REPRODUCTIVE STUDIES DRAFT
To complete the draft, download the template and use it as instructed (see
instructions below). Do NOT copy headings or create your own document. There
is a rubric on the template for grading purposes. DO NOT remove this rubric.
Go to the final paper section at the bottom of the course. Read the instructions
for the topics that are included in the draft (see template). Do NOT complete
other sections as they will not be read. Submit your paper in the “submit here”
section.
You cannot complete section 2 of the paper which is a documentary review of the
documentary that is being shown at no charge on campus on May 4. Complete
only sections indicated on draft template.
USING THE TEMPLATE
You are provided with a template that is REQUIRED to be used to complete the
assignment. DO NOT CREATE YOUR OWN DOCUMENT! You must complete the
work on and submit the template that is provided.
If you have Word:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Click on and save the template to your computer.
DO NOT remove any typing that is already on the template.
Type your responses in the area designated for them
Save your work.
Upload the template to the assignment submission area in the course.
If you do NOT have Word:
1. Click on and save the template to your computer.
2. DO NOT remove any typing that is already on the template.
3. If you cannot open the template because it is in Word format, upload
the template to your Google Docs
4. Complete the assignment in Google Docs by typing your responses in
the area designated for them.
5. Do NOT send me a message sharing the assignment and asking me to
get the assignment from your Google Docs.
6. Download the assignment from Google Docs to your computer as a
Word (docx) document. When you download you have the option to select
a format.
7. Save your work.
8. Upload the template to the assignment submission area in the course.
Reproductive Justice
[Type Title of Paper here:]
[Student Name]
[Course/Number]
[Date]
[Instructor Name]
Reproductive Justice
Leave this page blank
Reproductive Justice
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
SECTION 3: MEDICALIZATION
SECTION 4: ECONOMICS OF THE MEDICALIZATION OF PREGNANCY AND BIRTH
SECTION 5: MIDWIFERY, MIDWIVES, DOULAS AND HOME BIRTHS
Reproductive Justice
References
Hanging indent for all references. Remember to organize your references
alphabetically. To keep this format, simply place the cursor at the end of
this topic. Then press enter to type your source information.
Reproductive Justice
DO NOT REMOVE: FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
REQUIREMENT AND
POSSIBLE POINTS
COMMENTS
Introduction: 4 Points
Intro: 2
Thesis: 2
Must contain thesis
statement as specified in
instructions
SECTION 3:
MEDICALIZATION
8 points
SECTION 4: ECONOMICS
OF THE MEDICALIZATION
OF PREGNANCY AND
BIRTH
8 points
SECTION 5: MIDWIFERY,
MIDWIVES, DOULAS AND
HOME BIRTHS
8 points
Mechanics (spelling,
punctuation, other
writing conventions).
10 points
1 point deduction is taken
for error identified by
using spell and grammar
checking tool
Research and APA
12 points
Must have a minimum of
18 (final paper) and at
least 3 per subtopic
YOUR POINTS
Intro:
Thesis:
Reproductive Justice
academically acceptable
resources. Two sources
must come from
bibliography provided by
instructor. A minimum
of one additional source
must be based on your
research and each of these
is worth up to 2 points.
NOTE: In draft, deduction
is not take for both
For unacceptable sources
content and here for
a percentage deduction
unacceptable sources;
(percentage of total
however, in final paper,
number of sources) will
because poor sources
be taken AND it will
lower the quality of the
lower the score on your
work, both would see
content as material from
deductions. If you have
poor sources detracts
sections written from
from the quality of your
unacceptable sources you
paper).
need to rewrite the
Incorrect citation: 1 point section.
deduction or each source
incorrectly cited in body
or reference list. Must be
APA format.
There is a link on the
homepage of the course in
the upper right corner to
citation helpers from the
library. If you need
additional assistance with
citing, you should go to
the writing center and
work with one of the
writing tutors.
Failure to use required
template -5 points
Reproductive Justice
Late work
1 day late: -5 points
2 days late: -10 points
Not accepted more than 2
days late.
Word-for-word material
TOTAL of 50
NOTE TO ALL: Very few students do well on the draft which is why it is kept
as a low point assignment. There are various reasons for this. Often, students
think they are good writers so don’t bother to read instructions. Reading and
following instructions is critical to getting a good grade on this paper. Some
skipped previous assignments which were important in preparing to do the paper.
Whatever the reason, it is important to learn from the feedback on the draft in order
to do well on the final paper.
REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS/JUSTICE: ITS NOT JUST ABOUT
ABORTION
INTRODUCTION
Birth Time documentary
MEDICALIZATION OF PREGNANCY AND BIRTH
Al-Gailani, S., & Davis, A. (2014). Introduction to "Transforming
pregnancy since 1900". Studies in history and philosophy of biological
and biomedical sciences, 47 Pt B(Pt B), 229–232.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.07.001
Benoit, C., Zadoroznya, M., Hallgrimsdottir, H., Treloar, A. and Taylor,
K. (2010) Medical dominance and neoliberalism in maternal care
provision; The evidence from Canada and Australia. Social Science and
Medicine. 71(3) 475 – 481 Accessed
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4445451/
Benyamini, Y., Molcho, M. L., Dan, U., Gozlan, M., & Preis, H. (2017).
Women’s attitudes towards the medicalization of childbirth and their
associations with planned and actual modes of birth. Women and Birth :
Journal of the Australian College of Midwives, 30(5), 424–
430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.03.007
Betrán, A. P., Ye, J., Moller, A.-B., Zhang, J., Gülmezoglu, A. M., &
Torloni, M. R. (2016). The Increasing Trend in Caesarean Section Rates:
Global, Regional and National Estimates: 1990-2014. PloS One, 11(2),
e0148343–e0148343. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148343
Bohren, M. A., Vogel, J. P., Hunter, E. C., Lutsiv, O., Makh, S. K.,
Souza, J. P., Aguiar, C., Saraiva Coneglian, F., Diniz, A. L. A., Tunçalp,
Ö., Javadi, D., Oladapo, O. T., Khosla, R., Hindin, M. J., & Gülmezoglu,
A. M. (2015). The Mistreatment of Women during Childbirth in Health
Facilities Globally: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. PLoS
Medicine, 12(6), e1001847; discussion e1001847–e1001847; discussion
e1001847. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001847
Cahill, H. (2000). Male Appropriation and Medicalization of Childbirth:
A Historical Analysis.
Accessed https://www.wmmsk.com/media/Library/%D0%9C%D0%B5
%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0/Male%20a
ppropriation%20and%20medicalization%20of%20childbirth%20an%20
historical%20analysis.pdf
Calnan, S. (2012). The medicalization of birth and its effects on
women’s perceptions of birth. Accessed
https://dl.tufts.edu/downloads/z603r9259?filename=r494vx35h.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30001-1
Dahlen, H. G., Tracy, S., Tracy, M., Bisits, A., Brown, C., & Thornton,
C. (2012). Rates of obstetric intervention among low-risk women giving
birth in private and public hospitals in NSW: a population-based
descriptive study. BMJ Open, 2(5), e001723–.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001723
Institute of Human Studies. (2020). Does the medicalization of birth
harm mothers? Accessed https://theihs.org/blog/does-themedicalization-of-birth-harmmothers/?gclid=CjwKCAjwyvaJBhBpEiwA8d38vJCsF_z9MAAPFc9L
UD4Yj3QRMtvTRmNr4eumYXhfeDL4hRx6ffQ7hoCBMsQAvD_BwE
Johnsdottir, O. (2012). Medicalisation of childbirth in western society;
Can women resist the medicalization of childbirth. Accessed
https://skemman.is/bitstream/1946/11156/1/Mannfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i
%20BA%20ritger%C3%B0%20%20Oddn%C3%BD%20Vala%20J%C3%B3nsd%C3%B3ttir.pdf
Johnson, C. (2008). The Political “Nature” of Pregnancy and
Childbirth. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 41(4), 889–913.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423908081079
MacDougall, C. (2020). Childbirth Distress: A Call for Professional
Engagement. Affilia, 35(3), 376–396.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109919873909
Kaczmarek, E. (2019). How to distinguish medicalization from overmedicalization? Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy, 22(1), 119–
128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-018-9850-1
Lennon, S. L. (2016). Risk perception in pregnancy: a concept
analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(9), 2016–2029.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13007
Luce, A., Cash, M., Hundley, V., Cheyne, H., van Teijlingen, E., &
Angell, C. (2016). “Is it realistic?” the portrayal of pregnancy and
childbirth in the media. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16(1), 40–40.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0827-x
Martucci, J. (2018). Beyond the nature/medicine divide in maternity
care. AMA J Ethics. 2018;20(12):E1168-1174. doi:
10.1001/amajethics.2018.1168. Accessed https://journalofethics.amaassn.org/article/beyond-naturemedicine-divide-maternity-care/2018-12
Mirghafourvand, M., Mohammad Alizadeh Charandabi, S., Ghanbari‐
Homayi, S., Jahangiry, L., Nahaee, J., & Hadian, T. (2019). Effect of
birth plans on childbirth experience: A systematic review. International
Journal of Nursing Practice, 25(4), e12722–n/a.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12722
Neiterman, E. (2013). Sharing Bodies: The Impact of the Biomedical
Model of Pregnancy on Women’s Embodied Experiences of the
Transition to Motherhood. Healthcare Policy, 9(SP), 112–125.
https://doi.org/10.12927/hcpol.2013.23595
Oakley, A. (2016). The sociology of childbirth: an autobiographical
journey through four decades of research. Sociology of Health &
Illness, 38(5), 689–705. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.12400
OECD (2019). Caesarean Sections. Health at a Glance 2019: OECD
Indicators. Accessed https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/fa1f7281en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/fa1f7281-en
O’Malley, A. (2013). Preventing a return to twilight and straitjackets;
using the patient protection and affordable care act as a starting point for
evidence-based obstetric reform in the United States. Northwestern
Journal of Law & Social Policy, Vol. 8(2). Accessed
https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?arti
cle=1106&context=njlsp
Preis, H., Pardo, J., Peled, Y., & Benyamini, Y. (2018). Changes in the
basic birth beliefs following the first birth experience: Self-fulfilling
prophecies? PloS One, 13(11), e0208090–e0208090.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208090
Sandall, J., Tribe, R. M., Avery, L., Mola, G., Visser, G. H., Homer, C.
S., Gibbons, D., Kelly, N. M., Kennedy, H. P., Kidanto, H., Taylor, P.,
& Temmerman, M. (2018). Short-term and long-term effects of
caesarean section on the health of women and children. The Lancet
(British Edition), 392(10155), 1349–1357.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31930-5
Sedigh Mobarakabadi, S., Mirzaie Najmabadi, K., Ghazi Tabatabaie, M.,
& Esmaily, H. (2016). Predictors of Mode of Childbirth Based on
Medicalized Maternal Care: A Cross-Sectional Study. Iranian Red
Crescent Medical Journal, 19(2), 1–.
https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.25073
The Lancet. (2018). Stemming the global caesarean section
epidemic. The Lancet (British Edition), 392(10155), 1279–1279.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32394-8
World Health Organization. (2015). WHO statement on caesarean
section rates. Accessed
https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal
_health/cs-statement/en/
World Health Organization (2015). Caesarean sections should only be
performed when medically necessary says WHO. Accessed
https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/maternal_perinatal/csstatement/en/
World Health Organization. (2021). Caesarian section rates continue to
rise, amid growing inequalities in access: WHO. Accessed
https://www.who.int/news/item/16-06-2021-caesarean-section-ratescontinue-to-rise-amid-growing-inequalities-in-access-who
World Health Organization. (2018). New WHO guidance on nonclinical interventions specifically designed to reduce unnecessary
caesarean sections. Accessed
https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/guidance-to-reduceunnecessary-caesarean-sections/en/
ECONOMICS
Béhague, D. P. (2002). Beyond the Simple Economics of Cesarean
Section Birthing: Women’s Resistance to Social Inequality. Culture,
Medicine and Psychiatry, 26(4), 473–507.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021730318217
Brennan, R., Eagle, L., & Rice, D. (2010). Medicalization and
Marketing. Journal of Macromarketing, 30(1), 8–22.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146709352221
Hazarika, S. and Dutta, A. (2012). Profit from sickness; The case of
technology-driven healthcare. Advances in Applied Sociology Vol.2,
No.4, 237-244
Hoxha, I., Syrogiannouli, L., Luta, X., Tal, K., Goodman, D. C., da
Costa, B. R., & Jüni, P. (2017). Caesarean sections and for-profit status
of hospitals: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 7(2),
e013670–e013670. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013670
McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2012). The crisis of capitalism and the
marketization of health care: the implications for public health
professionals. Journal of Public Health Research, 1(3), 37–e37.
https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2012.e37
Morris, T., McNamara, K., & Morton, C. H. (2017). Hospital‐ownership
status and cesareans in the United States: The effect of for‐profit
hospitals. Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 44(4), 325–
330. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12299
Poitras, G., & Meredith, L. (2009). Ethical Transparency and Economic
Medicalization. Journal of Business Ethics, 86(3), 313–325.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9849-2
Rossiter, K. (2017). Pushing Ecstasy: Neoliberalism, Childbirth, and the
Making of Mama Economicus. Women’s Studies, 46(1), 41–59.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00497878.2017.1252568
World Health Organization Europe. (2015). Childbirth: Myths and
Medicalization.
Accessed https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/277738/
Childbirth_myths-and-medicalization.pdf
HOME DELIVERY and MIDWIVES
Brodsky, P. L. (2008). Where Have All the Midwives Gone? The
Journal of Perinatal Education, 17(4), 48–51.
https://doi.org/10.1624/105812408X324912
Burns, E. (2015). More Than Four Walls: The Meaning of Home in
Home Birth Experiences. Social Inclusion, 3(2), 6–16.
https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v3i2.203
Ellmann, N. (2020) Community based doulas and midwives: Key to
addressing the U.S. maternal health crisis. Center for American
Progress. Accessed
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/reports/2020/04/14/48
3114/community-based-doulas-midwives/
Findings on Obstetrics Detailed by Investigators at University of
California (Making Room at the Table for Obstetrics, Midwifery, and a
Culture of Normalcy Within Maternity Care). (2016). Women’s Health
Weekly, 2274–.
Hickey, J. (2021). Nature is smarter than we are;: Midwifery and the
responsive state. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law Vol. 40 No. 2
(2020) https://doi.org/10.52214/cjgl.v40i2.8063 Accessed
https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/cjgl/article/view/8063
Hollander, M. H., van Hastenberg, E., van Dillen, J., van Pampus, M.
G., de Miranda, E., & Stramrood, C. A. I. (2017). Preventing traumatic
childbirth experiences: 2192 women’s perceptions and views. Archives
of Women’s Mental Health, 20(4), 515–523.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-017-0729-6
International Confederation of Midwives. (2021). Planned Pregnancies
and parenthood. Accessed
https://www.internationalmidwives.org/assets/files/statementfiles/2018/04/eng-planned-pregnancies-and-parenthood.pdf
Jewish Healthcare Foundation. (2020). Beyond Medicalization:
Midwives and Maternity Care in
America. Accessed https://www.jhf.org/publications-videos/pub-andvids/roots/372-beyond-medicalization-midwives-maternity-care-inamerica/file
Kaitlyn Arbour. (2016). Home Birth vs. Hospital Birth. Voices in
Bioethics, 2. https://doi.org/10.7916/vib.v2i.6331
Karlström, A., Nystedt, A., & Hildingsson, I. (2015). The meaning of a
very positive birth experience: focus groups discussions with
women. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(1), 251–251.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0683-0
Kline, W. (2020). Coming home : how midwives changed birth . Journal
of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Volume 75, Number
2. Accessed https://muse-jhuedu.webdb.plattsburgh.edu:2443/article/755064/pdf
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2021). Home birth; know the pros and cons.
Accessed https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/labor-anddelivery/in-depth/home-birth/art-20046878
Niethammer, C. (2020). Coronavirus exposes the business of safe birth.
Accessed
https://www.forbes.com/sites/carmenniethammer/2020/05/14/coronaviru
s-exposes-the-business-of-safe-birth/?sh=1dfb19a154da
Parry, D. C. (2008). “We Wanted a Birth Experience, not a Medical
Experience”: Exploring Canadian Women’s Use of Midwifery. Health
Care for Women International, 29(8-9), 784–806.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07399330802269451
Patterson, J., Martin, C., and Karatzias, T. (2019). Disempowered
midwives and traumatized women; Exploring the parallel processes of
care provider interaction that contribute to women developing Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after childbirth. Midwifery 76 (2019)
21025.. Accessed
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/midwifery/vol/76/suppl/C
Rodríguez‐Garrido, P., Pino‐Morán, J. A., & Goberna‐Tricas, J. (2020).
Exploring social and health care representations about home birth: An
Integrative Literature Review. Public Health Nursing (Boston,
Mass.), 37(3), 422–438. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12724
Shaw, J. C. A. (2013). The Medicalization of Birth and Midwifery as
Resistance. Health Care for Women International, 34(6), 522–536.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2012.736569
Simpson, A. (2020). Fearing coronavirus, many rural black women
avoid hospitals to give birth at home. Accessed
https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-andanalysis/blogs/stateline/2020/04/17/fearing-coronavirus-many-ruralblack-women-avoid-hospitals-to-give-birth-at-home
Thompson, D. (2016). Midwives and pregnant women of color: Why we
need to understand intersectional changes in midwifery to reclaim home
birth. Columbia Journal of Race and Law. Accessed
https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8V69JX0
POST PARTUM (PPD AND PTSD)
Ballard, C., Stanley, A., and Brockington, I. (1995). Post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) after childbirth. British Journal of Psychiatry,
166(4), 525-528. Doi:10.1192/bjp.166.4.525
Bromley, P., Martin, C. J. H., & Patterson, J. (2017). Post
traumatic stress disorder post childbirth versus postnatal depression: a
guide for midwives. British Journal of Midwifery, 25(8), 484–
490. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2017.25.8.484
Çapik, A., & Durmaz, H. (2018). Fear of Childbirth, Postpartum
Depression, and Birth‐Related Variables as Predictors of Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder After Childbirth. Worldviews on Evidence-Based
Nursing, 15(6), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12326
Goldbort, J. (2002). Postpartum depression: Bridging the gap between
medicalized birth and social support. The International Journal of
Childbirth Education, 17(4), 11-17. (7p)
Lopez, U., Meyer, M., Loures, V., Iselin-Chaves, I., Epiney, M., Kern,
C., & Haller, G. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder
in parturients delivering by caesarean section and the implication
of anaesthesia: a prospective cohort study. Health and Quality of Life
Outcomes, 15(1), 118–118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-017-0692-y
Patterson, J., Hollins Martin, C. J., & Karatzias, T. (2019).
Disempowered midwives and traumatised women: Exploring the parallel
processes of care provider interaction that contribute to women
developing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) post
childbirth. Midwifery, 76, 21–
35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2019.05.010
Rania, N. (2019). Giving voice to my childbirth experiences and making
peace with the birth event: the effects of the first childbirth on the
second pregnancy and childbirth. Health Psychology Open, 6(1),
2055102919844492–
2055102919844492. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102919844492
Rao, W.-W., Zhu, X.-M., Zong, Q.-Q., Zhang, Q., Hall, B. J., Ungvari,
G. S., & Xiang, Y.-T. (2020). Prevalence of prenatal and postpartum
depression in fathers: A comprehensive meta-analysis of observational
surveys. Journal of Affective Disorders, 263, 491–499.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.030
Scarff, J. R. (2019). Postpartum Depression in Men. Innovations in
Clinical Neuroscience, 16(5-6), 11–14. Accessed:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC6659987/
Shiva, L., Desai, G., Satyanarayana, V. A., Venkataram, P., & Chandra,
P. S. (2021). Negative Childbirth Experience and Post-traumatic Stress
Disorder - A Study Among Postpartum Women in South
India. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 640014–640014.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.640014
Tarsuslu, B., Durat, G., & Altınkaynak, S. (2020). Postpartum
Depression in Fathers and Associated Risk Factors: A Systematic
Review. Türk psikiyatri dergisi, 31(4), 280–289.
https://doi.org/10.5080/u25084
RACIAL ASPECTS
Adams, C., & Thomas, S. P. (2018). Alternative prenatal care
interventions to alleviate Black–White maternal/infant health
disparities. Sociology Compass, 12(1), e12549–n/a.
https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12549
Campbell. C. (2021). MEDICAL VIOLENCE, OBSTETRIC RACISM,
AND THE LIMITS OF INFORMED CONSENT FOR BLACK
WOMEN. Michigan Journal of Race & Law, 26, 47–75.
Chosid, H. (2020). Indigenous midwives. Accessed
https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/indigenous-midwives
Cidro, Bach, R., & Frohlick, S. (2020). Canada’s forced birth travel: towards feminist
indigenous reproductive mobilities. Mobilities, 15(2), 173–187.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2020.1730611
Cidro, Doenmez, C., Sinclair, S., Nychuk, A., Wodtke, L., & Hayward, A. (2021). Putting
them on a strong spiritual path: Indigenous doulas responding to the needs of Indigenous
mothers and communities. International Journal for Equity in Health, 20(1), 1–189.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-01521-3
Collins, C. C., Rice, H., Bai, R., Brown, P. L., Bronson, C., & Farmer,
C. (2021). “I felt like it would’ve been perfect, if they hadn’t been
rushing”: Black women’s childbirth experiences with medical providers
when accompanied by perinatal support professionals. Journal of
Advanced Nursing, 77(10), 4131–4141.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14941
Gamlin, J., & Holmes, S. (2018). Preventable perinatal deaths in
indigenous Wixárika communities: an ethnographic study of pregnancy,
childbirth and structural violence. BMC Pregnancy and
Childbirth, 18(1), 243–243. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1870-6
Goode, K., & Katz Rothman, B. (2017). African‐American Midwifery, a
History and a Lament. The American Journal of Economics and
Sociology, 76(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajes.12173
Guloglu, F. (2021). Rosalynn A. Vega. No Alternative: Childbirth,
Citizenship, and Indigenous Culture in Mexico. Anthropological
Quarterly, 94(2), 357–.
Hardeman, R. R., Karbeah, J., & Kozhimannil, K. B. (2020). Applying a
critical race lens to relationship‐centered care in pregnancy and
childbirth: An antidote to structural racism. Birth (Berkeley,
Calif.), 47(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12462
Hayward, A., & Cidro, J. (2021). Indigenous Birth as Ceremony and a
Human Right. Health and Human Rights, 23(1), 213–224.
Landry, A. (2020). As an indigenous woman, I was scared to have my
baby in a hospital. Today’s Parent. Accessed
https://www.todaysparent.com/pregnancy/giving-birth/indigenouswoman-scared-to-give-birth-in-a-hospital/#
Marini, J. (2018). Caring for maternal health needs in indigenous
communities with local midwives. Accessed
https://womendeliver.org/2018/maternal-health-needs-indigenouscommunities-local-midwives/
Nash, J. C. (2019). Birthing Black Mothers: Birth Work and the Making
of Black Maternal Political Subjects. Women’s Studies
Quarterly, 47(3/4), 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1353/wsq.2019.0054
Quickening. (2020). Valuing the lives of all mothers. Accessed
https://quickening.midwife.org/roundtable/eliminating-racial-disparitiescontributing-to-the-rise-in-u-s-maternal-mortality-perspectives-fromacnm-bmma-and-icm/
Shaw. (2013). The Medicalization of Birth and Midwifery as Resistance. Health Care for
Women International, 34(6), 522–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2012.736569
Thorngate, S. (2021). Race, information and power in perinatal care and
childbirth. Accessed
https://www.ala.org/acrl/sites/ala.org.acrl/files/content/conferences/conf
sandpreconfs/2021/RaceInformationPower.pdf
Vang, Gagnon, R., Lee, T., Jimenez, V., Navickas, A., Pelletier, J., & Shenker, H. (2018).
Interactions Between Indigenous Women Awaiting Childbirth Away From Home and Their
Southern, Non-Indigenous Health Care Providers. Qualitative Health Research, 28(12),
1858–1870. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732318792500
Warren, K. (2019). ‘We can help ourselves’: Native women come together to confront high rates of
maternal mortality. Cronkite News. Accessed https://cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2019/12/16/nativeamerican-maternal-mortality/
FATHERS AND PARTNERS
Albuja, A. F., Sanchez, D. T., Lee, S. J., Lee, J. Y., & Yadava, S.
(2019). The effect of paternal cues in prenatal care settings on men’s
involvement intentions. PloS One, 14(5), e0216454–.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216454
Alio, A. P., Lewis, C. A., Scarborough, K., Harris, K., & Fiscella, K.
(2013). A community perspective on the role of fathers during
pregnancy: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13(1),
60–60. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-13-60
Child and Family Research Partnership. (2014). Dad’s absence at birth
linked to adverse health outcomes for mom and baby. Accessed
https://childandfamilyresearch.utexas.edu/dads-absence-birth-linkedadverse-health-outcomes-mom-and-baby
Ghaffari, S. F., Sharif Nia, H., Elyasi, F., Shahhosseini, Z., &
Mohammadpoorsaravimozafar, Z. (2021). Design and psychometric
evaluation of the fathers’ fear of childbirth scale: a mixed method
study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21(1), 222–222.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03696-7
Houser, P. (2015). Fathers present at birth. Pathways to Family Wellness
(46). Accessed https://pathwaystofamilywellness.org/PregnancyBirth/fathers-present-at-birth.html
Huusko, L., Sjöberg, S., Ekström, A., Hertfelt Wahn, E., &
Thorstensson, S. (2018). First-Time Fathers’ Experience of Support
from Midwives in Maternity Clinics: An Interview Study. Nursing
Research and Practice, 2018, 9618036–9618037.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9618036
Ivry, T. and Teman, E. (2008 ). Expectant Israeli fathers and the
medicalized pregnancy; ambivalent compliance and critical pragmatism.
Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 32(3):358-85. doi: 10.1007/s11013008-9099-x.
Jarneid, H., Gjestad, K., Roseth, I., & Dahl, B. (2020). Fathers’
Experiences of Being Present at an Unplanned Out-of-Hospital Birth: A
Qualitative Study. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 13, 1235–
1244. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S272021
Jouhki, M.-R., Suominen, T., & Åstedt-Kurki, P. (2015). Supporting and
Sharing—Home Birth: Fathers’ Perspective. American Journal of Men’s
Health, 9(5), 421–429. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988314549413
King, L. (2016). Hiding in the pub to cutting the cord? Men’s presence
at childbirth in Britain 1940s – 2000s. Social History of Medicine.
Volume 30, Issue 2, May 2017, Pages 389–
407, https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkw057
Masoumi, M., & Elyasi, F. (2021). Tokophobia in Fathers: A Narrative
Review. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 15(1).
https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.104511
National Institute for Children’s Health Quality. (2021). Fathers:
Powerful allies for maternal and child health. Accessed
https://www.nichq.org/insight/fathers-powerful-allies-maternal-andchild-health
Neri Mini, F., Saltzman, J. A., Simione, M., Luo, M., Perkins, M. E.,
Roche, B., Blake-Lamb, T., Kotelchuck, M., Arauz-Boudreau, A.,
Davison, K., & Taveras, E. M. (2020). Expectant Fathers’ Social
Determinants of Health in Early Pregnancy. Global Pediatric Health, 7,
2333794X20975628–2333794X20975628.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X20975628
Philpott, L., Savage, E. FitzGerald, S., and Leahy-Warren, P. (2019).
Anxiety in fathers in the perinatal period: A systematic review.
Midwifery Volume 76, September 2019, Pages 54-101 Accessed
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/midwifery/vol/76/suppl/C
Plantin, L., Olukoya, A. A., & Ny, P. (2011). Positive health outcomes
of fathers’ involvement in pregnancy and childbirth paternal support: a
scope study literature review. Fathering (Harriman, Tenn.), 9(1), 87–.
https://doi.org/10.3149/fth.0901.87
Redshaw, M., & Henderson, J. (2013). Fathers’ engagement in
pregnancy and childbirth: evidence from a national survey. BMC
Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13(1), 70–70. https://doi.org/10.1186/14712393-13-70
Solberg, G. and Glavin, K. (2018). Fathers want to play a more active
role in pregnancy and maternity care and at the child health center.
Norwegian Journal of Nursing Research. DOI:
10.4220/Sykepleienf.2018.72006en Accessed:
https://sykepleien.no/en/forskning/2018/10/fathers-want-play-moreactive-role-pregnancy-and-maternity-care-and-child-health
University of South Florida (USF Health). (2010, June 17). Father
involvement in pregnancy could reduce infant mortality. ScienceDaily.
Retrieved October 8, 2021 from
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100617111245.htm
Werner-Bierwisch, T., Pinkert, C., Niessen, K., Metzing, S., &
Hellmers, C. (2018). Mothers’ and fathers’ sense of security in the
context of pregnancy, childbirth and the postnatal period: an integrative
literature review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 473–473.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2096-3
Williams, K., & Umberson, D. (1999). Medical Technology and
Childbirth: Experiences of Expectant Mothers and Fathers. Sex
Roles, 41(3), 147–168. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018898027379
World Health Or fganization. (2007). Fatherhood and health outcomes in
Europe. Accessed
https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/69011/E91129.pd
f
Xue, W. L., Shorey, S., Wang, W., & He, H.-G. (2018). Fathers’
involvement during pregnancy and childbirth: An integrative literature
review. Midwifery, 62, 135–145.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2018.04.013
GLOBALIZATION OF MEDICALIZATION
Balde, M. D., Diallo, B. A., Bangoura, A., Sall, O., Soumah, A. M.,
Vogel, J. P., & Bohren, M. A. (2017). Perceptions and experiences of
the mistreatment of women during childbirth in health facilities in
Guinea: a qualitative study with women and service
providers. Reproductive Health, 14(1), 3–3.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-016-0266-1
Behruzi, R., Hatem, M., Fraser, W. et al. Facilitators and barriers in the
humanization of childbirth practice in Japan. BMC Pregnancy
Childbirth 10, 25 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-10-25
Accessed
https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/147
1-2393-10-25#citeas
Betrán AP, Ye J, Moller AB, Zhang J, Gülmezoglu AM, et al.
(2016) The Increasing Trend in Caesarean Section Rates: Global,
Regional and National Estimates: 1990-2014. PLOS ONE 11(2):
e0148343. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148343
Bohren, M., Vogel, J., Hunter, E., Lutsiv, O., Makh, S., Souza, J.,
Agular, C., Coneglian, F., Luiz, A., Diniz, A., Tuncalp, O., Javadi, D.,
Oladapo, O., Khosla, R., Hindin, M., & Gulmezoglu, A.,. (2015). The
mistreatment of women during childbirth in health facilities globally: A
mixed-methods systematic review. PLoS Med 12(6): e1001847.
Doi:10.1371.journal.pmed.1001847.
Brigagao, J., Gonvalves, R. and Nascimento, V. (2018). The language of
risk, public policies, and childbirth in the municipality of Sao Paulo; A
reading of data from the live birth system 2010 m- 2016. Frontiers in
Sociology. Accessed
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2018.00012/full
Briggs, L. (2018). Pushing in Silence: Modernizing Puerto Rico and the
Medicalization of Childbirth by Isabel M. Córdova (review). Bulletin of
the History of Medicine, 92(4), 706–707.
https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2018.0082
Cosminsky, S. (2016). Midwives and Mothers: The Medicalization of
Childbirth on a Guatemalan Plantation. University of Texas
Press. https://doi.org/10.7560/311387
Dixon, L. (2015). Obstetrics in a Time of Violence: Mexican Midwives
Critique Routine Hospital Practices. Medical Anthropology
Quarterly, 29(4), 437–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12174
Gagnon, R., & Champagne-Poirier, O. (2021). Giving Birth to Another
Child: Women’s Perceptions of Their Childbirth Experiences in
Quebec. Qualitative Health Research, 31(5), 955–966.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732320987831
Gardiner, E., Lai, J., Khanna, D., Meza, G., de Wildt, G. and Taylor, B.
(2021). Exploring women’s decisions of where to give birth in the
Peruvian Amazon: Why do women continue to give birth at home?
Open Access; peer reviewed.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257135
Haider MR, Rahman MM, Moinuddin M, Rahman AE, Ahmed S, Khan
MM (2018) Ever-increasing Caesarean section and its economic burden
in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE 13(12): e0208623.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208623 Accessed
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.02086
23
Lossio, J., Iguiñiz-Romero, R., & Robledo, P. (2018). For the good of
the nation: scientific discourses endorsing the medicalization of
childbirth in Peru, 1900-1940. História, ciências, saúde-Manguinhos, 25(4), 943–957. https://doi.org/10.1590/S010459702018000500004
Mena-Tudela, D., Iglesias-Casas, S., Gonzales-Chorda, V. CerveraGasch, A., Andreu-Pejo, L and Valero-Chilleron, M. (2020). Obstetric
Violence in Spain Part 1: Women’s Perceptions and Interterritorial
Differences. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Nov; 17(21): 7726.
Accessed
https://www.gfmer.ch/Guidelines/Guideline_OG.php?fnct=selectParSub
Topic&langue=English¶m1=Obstetric+violence%2C+mistreatment
+of+women+during+childbirth¶m2=Violence
Mena-Tudela, D.; Iglesias-Casás, S.; González-Chordá, V.M.; CerveraGasch, Á.; Andreu-Pejó, L.; Valero-Chilleron, M.J. (2021) Obstetric
Violence in Spain (Part II): Interventionism and Medicalization during
Birth. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 199. https://do
Accessed
https://www.gfmer.ch/Guidelines/Guideline_OG.php?fnct=selectParSub
Topic&langue=English¶m1=Obstetric+violence%2C+mistreatment
+of+women+during+childbirth¶m2=Violence
Mena-Tudela, D.; Iglesias-Casás, S.; González-Chordá, V.M.; CerveraGasch, Á.; Andreu-Pejó, L.; Valero-Chilleron, M.J. (2021). Obstetric
Violence in Spain (Part III): Healthcare professionals, times and areas.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr; 18(7): 3359. Accessed
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8037882/
Prosen, M. and Krajnc, M. (2013). Sociological conceptualization of the
medicalization of pregnancy and childbirth: The implications in
Slovenia. December 2013 Revija Za Sociologiju 43(3):251-272
DOI:10.5613/rzs.43.3.3 Accessed
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287476236_Sociological_Con
ceptualization_of_the_Medicalization_of_Pregnancy_and_Childbirth_T
he_Implications_in_Slovenia
Reyes, E. (2021). Born in Captivity: The Experiences of Puerto Rican
Birth Workers and Their Clients in Quarantine. Frontiers in
Sociology, 6, 613831–613831. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.613831
Santos, G. (2020). Birthing Stories and Techno-moral Change across
Generations: Coping with Hospital Births and High-tech Medicalization
in Rural South China, 1960s–2010s. Technology and Culture, 61(2),
581–616. https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2020.0054
Sedigh Mobarakabadi, S., Mirzaei Najmabadi, K., & Ghazi Tabatabaie,
M. (2015). Ambivalence towards childbirth in a medicalized context: a
qualitative inquiry among Iranian mothers. Iranian Red Crescent
Medical Journal, 17(3), e24262–e24262.
https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.24262
Stanton, D., and Holtz, S. (2006. Levels and trends in caesarian birth in
the developing world. Studies in Family Planning. 37(1):41-8.
DOI:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2006.00082.x
Vega, R. A. (2017). Commodifying Indigeneity: How the Humanization
of Birth Reinforces Racialized Inequality in Mexico. Medical
Anthropology Quarterly, 31(4), 499–518.
https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12343
Yanez, S. (2018). “We aren’t all the same”: the singularity of
reproductive experiences amidst institutional objectification in
Argentina’s public health services. Journal of Feminist Scholarship.
Vol. 15(15). Accessed
https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Women/SR/ReproductiveHeal
thCare/Argentina%20We%20Arent%20All%20the%20Same_%20The%
20Singularity%20of%20Reproductive%20Experie.pdf
Zampas, C., Amin, A., O’Hanlon, L., Bjerregaard, A., Mehrtash, H.,
Khosla, R., & Tunçalp, Ӧzge. (2020). Operationalizing a Human RightsBased Approach to Address Mistreatment against Women during
Childbirth. Health and Human Rights, 22(1), 251–264.
CONCLUSION
Purchase answer to see full
attachment