Religious Studies, English homework help

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CPRL110 Week : Review Article on the ideas of James Kellenberger Please read this summary of James Kellenberger Search Author Title Reviewer Keyword JAMES KELLENBERGER Moral Relativism, Moral Diversity, and Human Relations Summary Louis P. Pojman, U.S. Military Academy In Moral Relativism, Moral Diversity, and Human Relations James Kellenberger explores the nature and value of moral relativism as it relates to moral diversity. He examines this perennial metaethical issue through the lens of a theory of human relations, which claims that our moral life is based on our encounters with other human beings, explaining “what is right and wrong about moral relativism and moral absolutism, to go further and explain the grounding of those pretheoretical intuitions that peremptorily recommend each” (p. 7). Examining the work of such ethical relativists as John Ladd, Gilbert Harman and David Wong, Kellenberger defines moral absolutism as the doctrine that there is one true morality which applies universally to all people everywhere; and moral relativism as the denial of this doctrine. He examines the problem from the perspective of religion, anthropology, and cultural studies, ranging from the Eskimo practice of parricide to the African practice of clitorodectomy. Cultural diversity exhibits many different moral frameworks, and moral relativism asserts that none of them is “more correct than the others.” Cultural diversity in itself doesn’t establish moral relativism, which holds that the justification of a moral framework is acceptance by a people within a culture. Much of the defense of Kellenberger’s moral absolutism is based on the work of moral pluralists, such as Michael Walzer, Elizabeth Wolgast, and especially, John Kekes, whose theory appears in every chapter of the book. The pluralists are moral absolutists who argue that the basic universal values manifest themselves differently in different cultural frameworks. “There are some candidates for universal values that recur with some regularity on the lists of anthropologists, political scientists, and moral CPRL110 Week : Review Article on the ideas of James Kellenberger philosophers. Universal values, for some, include a prohibition against murder, the value of the family, and truth telling.” (p. 41) Kellenberger puts forth the Principle of Ascent to account for this unity within plurality. This asserts that when we see cultures having seemingly incompatible practices, if we examine and take into account background conditions and beliefs, we will often find a common value as the explanation of the practice. He gives the example of the practice of live burial of the Dinka tribe of the southern Sudan. The Dinkas bury their aged spear-master alive in a pile of cattle dung, causing him to suffocate in excrement. On the surface this practice seems contrary to our principle of caring for the aged, but when further examined, it turns out that the spear-master chooses this form of euthanasia for himself, as a means of passing on his spirit to the community. Diverse burial practices, such as Eskimos abandoning their elderly, similarly reveal a concern to ensure the survival of the group in the midst of scarce resources. The classic case of opposing practices of disposing of the dead is recorded by the ancient Greek historian, Herodotus. He tells us that the Greeks burned their dead, whereas the Callatians ate their dead, each being appalled by the other’s “callous disregard”. This case, which has often been taken as the paradigm of ethical relativism, is revealed by the Principle of Ascent to be two applications of the value of respecting one’s deceased loved ones. The idea is not new, but Kellenberger’s labeling of it is helpful, and his subsequent discussion is broad and insightful. In a further discussion he locates the idea in Thomas Aquinas’ theory of natural law and shows how Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism each manifest a common set of overlapping values. His discussion of morality in world religions, though cursory, is fascinating and illustrative of his thesis of unity within plurality... ...Ultimately, Kellenberger contends, our common human nature gives rise to common needs and desires out of which a universal morality arises—though it does so in a variety of ways. Kellenberger’s solution to the relativism/absolutism debate is to ground morality in personal relations, in what he calls “person/person relationships.” Each person CPRL110 Week : Review Article on the ideas of James Kellenberger has a relationship to every person, including those unseen whom he will never meet. It includes a relationship to ourselves. Using common relationships such as friendship and marriage, he argues that relationships manifest universal norms of behavior.
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Running Head: RELIGIOUS STUDIES

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Religious Studies
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RELIGIOUS STUDIES

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Definition of terms
Insider/outsider definition. An insider refers to somebody who suits and conforms to
particular social-economic development goals no matter what and respects the law that comes
with the same. On the other hand, an outsider tends to oppose the laws laid down and do
everything to do with the social-cultural development of a community (Gioia et al 2010).
Cosmology could refer to the examination of the universe with regards to its components
and finally the scientific contents of the same at any given time.
Existentially relates to the 19th and the 20th century philosophical understanding of
nature and the basis of human thinking as attributed to many factors-feeling, body and mind. The
concept also stresses on human freedom and also euthanized.
The matrix of meaning or rather a worldview points to involving an individual's cognitive
orientation to the world about their knowledge of various and the whole societal concepts.
Primary religious experience emphasises the fundamental values and behaviours as
regards the religious laws and principles. Primary means first and therefore in this context, the
very first attempt to come up with the best solution on advancing religious principles.
Intra-faith concepts point to the fact that concentration narrows down on the group and
that a common faith practice spreads within a religious circle. On the other hand, inter-group
refers to the interrelat...


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