Lab 8 DNA Coding

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Question description

  1. How does DNA differ from RNA? (2 points)
  2. Where in the cell does each of the following processes take place? (2 points)
    1. Transcription
    2. Translation
  3. The following is a base sequence on a strand of DNA. When the strand replicates, what is the base sequence on the complementary strand of DNA? (2 points)
    AATCGCATACCCGGTCAG
  4. Transcribe the following DNA molecule into mRNA: TAACCTGGACTACAAATC. (2 points)
  5. What is a promoter? (2 points)
  6. What is the role of the enzyme DNA polymerase? (2 points)
  7. What is the end product of transcription? (2 points)
  8. Why would it be impossible to extract DNA from cooked foods? (2 points)
  9. Which DNA extraction procedure (warm water versus room temperature water) produced a greater quantity of DNA? Explain why the results turned out the way that they did. (6 points)
  10. Provide the amino acid sequence for DNA template cards 1 through 5 (from Procedure 4 in the lab)? (10 points)
    1. DNA template card # 1:
    2. DNA template card # 2:
    3. DNA template card # 3:
    4. DNA template card # 4:
    5. DNA template card # 5:
  11. What is an exon? (2 points)
  12. What three molecules are needed for the process of translation? (3 points)
  13. What are the building blocks of proteins called? (2 points)
  14. List the three stop codons. (3 points)
  15. Provide the amino acid sequence for DNA template cards 6 through 10 (from Procedure 4). (10 points)
    1. DNA template card # 6:
    2. DNA template card # 7:
    3. DNA template card # 8:
    4. DNA template card # 9:
    5. DNA template card # 10:
  16. Define the following terms: (2 points)
    1. Point mutation
    2. Frameshift mutation
  17. Name the type of mutation that occurred below. (2 points)
  18. Original strand of DNA: CTAGGCCTAACTGCC

    Replicated strand of DNA: CTAGGCCAAACTGCC

  19. Provide the amino acid sequence for DNA template cards 5 and 11 through 14 (from Procedure 4). (10 points)
    1. DNA template card #5:
    2. DNA template card # 11:
    3. DNA template card # 12:
    4. DNA template card # 13:
    5. DNA template card # 14:
  20. DNA template cards 11 through 14 represent mutations that occurred in template card five. Review the amino acid sequences for cards 5 and 11 through 14 and answer the following: (10 points)
    1. What type of mutation occurred in cards 11 and 12?
    2. Did the mutation in card 11 result in a change in the protein synthesized?
    3. Did the mutation in card 12 result in a change in the protein synthesized?
    4. What type of mutation occurred in cards 13 and 14?
    5. Would the mutations that occurred in cards 13 and 14 result in a change in the protein synthesized?
  21. A base deletion of base eight (frameshift mutation) occurs in the following nucleotide sequence: CTCAATGAAGGCCTA. (4 points)
    1. Write the codons for the nucleotide sequence.
    2. Write the codons for the nucleotide sequence following the base deletion.
  22. (Application) How might the information gained from this lab pertaining to protein synthesis be useful to you in your everyday life or to a healthcare professional? (20 points)
  23. Key components of critical thinking and application include the following:

    1. Demonstrates application and comprehension of the scientific principles.
    2. Displays competence in applying scientific knowledge to your personal or professional life.
    3. Relevant content is supported by facts, data, and detailed examples.
    4. The application paragraph is organized and structured.

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Explanation & Answer

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1. How does DNA differ from RNA? (2 points)
1. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA contains the sugar ribose. The only
difference between ribose and deoxyribose is that ribose has one more -OH group than
deoxyribose, which has -H attached to the second (2') carbon in the ring.
2. DNA is a double-stranded molecule while RNA is a single stranded molecule.
3. DNA is stable under alkaline conditions while RNA is not stable.
4. DNA and RNA perform different functions in humans. DNA is responsible for storing
and transferring genetic information while RNA directly codes for amino acids and as
acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins.
5. The bases of DNA are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine; while those of RNA are
adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. Uracil differs from thymine in that it lacks a
methyl group on its ring.
6. There are 3 types of RNA (mRNA – tRNA – rRNA).

2. Where in the cell does each of the following processes take place? (2 points)
1. Transcription: occur inside the nucleus
2. Translation: occur in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus.

3. The following is a base sequence on a strand of DNA. When the strand replicates,
what is the base sequence on the complementary strand of DNA? (2 points)
AATCGCATACCCGGTCAG
The base sequence on the complementary strand of DNA is:
TTAGCGTATGGGCCAGTC
4. Transcribe the following DNA molecule into mRNA:
TAACCTGGACTACAAATC. (2 points)
AUUGGACCUGAUGUUUAG
5. What is a promoter? (2 points)
(Special seq. of DNA) is required in order to catalyze RNA polymerase to start working.
Tells RNA polymerase where to start transcription and which strand to transcribe. It is
located near the transcription start sites of genes, on the same strand and upstream on the

DNA (towards the 5' region of the sense strand). Promoters can be about 100–1000 base
pairs long.
6. What is the role of the enzyme DNA polymerase? (2 points)
New DNA elongation at replication fork is catalyzed by DNA polymerase; as
nucleotides align with complementary bases along template strand, they are added by
polymerase to growing end of new DNA strand.
DNA polymerase adds new, free nucleotides to the 3’ end of the newly-forming strand,
elongating it in a 5’ to 3’ direction.
7. What is the end product of transcription? (2 points)
DNA is converted to a strand of mRNA to be translated in the ribosome.
8. Why would it be impossible to extract DNA from cooked foods? (2 points)
DNA in cooked food is denatured (broken into bits and pieces) due to heat. DNA is
destroyed if a living thing is heated: the cells of the organism are degraded by the heat,
and that liberates enzymes, called DNAses, that eat away the DNA.
9. Which DNA extraction procedure (warm water versus room temperature water)
produced a greater quantity of DNA? Explain why the results turned out the way
that they did. (6 points)
DNA extraction at warm temperature produces a greater quantity of DNA than in room
temperature. Warm temperature inactivates (denatures) the deoxy ribonuclease enzymes
(DNase) which, if present, would cut the DNA into such small fragments that it would
not be visible. Denatured enzymes and DNA unravel, loose their shape, and thus become
inactive. Enzymes denature at 60ー Celsius, and DNA denatures at 80ー Celsius.
10.Provide the amino acid sequence for DNA template cards 1 through 5 (from
Procedure 4 in the lab)? (10 points)
1. DNA template card # 1:
DNA: TAC TTA CCG AGA TTC TTG TTT ATC
mRNA: AUG AAU GGC UCU AAG AAC AAA UAG
Amino acids: Methionine – Asparagine – Glycine – Serine – Lysine – Asparagine –
Lysine – Stop codon.

2. DNA template card # 2:
DNA: TAC AGA ACT GAC AGT CCG GTA TGG ATT
mRNA: AUG UCU UGA CUG UCA GGC CAU ACC UAA
Amino acids: Methionine – Serine – stop codon – Leucine – Serine – Glycine –
Histidine – Threonine – stop codon
3. DNA template card # 3
DNA : TAC TGA TCT CGC GTA GCC CTC GGG ATC
mRNA: AUG ACU AGA GCG CAU CGG GAG CCC UAG
Amino acids: Methionine – Threonine – Arginine – Alanine – Histidine – ArginineGlutamic acid – Proline – stop codon
4. DNA template card # 4:
DNA : TAC CTA ACG TAT CCC CCA GCA TCA ACT
mRNA: AUG GAU UGC AUA GGG GGU CGU AGU UGA
Amino acids: Methionine – Aspartic acid – Cysteine –Isoleucine – Glycine – Glycine –
Arginine – Serine – Stop codon.
5. DNA template card # 5:
DNA : TAC CTT TGT ACC ATA TCT ATT
mRNA: AUG GAA ACA UGG UAU AGA UAA
Amino acids: Methionine – Glutamic acid – Threonine –Tryptophan – T...


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