. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9618036 Ivry, T. and Teman, E. (2008 ). Expectant Israeli fathers and the medicalized pregnancy; ambivalent compliance and critical pragmatism. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 32(3):358-85. doi: 10.1007/s11013008-9099-x. Jarneid, H., Gjestad, K., Roseth, I., & Dahl, B. (2020). Fathers’ Experiences of Being Present at an Unplanned Out-of-Hospital Birth: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 13, 1235– 1244. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S272021 Jouhki, M.-R., Suominen, T., & Åstedt-Kurki, P. (2015). Supporting and Sharing—Home Birth: Fathers’ Perspective. American Journal of Men’s Health, 9(5), 421–429. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988314549413 King, L. (2016). Hiding in the pub to cutting the cord? Men’s presence at childbirth in Britain 1940s – 2000s. Social History of Medicine. Volume 30, Issue 2, May 2017, Pages 389– 407, https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkw057 Masoumi, M., & Elyasi, F. (2021). Tokophobia in Fathers: A Narrative Review. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.104511 National Institute for Children’s Health Quality. (2021). Fathers: Powerful allies for maternal and child health. Accessed https://www.nichq.org/insight/fathers-powerful-allies-maternal-andchild-health Neri Mini, F., Saltzman, J. A., Simione, M., Luo, M., Perkins, M. E., Roche, B., Blake-Lamb, T., Kotelchuck, M., Arauz-Boudreau, A., Davison, K., & Taveras, E. M. (2020). Expectant Fathers’ Social Determinants of Health in Early Pregnancy. Global Pediatric Health, 7, 2333794X20975628–2333794X20975628. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X20975628 Philpott, L., Savage, E. FitzGerald, S., and Leahy-Warren, P. (2019). Anxiety in fathers in the perinatal period: A systematic review. Midwifery Volume 76, September 2019, Pages 54-101 Accessed https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/midwifery/vol/76/suppl/C Plantin, L., Olukoya, A. A., & Ny, P. (2011). Positive health outcomes of fathers’ involvement in pregnancy and childbirth paternal support: a scope study literature review. Fathering (Harriman, Tenn.), 9(1), 87–. https://doi.org/10.3149/fth.0901.87 Redshaw, M., & Henderson, J. (2013). Fathers’ engagement in pregnancy and childbirth: evidence from a national survey. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13(1), 70–70. https://doi.org/10.1186/14712393-13-70 Solberg, G. and Glavin, K. (2018). Fathers want to play a more active role in pregnancy and maternity care and at the child health center. Norwegian Journal of Nursing Research. DOI: 10.4220/Sykepleienf.2018.72006en Accessed: https://sykepleien.no/en/forskning/2018/10/fathers-want-play-moreactive-role-pregnancy-and-maternity-care-and-child-health University of South Florida (USF Health). (2010, June 17). Father involvement in pregnancy could reduce infant mortality. ScienceDaily. Retrieved October 8, 2021 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100617111245.htm Werner-Bierwisch, T., Pinkert, C., Niessen, K., Metzing, S., & Hellmers, C. (2018). Mothers’ and fathers’ sense of security in the context of pregnancy, childbirth and the postnatal period: an integrative literature review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 473–473. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2096-3 Williams, K., & Umberson, D. (1999). Medical Technology and Childbirth: Experiences of Expectant Mothers and Fathers. Sex Roles, 41(3), 147–168. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018898027379 World Health Or fganization. (2007). Fatherhood and health outcomes in Europe. Accessed https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/69011/E91129.pd f Xue, W. L., Shorey, S., Wang, W., & He, H.-G. (2018). Fathers’ involvement during pregnancy and childbirth: An integrative literature review. Midwifery, 62, 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2018.04.013 GLOBALIZATION OF MEDICALIZATION Balde, M. D., Diallo, B. A., Bangoura, A., Sall, O., Soumah, A. M., Vogel, J. P., & Bohren, M. A. (2017). Perceptions and experiences of the mistreatment of women during childbirth in health facilities in Guinea: a qualitative study with women and service providers. Reproductive Health, 14(1), 3–3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-016-0266-1 Behruzi, R., Hatem, M., Fraser, W. et al. Facilitators and barriers in the humanization of childbirth practice in Japan. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 10, 25 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-10-25 Accessed https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/147 1-2393-10-25#citeas Betrán AP, Ye J, Moller AB, Zhang J, Gülmezoglu AM, et al. (2016) The Increasing Trend in Caesarean Section Rates: Global, Regional and National Estimates: 1990-2014. PLOS ONE 11(2): e0148343. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148343 Bohren, M., Vogel, J., Hunter, E., Lutsiv, O., Makh, S., Souza, J., Agular, C., Coneglian, F., Luiz, A., Diniz, A., Tuncalp, O., Javadi, D., Oladapo, O., Khosla, R., Hindin, M., & Gulmezoglu, A.,. (2015). The mistreatment of women during childbirth in health facilities globally: A mixed-methods systematic review. PLoS Med 12(6): e1001847. Doi:10.1371.journal.pmed.1001847. Brigagao, J., Gonvalves, R. and Nascimento, V. (2018). The language of risk, public policies, and childbirth in the municipality of Sao Paulo; A reading of data from the live birth system 2010 m- 2016. Frontiers in Sociology. Accessed https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2018.00012/full Briggs, L. (2018). Pushing in Silence: Modernizing Puerto Rico and the Medicalization of Childbirth by Isabel M. Córdova (review). Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 92(4), 706–707. https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2018.0082 Cosminsky, S. (2016). Midwives and Mothers: The Medicalization of Childbirth on a Guatemalan Plantation. University of Texas Press. https://doi.org/10.7560/311387 Dixon, L. (2015). Obstetrics in a Time of Violence: Mexican Midwives Critique Routine Hospital Practices. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 29(4), 437–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12174 Gagnon, R., & Champagne-Poirier, O. (2021). Giving Birth to Another Child: Women’s Perceptions of Their Childbirth Experiences in Quebec. Qualitative Health Research, 31(5), 955–966. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732320987831 Gardiner, E., Lai, J., Khanna, D., Meza, G., de Wildt, G. and Taylor, B. (2021). Exploring women’s decisions of where to give birth in the Peruvian Amazon: Why do women continue to give birth at home? Open Access; peer reviewed. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257135 Haider MR, Rahman MM, Moinuddin M, Rahman AE, Ahmed S, Khan MM (2018) Ever-increasing Caesarean section and its economic burden in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE 13(12): e0208623. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208623 Accessed https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.02086 23 Lossio, J., Iguiñiz-Romero, R., & Robledo, P. (2018). For the good of the nation: scientific discourses endorsing the medicalization of childbirth in Peru, 1900-1940. História, ciências, saúde-Manguinhos, 25(4), 943–957. https://doi.org/10.1590/S010459702018000500004 Mena-Tudela, D., Iglesias-Casas, S., Gonzales-Chorda, V. CerveraGasch, A., Andreu-Pejo, L and Valero-Chilleron, M. (2020). Obstetric Violence in Spain Part 1: Women’s Perceptions and Interterritorial Differences. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Nov; 17(21): 7726. Accessed https://www.gfmer.ch/Guidelines/Guideline_OG.php?fnct=selectParSub Topic&langue=English¶m1=Obstetric+violence%2C+mistreatment +of+women+during+childbirth¶m2=Violence Mena-Tudela, D.; Iglesias-Casás, S.; González-Chordá, V.M.; CerveraGasch, Á.; Andreu-Pejó, L.; Valero-Chilleron, M.J. (2021) Obstetric Violence in Spain (Part II): Interventionism and Medicalization during Birth. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 199. https://do Accessed https://www.gfmer.ch/Guidelines/Guideline_OG.php?fnct=selectParSub Topic&langue=English¶m1=Obstetric+violence%2C+mistreatment +of+women+during+childbirth¶m2=Violence Mena-Tudela, D.; Iglesias-Casás, S.; González-Chordá, V.M.; CerveraGasch, Á.; Andreu-Pejó, L.; Valero-Chilleron, M.J. (2021). Obstetric Violence in Spain (Part III): Healthcare professionals, times and areas. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr; 18(7): 3359. Accessed https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8037882/ Prosen, M. and Krajnc, M. (2013). Sociological conceptualization of the medicalization of pregnancy and childbirth: The implications in Slovenia. December 2013 Revija Za Sociologiju 43(3):251-272 DOI:10.5613/rzs.43.3.3 Accessed https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287476236_Sociological_Con ceptualization_of_the_Medicalization_of_Pregnancy_and_Childbirth_T he_Implications_in_Slovenia Reyes, E. (2021). Born in Captivity: The Experiences of Puerto Rican Birth Workers and Their Clients in Quarantine. Frontiers in Sociology, 6, 613831–613831. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.613831 Santos, G. (2020). Birthing Stories and Techno-moral Change across Generations: Coping with Hospital Births and High-tech Medicalization in Rural South China, 1960s–2010s. Technology and Culture, 61(2), 581–616. https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2020.0054 Sedigh Mobarakabadi, S., Mirzaei Najmabadi, K., & Ghazi Tabatabaie, M. (2015). Ambivalence towards childbirth in a medicalized context: a qualitative inquiry among Iranian mothers. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 17(3), e24262–e24262. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.24262 Stanton, D., and Holtz, S. (2006. Levels and trends in caesarian birth in the developing world. Studies in Family Planning. 37(1):41-8. DOI:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2006.00082.x Vega, R. A. (2017). Commodifying Indigeneity: How the Humanization of Birth Reinforces Racialized Inequality in Mexico. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 31(4), 499–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12343 Yanez, S. (2018). “We aren’t all the same”: the singularity of reproductive experiences amidst institutional objectification in Argentina’s public health services. Journal of Feminist Scholarship. Vol. 15(15). Accessed https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Women/SR/ReproductiveHeal thCare/Argentina%20We%20Arent%20All%20the%20Same_%20The% 20Singularity%20of%20Reproductive%20Experie.pdf Zampas, C., Amin, A., O’Hanlon, L., Bjerregaard, A., Mehrtash, H., Khosla, R., & Tunçalp, Ӧzge. (2020). Operationalizing a Human RightsBased Approach to Address Mistreatment against Women during Childbirth. Health and Human Rights, 22(1), 251–264. CONCLUSION
Purchase answer to see full attachment
User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.

Explanation & Answer

View attached explanation and answer. Let me know if you have any questions.

Reproductive Justice

Medicalization in Pregnancy and Childbearing

[Student Name]
[Course/Number]
[Date]
[Instructor Name]

Reproductive Justice

Leave this page blank

Reproductive Justice

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
Medicalization in the current world has been seen as a thing of society, unlike the early
days when women in northern and western America and Europe, respectively, had less contact
with medical practitioners (Al-Gailani & Davis, 2014). However, in today’s world, increased
interaction has been essential in solving most problems concerning pregnancy and childbirth. If
not labeled as medical, problems solved here would have led to circumstances that could have
been avoided. Interventions such as cesarean sections during pregnancy and birth for nonmedical reasons such as profit or convenience are ethical and should continue.

SECTION 3: MEDICALIZATION
Medicalization history can be traced back as early as the 1970s. Here pregnancy was no
longer a natural event but a medical event. Medicalization played an essential role in analyzing
the history of pregnancy and childbirth change. The emergence of medicalization was due to
sociologists being more concerned about the various professions; therefore, sociologists
interpreted much about medicine, which led to an increase in medicinal power and growth of that
profession (Al-Gailani & Davis, 2014). The 1970s saw scholarships where medicalization of
reproduction was taken with much consideration. The aim was to increase maternity care.
Pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of Post-partum depression and Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among women. To start with, PTSD related to childbirth has a
more significant impact on mental health. Additionally, women suffering from this take a long
time to heal. Mother-to-child attachment has been affected by PTSD (Patterson, Hollins, Martin
& Karatzias, 2019). During pregnancy, infant growth is also impacted, and it can be significantly
altered. However, with medicalization put in place, women feel more accepted and listened to,
which at some point reduces the cases of mental health effects on women. Although men are not

Reproductive Justice
affected more like women, PTSD has affected men's re...

Similar Content

Related Tags