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AUSTRALIA

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The main political characteristics of Australia
Australia's political system is built on the liberal democratic tradition, which emphasizes
religious tolerance and freedom of expression and association. Its institutions and procedures are
modeled after the United Kingdom and North America, yet they are essentially Australian. The
Commonwealth of Australia was founded on Federation Day, January 1, 1901, when six former
British colonies, today known as the Australian States, agreed to join forces. The Australian
Constitution, which went into effect on January 1, 1901, establishes Australia's political system.
The Constitution
The Australian Constitution lays out the laws and obligations of the Government and the
parliamentary, executive, and judicial departments' authorities. The Parliament, which has the
power to pass laws, is part of the legislative arm of Government. The executive branch of
Government is in charge of enforcing the laws passed by the legislative branch. In contrast, the
judicial branch order of establishing the country's courts of law and appointing and removing
judges. The courts' job is to interpret all directions, including the Constitution, to ensure that the
rule of law reigns supreme. Only a referendum may modify the Constitution.
The Constitutional Monarchy of Australia
The Commonwealth of Australia is a constitutional monarchy. This refers to a country with
a queen or king as its head of state, whose powers are constrained by the Constitution. Queen
Elizabeth II is Australia's head of state. Even though she is also Queen of the United Kingdom, the
two roles are now legally and constitutionally distinct. The Queen is only a figurehead in the
Australian political system and plays no part. The Queen is lawfully represented in Australia by a
Governor-General, whom she selects on the Prime Minister's advice. The Queen has no
involvement in the Governor General's day-to-day responsibilities.

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The Governor-General and the Governors of the States
While the Governor-General is recognized as the Queen's representative, they are not
subject to the Queen's or the British Government's direction, oversight, or veto. The Governorpowers General's responsibilities under the Constitution include calling, proroguing, and
dissolving Parliament, assenting to Bills, appointing Ministers, establishing Departments of State,
and appointing judges. Nonetheless, by convention, the Governor-General acts almost entirely on
the advice of Ministers, and the nominee for the office is chosen under the direction of the
Government. The six-state governors have similar responsibilities in their respective states.
The Commonwealth, sometimes known as the National Government, is a federal government that
is The House of Representatives (Lower House) and the Senate are the two houses of the National
Parliament (Upper House). Trade, taxation, immigration, citizenship, social security, labor
relations, and international affairs are all under their jurisdiction. Before becoming law, legislation
must be approved by both houses of Congress. The House of Representatives initiates the majority
of legislation. It now has 148 members, each of whom represents approximately 80,000 votes. The
political party or parties form the Government with the most...