Description
Avoid plagiarism
Word format only
(writing a proposal including data collection tool)
The paper should follow the MRCI framework , aim of the paper , results and contribution and implications of the research paper. The linearity of the wringing style have some main elements; introduction, body , conclusion
The introduction :
A. Stating the importance of the subject
b. Mentioning previous work done on the subject
c. Pointing out the absence of such work as a justification for dealing
with the subject)
The literature review :ask some questions as
Do I develop the arguments in the body in the way I specified in the
plan of development?
Does each paragraph have a topic sentence? Do I provide enough supporting detail for the points I have made?
Are my illustrations and examples brief and to the point?
Do I move smoothly from one point to another? Have I used appropriate discourse markers to signal my transitions? (Discourse markers are used to signal the
development of ideas in the essay. Examples of discourse markers are words such as ‘in addition, furthermore, however, on the other hand’)
Have I effectively incorporated materials from my reading into the paper? (A mixture of summary, paraphrase and short quotations is usually an effective way of doing this.
Long quotations should only be used if they are essential to the argument being made and too many long quotations should be avoided.
Have I acknowledged all references made in the body text and at the end of the research paper
Methodology including data collection sheet
study design
hypothesis tests
plan of the data analysis
The The Conclusion:
Do I have an effective conclusion? A conclusion might do some of the following things:
a. Restate and round off the ideas mentioned in the introduction.
b. Sum up the results of the investigation/research mentioned in the introduction.
c. Make comments or offer suggestions based on the findings/issues
discussed in the main text.
In the attachments, the first draft that I would like to improve as instructed by teacher
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Explanation & Answer

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Project Improvement
Student's Name
Institutional Affiliation
Lecturer's Name
Date
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Project Improvement
Abstract
The health implications of obesity are increasingly alarming. These include stroke, heart
failure, diabetes, etc. They are all associated with people's lifestyles, mainly routine habits.
Obesity is caused by environmental factors, including physical activity, genetics, and dietary
measures. The intake of excess calories in the diet results in sudden and progressive weight gain.
When they do not practice physical activity, this is the primary cause of obesity. This is because
the body stores excess calories in terms of fats. These are deposited on the skin and body organs.
Obesity crisis can affect any population, and since it is a lifestyle disease, it is preventable
through healthy dietary measures and physical activity. Furthermore, the risk causes for obesity
are indiscriminate in all age groups. People might develop obesity in childhood and even in
adulthood. Children have the greatest chances of becoming obese since they have no control over
their diet. A recent diagnosis by The World Health Organization diagnosed Saudi Arabia as one
of the leading countries with widespread obesity in both boys and girls. There is a necessity to
understand the causes and determinants of obesity in the population to develop the appropriate
mitigation measures. This will effectively promote adopting the relevant policies that will correct
this trend. This can be achieved by initiating these changes in schools, which have been a
significant contributor to the condition of school-going children. This paper aims to provide a
literature review of existing studies on the determinants of obesity among populations and
generate a definitive evidence-based solution for the condition. The review aims to provide
decision-makers with new ways of initiating healthy lifestyle changes in school-going children.
These changes will be imperative in developing a healthy generation through adherence to
policies and guidelines.
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Introduction
Obesity is defined as a condition where a person has unhealthy body fats. These persons
have a Body Mass Index (BMI) bigger than 30 Kg/M2. There are diverse risks for obesity. These
include behavioral, chemical, and biological factors. Biological risk factors include genetic
variations where obesity is encoded in the DNA passed on from parents to their offspring.
Behavioral factors include dietary practices and physical exercise. Chemical factors include a
high intake of processed foods such as fats and sugars. Most obese people are known to eat a lot
of junk and sugary foods that have unhealthy amounts of unnatural fats. Furthermore, they have
low morale to engage in physical exercise due to their weight. This results in uncontrolled weight
gain.
These fats are deposited in body tissues such as the heart, kidneys, and blood vessels.
Excessive deposing of these fats on these organs results in heart failure and type 2 diabetes
complications. The constriction of blood vessels due to fat deposition results in high blood
pressure and may further result in other complications such as stroke and heart diseases. Obesity
is a significant risk factor for other severe health conditions (Jastreboff et al., 2019). The best
way to prevent these diseases is by appropriately managing obesity. This can be achieved by
healthy dietary measures of a balanced diet with low fats and sugars. In addition, a cut in calorie
intake coupled with physical exercise is a good way of weight reduction and managing obesity.
School-going children are at a bigger risk of developing obesity since they do not know
healthy dietary measures. Furthermore, children love eating foods rich in fats and sugars.
Unknowingly, their eating habits make them susceptible to these lifestyle-associated diseases. It
has been noticed that schools in Saudi Arabia are a substantial contributor to the national obesity
rates (El Mouzan et al., 2010). This can be credited to the unhealthy foods sold to students. The
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research addresses schools' adherence to the established policies and guidelines regulating the
sale of unhealthy foods to school children. Furthermore, it assesses the role of principles in
regulating obesity among children in their schools. There are no existing research studies relating
to the state of obesity among school-going children and the contribution of schools.
Literature Review
A study by El Mouzon et al. (2010) calculated the likelyhood of obesity among children
aged 5-18 years in Saudi Arabia. The researchers used data from the children and adolescents'
survey growth charts for 2005. Probability sampling was initiated to identify a cross-sectional
study sample for the study. The sample population was nineteen thousand three hundred and
seventeen (19,317). Their masses were calculated using a reference dataset for the growth chart.
50.8% of this sample population were boys, while the rest were girls. 23.1% were overweight,
9.3% had mild obesity, and 2% suffered from severe obesity. They compared their results with
obesity data from The CDC for accuracy. They resolved that there is a prerequisite for the
respective authorities to take action to curb the condition. Furthermore, there is a need to
advance this study by understanding the prevalence of the condition among different gender and
studying their risk factors.
Another study by Al-Quwaidhi et al. (2014) assessed the future trends of obesity and
predicted the likely state of obesity in Saudi Arabia in the coming future. They analyzed adults
affected by obesity between 1992 and 2022. They scrutinized the secondary data collected while
holding on to certain assumptions. There is a significant spike in obesity from 12% to 41% in
men, while women recorded a rise from 21% to 78% from 1992-to 2022. The large difference in
results between men and women is attributed to the increased physical inactivity of women
compared to men (Mahfouz et al., 2019). However, they compared these rates of physical
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inactivity with developed countries such as Australia and The USA. Women are restricted to
their homes by social conventions and hardly perform any physical chores. They recommended
the adoption of better strategies that will lower obesity among women. There is a necessity to
develop the appropriate modification measures to correct this condition before it is out of hand.
This can be fixed by changing dietary practices for children, especially school-going children.
Two researchers, Huang and Wong (2019), developed a descriptive research study on the
contribution of pathophysiological and psychological factors to obesity among children. The
results indicated a high correlation between prolonged sleeping hours among children with
obesity. A stationary lifestyle during sleep lowers the body's metabolic activities, and hence,
most fats are unused. This is coupled with poor dietary measures and increased resistance to
insulin in diabetic children. Aldubayan & Murimi (2019) conducted a research study to evaluate
the compliance of elite schools in Saudi Arabia with the provided nutritional policies. These
policies aimed to enhance healthy dietary practices among school-going children and reduce
obesity. They selected 76 boy schools in four regions in the Riyadh district and assessed the
school food list using questionnaires. The results indicated that the food offered in schools had
enormous calories. They concluded that these foods are not healthy for the students.
Furthermore, the schools do not comply with the set principles. Appropriate policies need to be
implemented and executed to ensure dietary changes in schools with foods, not risk factors for
obesity.
Babashahi et al. (2021) interviewed government officials responsible for developing and
implementing health policies in schools in Saudi Arabia. The objective was to gather enough
data concerning policy formulation to regulate dietary practices among school-going children.
The respond...
