cultural geography/ sociology work

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urnirafragnatry

Humanities

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PLEASE READ CAREFULLY

Part 1: the attached ppt and video link will help you for this part (NO WORD LIMIT FOR THIS PART)

Watch the video --- www.tinyurl.com/l5mxlpk

And then Pick 2 questions to respond to, and then pose your own question from your understanding on this part

1) Do you think the editing of the placards at the sculpture park could be viewed as part of a battle of toponyms? Why or Why not?

2) What is the relationship between art and language in a public space such as Pratt's sculpture park?

3) Compare and contrast the work of the 'vigilante copyeditor' in the video with that a typical graffiti artist (as you imagine them).

4) What is the difference between a graffiti artist and a vandal?

after answering any two of these, then write your own question similar to this

Part 2: the attached ppt is all you need for this part (AT LEAST 250 WORDS)

1. Write in a 3-2-1 style post:

A 3-2-1 means 3 new things you learned in this chapter, 2 ways that they are connected to other ideas in the text (or one and only one can be related to something you learned from current events) and 1 question. Minimum 250 words and in complete sentences.


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CONTEMPORARY HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CULTURE, GLOBALIZATION, LANDSCAPE MONA DOMOSH RODERICK P. NEUMANN PATRICIA L. PRICE C. 2015 W.H. FREEMAN & CO. THE GEOGRAPHY OF LANGUAGE BUILDING THE SPOKEN WORD WHAT IS LANGUAGE? Language: A mutually agreed-on system of symbolic communication that has a spoken and usually a written expression. • It provides the single most common variable by which different cultural groups are identified and by which groups assert their unique identity. • Language facilitates the cultural diffusion of innovations and shapes the way we think about, perceive, and name our environment. 4.1 REGION LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS • Separate languages are those that cannot be mutually understood. • Dialects, by contrast, are variant forms of a language where mutual comprehension is possible. • About 7000 languages and many more dialects are spoken in the world today. FIGURE 4.2 The major linguistic formal culture regions of the world. Although there are thousands of languages and dialects in the world, they can be grouped into a few linguistic families. The Indo-European language family represents about half of the world’s population. It spread throughout the world, in part, through Europe’s empire-building efforts. PIDGINS AND CREOLES • When different linguistic groups come into contact, a pidgin language (very small vocabulary derived from the languages of the groups in contact) often results. • When pidgin languages acquire fuller vocabularies and become native languages of their speakers, they are called creole languages. Lingua franca: An existing, well-established language of communication and commerce used widely where it is not a mother tongue (e.g., Swahili in much of East Africa). LANGUAGE FAMILIES: THE INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY Language family: A group of related languages derived from a common ancestor. • The largest and most widespread language family is the Indo-European – spoken on all the continents. • English is a Germanic Indo-European language. • Six Indo-European tongues are among the 10 most spoken languages in the world (by number of native speakers). FIGURE 4.3 Linguistic family tree. Shown here is a detailed image of one branch of the linguistic family tree. (Source: Adapted from Ford.) THE SINO-TIBETAN FAMILY • The Sino-Tibetan family is second only to IndoEuropean in numbers of native speakers. • “Sino” refers to China and in this context indicates the various languages spoken by more than 1.3 billion people in China. THE AFRO-ASIATIC FAMILY • Consists of two major divisions: Semitic and Hamitic. • Arabic is the most widespread Semitic language and has the greatest number of native speakers. • Hebrew is another Semitic tongue – official national language of Israel. Polyglot: A mixture of different languages. FIGURE 4.4 Sign in Arab quarter of Nazareth. Many of Israel’s cities are home to diverse populations. This sign at a child-care center reflects Israel’s polyglot population, with its English, Arabic, and Hebrew wording. (Courtesy of Patricia L. Price.) OTHER MAJOR LANGUAGE FAMILIES • Most of the rest of the world’s population speak languages belonging to one of six remaining major families: ❖ Niger-Congo ❖ Altaic ❖ Uralic ❖ Austronesian ❖ Austro-Asiatic ❖ Japanese and Korean 4.2 MOBILITY HOW DID INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES DIFFUSE? • Relocation diffusion has been extremely important because languages spread when groups, in whole or in part, migrate from one area to another. Anatolian hypothesis: The movement of Indo-European languages from the area in contemporary Turkey (Anatolia) followed the spread of plant domestication technologies. Kurgan hypothesis: The spread of Indo-European languages originated with animal domestication in the central Asian steppes and grew more aggressively and swiftly than proponents of the Anatolian hypothesis maintain. INDO-EUROPEAN DIFFUSION: WHAT WE KNOW FOR SURE • In later millennia, the diffusion of certain Indo-European languages (e.g., Latin, English, and Russian) occurred with the territorial spread of great political empires. • Relocation diffusion occurred as a small number of conquering elites came to rule an area … • The language of the conqueror often gained wider acceptance through expansion diffusion … • Typically, the conqueror’s language spread hierarchically; adopted first by the more important and influential persons and by city dwellers. FIGURE 4.6 The spread of Indo-European language. This map depicts the socalled Kurgan hypothesis, named after the burial mounds (kurgan) characteristic of the warrior pastoralists who inhabited the area north of the Black and Caspian seas. Around 6000 B.C.E., they began to spread outward, conquering and imposing their language across Europe, Central Asia, India, the Balkans, and Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). MIGRATION AND THE SURVIVAL OF LANGUAGE • Conquest can lead to the imposition of a new language and the abandonment or suppression of native tongues … • However, these threatened languages may reappear and thrive in new places, as their speakers migrate for reasons of economic or cultural survival. • New York City is home to as many as 800 languages, making it the most linguistically dense place in the world. RELIGION AND LINGUISTIC MOBILITY • Cultural interaction creates situations in which language is linked to a particular religious faith or denomination … greatly heightens cultural identity. • Arabic spread from a core area on the Arabian Peninsula with the expansion of Islam. • Latin survived mainly as the ceremonial language of the Roman Catholic Church and Vatican City. • Martin Luther’s translation of the Bible led to the standardization of the German language. LANGUAGE’S SHIFTING BOUNDARIES Isogloss: The border of usage of an individual word or pronunciation. • Languages and dialects shift over time. • At least three major dialects had developed in the eastern United States by the American Revolution: the Northern, Midland, and Southern dialects. • With westward expansion, dialects spread and fragmented, but retained much of their basic character – have unusually stable boundaries. FIGURE 4.8 Major dialects of North American English, with a few selected subdialects. These dialects had developed by the time of the American Revolution and have remained remarkably stable over time. SLANG Slang: Words and phrases that are not part of a standard, recognized vocabulary for a given language but that are nonetheless used and understood by some of its speakers. • Subcultures often have their own slang. • Slang words tend to be used for a period of time and then are discarded as newer terms replace them. AFRICAN AMERICAN VERNACULAR ENGLISH (AAVE) • Shares characteristics with the Southern dialect and also displays considerable African influence in pitch, rhythm, and tone. • Shares many characteristics with other English creole languages worldwide. • Today, it is considered a dialect, or variation, of Standard American English. • It is also considered an ethnolect, a dialect spoken by an ethnic group. 4.3 GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION AND LANGUAGE • Only 1% of all languages have as many as 500,000 speakers. • It has been estimated that the world loses a language on average every two weeks. • Some experts believe that all but 300 languages will be extinct or dying by the year 2100. • Globalization has worked to favor some languages and eliminate others. TECHNOLOGY, LANGUAGE, AND EMPIRE • Technological innovations have, in the past, facilitated the spread and proliferation of multiple languages. • More recently, they have encouraged the tendency of only a few languages—especially English, but also Chinese and Spanish—to dominate all others. • The technology of the “agricultural revolution” aided the early diffusion of the Indo-European language family. WRITING AND LANGUAGE DOMINANCE • Writing developed as early as 5300 years ago in several hearth areas (Egypt, modern-day Iraq [Sumerians], and China). • Writing helped civilizations develop and spread, giving written languages a major advantage over those that remained spoken only. • Written languages: ❖ can be published and distributed widely. ❖ carry the status of standard, official, and legal communication. ❖ facilitate record keeping. ❖ tend to spread with imperial expansion. LANGUAGE AND COLONIALISM • Even though most imperial nations have given up their colonial empires, the languages they transplanted overseas survive. • English still has a foothold in much of Africa, South Asia, the Philippines, and the Pacific islands. • French persists in former French and Belgian colonies, especially in northern, western, and central Africa; Madagascar; and Polynesia. TRANSPORTATION AND THE DIFFUSION OF LANGUAGE • Ships, railroads, and highways all serve to spread the languages of the culture groups that build them. • This sometimes spells doom for the speech of less technologically advanced peoples whose lands are suddenly opened to outside contacts. • Examples include the Trans-Siberian Highway, the Alaskan Highway, and the Amazonian interior. LANGUAGE AND THE INTERNET • English is currently the dominant language of the Internet, but … • From 2000 to 2010, there was a 1277% growth in the number of Chinese speakers on the Internet. • If this trend continues, and when the 71% of Chinese speakers who do not now use the Internet begin to log on, Chinese will surpass English as the most popular language on the Internet. • Arabic-speaking Internet users grew 2501% from 2000 to 2010, while speakers of Russian grew 1826% over the same period. FIGURE 4.11 The 10 most prevalent languages on the Internet, measured as a percentage of total users. English is the second most widely spoken language on Earth, after Mandarin Chinese. And, English is the most widely spoken second language in the world. It dominates the Internet as well. (Source: Adapted from http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm.) TEXTING AND LANGUAGE MODIFICATION • The English language that is spread via electronic correspondence is subject to significant modification. • Electronic media users often use abbreviations and symbols to shorten the number of keystrokes used, to add emotional punctuation to their correspondence, and to make electronic communication difficult to monitor by those who don’t understand the language. LANGUAGE PROLIFERATION: ONE OR MANY? • If one language became 15,000 and the 7000 or so that remain will dwindle to 300 within a century, then why not end up with one again? • Are the forces of modernization working to produce, through cultural diffusion, a single world language? • Probably not. More likely, the world will ultimately be divided largely among 5 to 10 major languages. LANGUAGE AND CULTURAL SURVIVAL • Language is the primary way of expressing culture … if a language dies out, there is a good chance that the culture of its speakers will, too. • Endangered languages – Languages not being taught to children by their parents and not being used actively in everyday matters. • More than half of the world’s roughly 7000 languages are endangered. • The Americas and the Pacific regions account for more than three-quarters of the world’s nearly extinct languages. LANGUAGE HOTSPOTS Language hotspots: Those places on Earth that are home to the most unique, misunderstood, or endangered languages. • Three of the world’s most vulnerable hotspot regions are located in the United States. • Languages can be used to keep cultural traditions alive by speaking them repeatedly. FIGURE 4.14 Global “language hotspots.” The Enduring Voices Project and National Geographic Society have teamed up to document endangered languages and thereby attempt to prevent language extinction. (Source: http:// travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/enduring-voices/.) 4.4 NATURE–CULTURE HOW DO LANGUAGES AND ENVIRONMENT INTERACT? • Language interacts with the environment in two basic ways: ❖The specific physical habitats in which languages evolve help shape their vocabularies. ❖The environment can guide the migrations of linguistic groups or provide refuges for languages in retreat. HABITAT AND VOCABULARY • Humankind’s relationship to the land played a strong role in the emergence of linguistic differences – language serves an adaptive strategy. • Spanish: Especially rich in words describing rough terrain. • Celtic languages: Rich in words to describe different types of topography. • English: Abounds with words describing flowing streams and wetlands. THE HABITAT AS LANGUAGE REFUGE • Environmental barriers and natural routes have often guided linguistic groups onto certain paths. • Because such physical barriers can discourage groups from migrating from one area to another, they often serve as linguistic borders. • Inhospitable areas provide protection and isolation, and often provide minority linguistic groups refuge from aggressive neighbors – linguistic refuge areas. FIGURE 4.16 The environment provides a linguistic refuge in the Caucasus Mountains. The rugged mountainous region between the Black and Caspian seas—including parts of Armenia, Russia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan—is peopled by a great variety of linguistic groups, representing three major language families. Mountain areas are often linguistic mosaics because the rough terrain provides refuge and isolation. THE DECREASING PROTECTION OF LINGUISTIC REFUGE AREAS • Fewer and fewer places are so isolated that they remain little touched by outside influences. • Today, the development of coastal islands off the southeast coast of the United States for tourism and housing for wealthy nonlocals, as well as outmigration of Gullah youth, threatens the survival of the Gullah culture and language. • The reality of the world is no longer isolation, but contact. 4.5 CULTURAL LANDSCAPE MESSAGES ON THE LANDSCAPE • Linguistic landscapes send messages, both friendly and hostile. • Often these messages have a political content and deal with power, domination, subjugation, or freedom (e.g., the Canadian province of Québec has tried to eliminate English-language signs). • Other types of writing, such as gang-related graffiti, can denote ownership of territory or send messages to others that they are not welcome. TOPONYMS: PLACE-NAMES Toponym: A place-name usually consisting of two parts: the generic and the specific. Generic toponym: The descriptive part of many place-names, often repeated throughout a culture area. • Particularly valuable both in tracing the spread of a culture and in reconstructing culture regions of the past. TOPONYMS AND CULTURES OF THE PAST • Place-names often survive long after the culture that produced them vanishes from an area, thereby preserving traces of the past. • No toponyms are more permanently established than those identifying physical geographical features. • Aboriginal place-names in Australia, Native American place-names in the United States, Arabic place-names in Spain and Portugal. FIGURE 4.21 India’s postcolonial toponym shift. More than 50 years after the English colonizers “quit” India, their colonial place-names are being swept from the map, too. (Source: Adapted from Sappenfield, 2006.) THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF TOPONYMS • Places often bear the names of wealthy and influential individuals, politicians, or corporate sponsors (e.g., sports stadiums, skyscrapers, museums, college campus buildings). • People are paid to allow companies to use their cars as mobile billboards. • Items of clothing and accessories prominently bear the names of their designers. Figure 4.22 University of Louisville sports stadium. The home of the Cardinals is named after a pizza chain and supported by other corporate sponsors noted on the sign. Many universities are turning to corporate sponsorship to build sports facilities such as this one. (Andy Lyons/Getty Images.) THE FLUIDITY OF LANGUAGE • Languages are fluid – altered and reinvented as needs and experiences of their users change. • The primary language of the United States is English – but not “the Queen’s English.” • British colonies developed their own distinctive dialects. • In some U.S. cities, Hispanics constitute more than half the population … Spanish and English have combined to produce a hybrid language called Spanglish.
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Explanation & Answer

Hi,For part 1 i did question 1 and 3 then for part 2 Three things are globalization, religion and mobility connection:In the geography of language, the region as well as mobility is connected in the sense that in a region, there exists several languages and dialects that are spoken by its habitats. People have to move in search of better economic opportunities and as a result, new languages are born. Another way in which region and mobility are connected is through globalization.

Running head: ART AND LANGUAGE

Art and Language
Student’s Name
Affiliate University

1

ART AND LANGUAGE

2
Part 1

Editing of the placards at the Sculpture Park
Editing of the placards at the sculpture park cannot be perceived as a battle of toponyms
which refer to place names. The editing of the placards is specific in that, the vigilante
copyeditor only corrects the grammatical mistakes in the placards with a permanent ink. A battle
of toponyms could have arisen if the editing could have gone beyond. For instance, painting of
the whole placa...


Anonymous
This is great! Exactly what I wanted.

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