Keiser University Wk 1 Functional Categories of Neurons Discussion

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ybirsutt

Science

Keiser University

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References 

Saladin, K. (2020). Anatomy & physiology: The unit of form and function (9th ed.). McGraw Hill Education.

Instructions: Main Post 

Highly recommended to post Main Post by Wednesday.

325 Word Minimum
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  2. Type the Number and Name of your topic as the subject heading to let students easily see the list of topics that have already been posted.
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RESEARCH (Label this section)

  • The explanation / background of the topic- Teach the topic to students. Share interesting and current research on the topic.
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  • Reminder: Your textbook should be one of the sources.

CRITICAL THINKING (Label this section, too)

  • This section is only for your thoughts/conclusions. This is not research based.
  • Examples: Apply everyday phenomena in terms of the scientific concepts in your research section. Make observations and draw conclusions.
  • Tips and Tricks for Remembering and Recalling. Is there a mnemonic device that might help you memorize this information or what helps you understand this?
  • Connect the dots. Why is this an important topic for you, your community, society, or the world? How does it relate to other concepts in the text?

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Instructions: Peer Responses 
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RESEARCH (Label this section)

  • Teach the topic to students. Responses must add new information not previously discussed. Consider new factual information tied with critical thinking. Share interesting and current research on the topic.
  • Use APA citations in the post to clarify sources.
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  • Consider starting out posts with, “A research article I found said," "Did you know," or "Three things I found interesting were... ."

CRITICAL THINKING (Label this section)

  • Pose new possibilities or opinions not previously voiced.
  • Connect the dots. Why is this an important topic for you, your community, society, or the world? How does it relate to other concepts in the text?

Chapter 12- NERVOUS TISSUE

Section 12.1

  1. Break it down: the major anatomical and functional subdivisions.

Section 12.2

  1. Three functional properties found in all neurons; define the three most basic functional categories of neurons

Section 12.3

  1. Help! The six types of cells that aid neurons and state their respective functions
  2. MS: The myelin sheath: describe the relationship of unmyelinated nerve fibers to their supportive cells

Section 12.4

  1. Explain why a cell has an electrical charge difference (voltage) across its membrane.

Section 12.6

  1. Memory and recall at the cellular and molecular levels. Include areas of the brain used for this.

Chapter 13- THE SPINAL CORD, SPINAL NERVES, AND SOMATIC REFLEXES

Section 13.1

  1. Explain the crossesection of a spinal cord- the organization with 3 principal functions
  2. How do nerve signals travel up and down the spinal cord?

Section 13.2

  1. The anatomy of nerves vs ganglia- Compare and contrast form and function
  2. Five plexuses of spinal nerves and Compare and contrast form and function
  3. dermatomes to the spinal nerves: with examples

Section 13.3

  1. Reflexes: How do reflexes differ from other motor actions
  2. How do we test a reflex? Typical reflex arc

Chapter 14- THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES

Section 14.1

  1. Gray vs white matter: The What, Where, How
  2. The major subdivisions and anatomical landmarks of the brain

Section 14.2

  1. BBB: explain the significance of the brain barrier system.
  2. CSF: the production, circulation, and function of the cerebrospinal fluid that fills these chambers

Section 14.4

  1. Basal Nuclei and The limbic system - Compare and contrast form and function
  2. Cerebrum vs Cerebellum- Compare and contrast form and function
  3. Parietal lobs vs Temporal lobes- Compare and contrast form and function
  4. Frontal lobe- form and function

Section 14.5

  1. I need sleep! Stages of sleep, brain waves, and the neural mechanisms of sleep
  2. Consciousness, thought and the brain
  3. Sensation vs perception
  4. Motor control and the brain
  5. What is a Homunculus ( sensation and motor)
  6. Language and the brain
  7. Functional differences between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

Section 14.6

  1. What makes each of 12 cranial nerves unique? Also give name and number; functions of each cranial nerve.

Chapter 15- THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND VISCERAL REFLEXES

Section 15.1

  1. Autonomic vs somatic nervous systems- Compare and contrast form and function
  2. The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system: Compare and contrast form and function

Section 15.2

  1. Sympathetic vs parasympathetic divisions; Compare and contrast the anatomical components and nerve pathways
  2. I'm exhausted: Adrenal glands with the sympathetic nervous system
  3. My gut tells me I'm right: Enteric nervous system of the digestive tract

Chapter 16- SENSE ORGANS

Section 16.1

  1. Define receptor and sense organ; four kinds of information obtained from sensory receptors, and outline three ways of classifying receptors.

Section 16.2

  1. OUCH! The mechanisms of pain and the spinal blocking of pain signals.

Section 16.3

  1. Taste and smell receptors; How can smell /taste bring back memories?

Section 16.4

  1. I Ear You: How are we able to identify familiar songs or voices? Explain how the ear converts vibrations to nerve signals and discriminates between sounds of different intensity and pitch; describe the pathways taken by auditory and vestibular signals to the brain.
  2. Motion Sickness: how the vestibular apparatus enables the brain to interpret the body's position and movements

Section 16.5

  1. Color me happy! Describe the mechanism of color vision vs night vision and receptors for each
  2. I see Upside down: The Retina: how the optical system of the eye creates an image on the retina; discuss how the retina converts this image to nerve signals 

Reply:

Cheyenne Moody

#22 I need sleep! Stages of sleep, brain waves, and the neural mechanisms of sleep

Research

Each stage of sleep can be visualized using a EEG test watching the activity's of your brain during sleep. Stage one of sleep is a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep. This period during witch we drift off to sleep ( Dumper 2022, Pressbook) During this stage there is a slow down of respiration and heartbeat rates, with a increased theta wave. Stage two of sleep is a deep state of relaxation, during this stage theta waves still dominate activity to the brain but have brief bursts of activity commonly called sleep spinners. Stage three and four of sleep are sometimes called deep sleep. During stage three and four slow waves ( low frequency) and high amplitude delta waves are shown. If someone was in this state of sleep it would be harder to wake them. Last but not least REM sleep, in this stage of sleep it is more likely you may dream. This form of sleep you will have high brain activity but lack muscle tone. You may be thinking, " wow, how can my body keep up with all those stages and sleep?' Well we all have two internal biological mechanisms called Circadian rhythm and homeostasis. Circadian rhythm and Homeostasis work together to regulate when you are awake and when you are asleep. Circadian rhythm functions wakefulness to the body like the metabolism, release of hormones and temperature. Sleep wake Homeostasis, this sleep drive reminds the body after a while you need sleep.

Critical Thinking

Sleep is an important part of your daily routine. With sleep you are allowing your body and mind to recharge. If you don't sleep you are putting yourself at a high risk of blood pressure, diabetes or stroke along with many more health problems. Also REM sleep is important for learning and memory along with emotional processing, so next time you stay awake studying for the big test in the morning remember its also not a good way to learn. So with that being said sleep tight and don't let the bed bugs bite.

W.C 342

References

https://www.ninds.nih.gov//health-information/pati...

opentext.wsu.edu/psych105/chapter/stage-of-sleep/


Naomi Nunez

37. Taste and smell receptors; How can smell /taste bring back memories?

Research:

Sometimes when you smell something or taste something that seems to unlock memory from a long time ago, or seems to take you back to a time that you vividly remember. This is your brain bringing back a memory of a time that you specifically remember because of the taste or smell you had at that moment. The answer to why your brain does that is because the regions that juggle smells, memories and emotions are very much intertwined. When you go to see, hear, touch, or taste something, that sensory information first heads to the thalamus, which acts as your brain's relay station. Now when it comes to smell it's a different process in the brain. " Scents bypass the thalamus and go straight to the brain's smell center, known as the olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb is directly connected to the amygdala and hippocampus, which might explain why the smell of something can so immediately trigger a detailed memory or even intense emotion." - Discovery. Years later research gave this a name called “the Proust effect” and the way it got its name is due to how close the olfactory processing system is to the memory hub in the brain. The many connections between the olfactory system and the regions responsible for emotion and memory tie these experiences together.

Critical thinking

I used to wonder why this would happen to me every time I would go back to new york to visit family. Simple smells or tastes would bring me back to memories I thought I had forgotten. The brain can hold up to 300 years worth of memories if needed. The brain works in many different ways and still surprises me with some of the things it can do when I do research topics like one of these.

References

What the noes knows (2020)

https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/02/how-scent-emotion-and-memory-are-intertwined-and-exploited/

Discovery

https://www.discovery.com/science/Why-Smells-Trigger-Such-Vivid-Memories

Saladin, K. (2020). Anatomy & physiology: The unit of form and function (9th ed.). McGraw Hill Education.

WC: 327 

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Please view explanation and answer below.Hello there. Here are the completed peer responses. I've uploaded two files:- response_to_cheyenne: A MS Word file of the response to Cheyenne's post.- response_to_naomi: A MS Word file of the response to Naomi's post.Please let me know if there are any formatting adjustments you would like to have made. Please let me know of any content adjustments you would like to have made. Please let me know of any questions or concerns you may have.

1
Hello Cheyenne,
Research:
I appreciate the organized and comprehendible explanation of the various sleep stages
provided in your post. As mentioned in your post, each sleep stage plays an essential role in the
overall functioning of the sleep cycle. Upon further research, I found additional information that
further defines and illustrates these different sleep stages. For example, in the wake stage of the
sleep cycle, alpha and beta waves (with predominantly beta waves) are present during eye-open
wakefulness (Patel et al., 2021). However, once the eyes begin to close in this stage, the alpha
waves and rhythm become predominant over the beta waves (Saladin et al., 2021, p. 517). Thus,
in general, beta waves are associated with eye-open wakefulness, and alpha waves are associated
with eye-closed wakefulness in the wake stage (Saladin et al., 2021, p. 517). Following the wake
stage, in stage one of the sleep cycle, more than 50% of the alpha waves seen from the wake
stage are replaced with low-amplitude mixed-frequency (LAMF) activity (Patel et al., 2021).
This stage lasts for approximately one to five minutes and comprises approximately 5% of the
total sleep cycle (Patel et al., 2021).
Following stage one of the sleep cycle, stage two occurs and involves the presence of Kcomplexes, sleep spindles, or both factors combined. These K-complexes are responsible for
transitioning into a deeper sleep, whereas the sleep spindles are responsible for activating the
thalamus, superior temporal gyri, insular cortices, and anterior cingulate (Patel et al., 2021). In
total, this st...


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