Public Health Prevention Assignment Worksheet (use this as a format for your outline/worksheet ) Step 1: Define the Problem- (be specific- think of an issue that you would like to see changed or resolved that affects our community’s health). 1) State your Public health issue/Concern: 2) Answers from STEP 1: How many people are affected by the identified problem? Who is experiencing the problem? When and where is the problem occurring? 3) Resources: Include 3-5 resources (required) for step 1 -NO Wikipedia or simple Google searched info. You must use correct citations. (optional) Additional Background questions (things you would like to know to really investigate this issue): 4) Written summary of initial findings (from answering STEP 1 questions 1 and 2 the How, who, and when of your issue) Complete the above portion and Submit this for your outline of assignment Excellent Student July 30, 2020 HED-201 Professor Campbell Public Health Problem Solving Assignment Worksheet Step 1: Define the Problem 1) State your Public health issue/Concern: Lead Poisoning in American Children 2) Answers from STEP 1: How many people are affected by the identified problem? As of 2012, 3.6 million homes in America with at least one child have been identified to have high levels of lead. 500,000 children of less than or equal to six years of age tested positive for blood lead levels of at least five micrograms per deciliter of blood (Hauptman, Bruccoleri, & Woolf, 2017). Who is experiencing the problem? Young children six years old and younger are experiencing lead poisoning. When and where is the problem occurring? Lead poisoning in children often occurs when they are within their homes while their bodies and toys are exposed to paint or dust that contain lead (National Center for Environmental Health, 2019). Lead exposure is a current problem in the United States and has been on the Center of Disease Control and Prevention’s agenda since 1988 with the passing of the Lead Contamination Control Act of 1988 (Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention, 2019). 3) Resources: Include 3-5 resources (required) for step 1 -NO Wikipedia or simple Google searched info. You must use correct citations. (APA format is used)      American Academy of Pediatrics. (2017). Lead exposure: Steps to protect your family. Retrieved July 11, 2020 from https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/allaround/Pages/Lead-Screening-for-Children.aspx. Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. (2019). CDC childhood lead poisoning prevention program. Retrieved July 11, 2020 from https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/about/program.htm. Hauptman, M., Bruccoleri, R., & Woolf, A. D. (2017). An update on childhood lead poisoning. Clinical pediatric emergency medicine, 18(3), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpem.2017.07.010 National Center for Environmental Health. (2019). Prevent children’s exposure to lead. Retrieved July 11, 2020 from https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/features/leadpoisoning/index.html World Health Organization. (2019). Lead poisoning and health. Retrieved July 11, 2020 from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health Additional Background questions (things you would like to know to really investigate this issue):  Is there a way to avoid the inclusion of lead in paint and other products?  Why is lead used in paint and other products?  What treatments exist or what treatments are in the process of being produced that will help decrease the impact of lead poisoning in the brain development of children? 4) Written summary of initial findings (from answering the above questions) Since 1988, lead poisoning has been a major public health issue in America which led to the establishment of the CDC’s Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program (Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention, 2019). Lead can be found in the paint of toys and household items, tap water, water pipes, and make up products (National Center for Environmental Health, 2019). A blood level of five micrograms per deciliter or greater is considered high; such levels are monitored by the CDC. High blood levels of lead can lead to learning disabilities, behavioral disabilities, and decreased ability in retaining knowledge in young children (World Health Organization, 2019). To decrease the amount of lead exposure, it is important for families to start in their homes. Regularly cleaning household items, floors, and toys are very important. Parents should use filtered water for drinking and cooking and should make sure that their kids know how to wash their hands. If families live in an old home or plan to build a home, it is important to test homes and paint for lead levels (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2017). For questions and concerns, families can contact their city’s lead hotlines or ask their family doctors. Step 2: Identify Risk and Protective Factors 5) 6) Answer the following questions using the PICO worksheet to help guide you in finding data and research to your PH issue. Resources: Include 3-5 resources (required) for steps 2-5 --- NO Wikipedia or simple Google searched info. You must use correct citations. You can use the same resources as in Step 1. If new add in chart. What are the risk factors for the problem? Lead Poisoning in American Children Resources (identify at least one source for each answer) Low Body Mass Index/Malnourishment Mitra, A. K., Ahua, E., & Saha, P. K. (2012). Prevalence of and risk factors for lead poisoning in young children in Bangladesh. Journal of health, population, and nutrition, 30(4), 404–409. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v30i4.13292 Homes built before 1978 with lead base Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Lead in painted walls and windowsills consumer products. Retrieved on July 29, 2020 from https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/prevention/sources/paint.htm Homes with pipes made with brass or lead before 1986 Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Lead in drinking water. Retrieved on July 29, 2020 from https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/prevention/sources/water.htm What are the protective factors for the problem? Lead Poisoning in American Children Resources (identify at least one source for each answer) Lead paint inspection and risk assessment Safe Drinking Water Act with regulations on the maximum amount of lead from water that flows through pipes. (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019) United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2020). Basic information about lead in drinking water. Retrieved on July 29, 2020 from https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-anddrinking-water/basic-information-about-lead-drinking-water. Calcium and iron requirements for young children (Mitra, Ahua, & Saha, 2012) Step 3: Develop and Test Prevention Strategies 7) Answer the following questions Are there existing, effective strategies based on best available evidence? If none exist, what resources do I need to develop a new strategy based on what was learned in steps one and two? Resources (identify at least one resource for each answer) Lead Poisoning in American Children Yes--- there are qualified professionals to remove lead paint and USEPA certified contractors to hire when renovating. Yes--- “Point-of-use” Filtration systems are available for purchase to filter out lead and other chemicals in tap water. (CDC, 2019) Yes--- since dust can collect on floors and windowsills, it is important for families to wet-mop floors and clean windowsills since children play on the floor. (CDC, 2019) (CDC, 2020) List specific interventions and strategies that you believe (based on your collected data) will be effective in reducing or preventing: Lead Poisoning in American Children Resources (identify at least one source for each answer) The U.S Environmental Protection Agency plans to tighten the restrictions for lead in dust on floors and windowsills after lead removal in homes built before 1978 or childcare facilities. United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2020). EPA Proposals strengthens regulations and protects children from exposure to lead--contaminated dust. Retrieved on June 7, 2020 from https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-proposalstrengthens-regulations-and-protects-childrenexposure-lead-contaminated. (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2020) Get child tested for blood lead levels by pediatric doctor to determine the child’s risk for lead poisoning before unpreventable consequences of high lead levels. Step 4 & 5: Implement interventions to improve the health of the population & Monitor the interventions to assess their effectiveness. 8) Answer these questions: Who would benefit from this strategy (parents, educators, policy makers, etc.)? Parents of young children and young children themselves will benefit from these strategies. How do I get this strategy to the people who need it? Personal phone calls or home visits to families with children can be made for parents to be educated about the dangers of lead poisoning and how to prevent it. Where can I find assistance and support for implementing an effective strategy and on-going monitoring and evaluation of the strategy? (HINT: look for associations or .org groups) Local: San Diego Health & Human Services Agency Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program County of San Diego 1600 Pacific Highway, Room 206 San Diego, CA 92101 (619) 692-8487 State: California Department of Public Health Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Bldg P, 3rd Floor Richmond, CA 94804 Phone: 510-620-5600 Federal: Center for Disease Control and Prevention (800) 232-4636 Email: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/dcs/contactus/form Websites: https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/default.htm https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/child_lead_poisoning_prevention_prog ram.html How can PH officials monitor and assure that interventions are being used and are working?  Make contact information for Lead poisoning hotlines easily accessible to the public.  Mandate hospitals and clinics to report lead poisoning incidents to the county’s HHS so that the amount of cases can be tracked and mapped to see if there is a pattern in the incidences.  Perform inspections on old buildings, childcare facilities, and newly constructed or renovated homes for lead levels in the dust or paint.  When performing inspections and the facility did not pass, provide a warning and if it is not fixed in a timely manner. If the facility does not comply, they must pay a monetary fee.
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