KSU Project Improvement Essay

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Health Medical

Kennesaw State University

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Avoid plagiarism

Word format only

(writing a proposal including data collection tool)

The paper should follow the MRCI framework , aim of the paper , results and contribution and implications of the research paper. The linearity of the wringing style have some main elements; introduction, body , conclusion

The introduction :

A. Stating the importance of the subject

b. Mentioning previous work done on the subject

c. Pointing out the absence of such work as a justification for dealing

with the subject)

The literature review :ask some questions as

Do I develop the arguments in the body in the way I specified in the

plan of development?

Does each paragraph have a topic sentence? Do I provide enough supporting detail for the points I have made?

Are my illustrations and examples brief and to the point?

Do I move smoothly from one point to another? Have I used appropriate discourse markers to signal my transitions? (Discourse markers are used to signal the

development of ideas in the essay. Examples of discourse markers are words such as ‘in addition, furthermore, however, on the other hand’)

Have I effectively incorporated materials from my reading into the paper? (A mixture of summary, paraphrase and short quotations is usually an effective way of doing this.

Long quotations should only be used if they are essential to the argument being made and too many long quotations should be avoided.

Have I acknowledged all references made in the body text and at the end of the research paper

Methodology including data collection sheet

study design

hypothesis tests

plan of the data analysis

The The Conclusion:

Do I have an effective conclusion? A conclusion might do some of the following things:

a. Restate and round off the ideas mentioned in the introduction.

b. Sum up the results of the investigation/research mentioned in the introduction.

c. Make comments or offer suggestions based on the findings/issues

discussed in the main text.

In the attachments, the first draft that I would like to improve as instructed by teacher




Unformatted Attachment Preview

1 Evaluation of the adherence of government schools to the school health department regulations and policies Obesity is a disorder caused by excess fats (Jastreboff et al. 2019). It is a severe problem that can lead to other defects such as hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes mellitus. Various factors that cause obesity include; Physiological and environmental factors, Inheritance, a combination of diet and physical activities. These factors are major cause difficulties for many people in losing weight. In other words, lifestyle contributes much to the increase of obesity. Research shows that, in most cases, increased calories in foods are the primary cause of obesity today (Saxena et al., 2021). Taking a lot of Calories and failing to do physical exercise leads to the body storing the calories as excess fats. Obesity is not limited to people it can affect. It affects the entire population, both young and adult. In recent years, Research from World health Organization diagnosed Saudi Arabia as one of the countries with an increased obesity population. It is among the top thirty countries with increased obesity rates among young boys and girls. Understanding the leading cause and determinants of obesity, especially in Saudi Arabia, Is an important step that will help develop effective policies that will help change lifestyle beginning from schools. It will help raise a generation that is not obese through government schools adhering to various rules and regulations regarding health matters to do with obesity. Effort cannot work out without understanding the associated links of causes of obesity, especially in Saudi and detailed understanding based on understanding the risk factors (Mahfouz et al., 2011). Although various studies have conducted research on obesity in the entire world and some in specific Saudi Arabia, Literature review is important and other overviews regarding possible causes of obesity in various regions and the possible solutions to be embraced. It is also essential in crisscrossing the significant studies concerning obesity and the research methods researchers can use, such as questionnaires and interviews. This review aims to identify the significant causes of obesity and give decision-makers enough details to help develop ways of changing lifestyles and diets from schools, thus coming up with a healthy generation through adherence of government-selected schools with the school health departments. Related research According to (El Mouzon et al. 2010), there was mass calculation among children aged five to eighteen years. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi school-age children and adolescents was calculated using data from the children and adolescents survey's 2005 growth charts. In brief, multistage probability sampling procedures were used to randomly select a crosssectional sample from a stratified listing based on the Saudi population census available at the time of the study's design. As a result, the sample represented all socioeconomic strata. And it report that obesity in children and adolescents could be highly noted in public because it continues up to adulthood. Mass was calculated using a reference Growth chart dataset. The total number of children and adolescents from age five to eighteen whose mass was calculated was nineteen thousand three hundred and seventeen; 50.8% were boys. Results illustrated that 23.1 percent were overweight, 9.3 were obese, and 2percent respectively had severe obesity. For comparison purposes, The 2000 Center for Disease Control (CDC) reference was also used for comparison by researchers. The report indicated that various authorities should take measures to prevent an increase in obesity among school children and adolescents. 2 According to (Mahfouz et al., 2011), Doctor Viona, who is a spokesman of WHO, raised a warning over the rapid increase of obesity in coming years there for presenting the need of coming up with strategic measures of eliminating the increased rate of obesity. It is because obesity, especially in females, is a significant concern whereby the percentage is 13.9 %, unlike that of boys, which is 11.8%. (Al-Quwaidhi et al. 2014) Also conducted future trends and predictions of the adult individuals affected by Obesity in Saudi Arabia between 1992- 2022. In analyzing the secondary data, various assumptions were made by researchers to estimate the future trends and projections, specifically in age and sex. The overall projection indicated that obesity would increase in men from 12 % to 41% while in women by 21% to 78% from 1992 to 2022. The study concluded that women are more subjected to obesity than men. The large sex differences in obesity prevalence in Saudi Arabia have been attributed primarily to women's more physically inactive lifestyle patterns than men's. These rates of adequate physical activity are significantly lower than those reported in developed countries such as Australia and the United States of America, as well as neighboring EMR countries such as Egypt. For most women, social conventions limit their activities outside the home, limit their access to gyms and health clubs, and increase their reliance on automobiles and domestic maids. thus, effective strategies should be put across by various authorities in charge to help fight against the rise of obesity. (Huang and Wong 2019) came up with presentations relating to the increased obesity rate and child sleeping. They came up with physiological and pathophysiological factors that contributed to this obesity. Their research found out that the duration that children sleep also increases obesity. Duration of sleeping primarily increases obesity is caused by a stationary lifestyle. Poor dieting, the resistance of insulin. (Aldubayan & Murimi, 2019) investigated the compliance of the selected schools in Saudi Arabia with the nutrition policies to enhance changes and reduce the obese increased rate. According to this study, 76 boys' schools were randomly selected by various authorities from four regions of Riyadh. Questionnaires were used to interview the school leaders and the canteen managers; thus, researchers did according to the school's food list. The questionnaires were presented to principals and canteen managers in schools to give their opinions and effectiveness regarding the effectiveness of the health policies in schools. The investigation portrayed that foods offered in schools contain a high number of calories which are not healthy for the wellbeing of the students. Recent research shows that An interview has been carried out among the government officials involved in gathering implementation of the health policies in schools. The purpose of the interview was to gather data (Babashahi et al., 2021). Government officials said that policies regarding diet matters were supposed to be implemented in schools because, in most cases, students lack to take recommended foods such as fruits, vegetables, and fish. Instead, they are used to taking high-dense foods with calories and sugar foods sold from their canteens. 3 Theories explaining the causes of obesity Various theories are accepted that explain the main causes of obesity. Examples of theories include the three bear’s theory and Fat start theory (Wilborn et al. 2005). Three bear’s theory states various influences such as cognitive and emotional causes of eating excessively, little food or taking the right amount of food. This theory explains most people eat excessively without realizing they are overeating, while some eat excessively to compensate for anxieties or loneliness. The weakness of this theory is that it doesn't state how people with normal weight gauge the right foods. Most people who use the three bear’s theory treat obesity by controlling the amount of food they take. Fat start theory states that people are created so that they should accommodate a certain amount of body fats and eat properly to maintain the level. It is influenced by genetic and environmental factors (Wilborn et al. 2005). The theory also explains how people with normal weight maintain balance on what they take. Using this theory, a person who treats obesity focuses on environmental factors affecting setpoint mechanisms. Theoretical Framework Obesity is a common health problem that has increased rapidly worldwide, affecting people at various levels. This literature review and the primary sources collected have illustrated that obesity has increasingly led to the generation of other diseases like Heart disease, Diabetes mellitus, breathing difficulties and Cancer. This literature review has presented some of the current articles that have carried out research related to obesity and evaluation of the adherence of government schools to the school health department regulations and policies. The highest percentage of the people affected by Obesity in Saudi Are ladies. Although men are also suffering from obesity, the percentage affected is less. The Kingdom of Saudi has been diagnosed among the top 30 counties with an increased number of obese. Problem Research has shown that there is a neglect of healthy foods such as vegetables, fruits, and fish in most schools in Saudi. Schools' canteens in schools mostly sell calories foods and sugary foods, which highly contribute to obesity, which is a contravention with the school health department regulations and policies. Objective to an evaluation of the adherence of government schools to the school health department regulations and policies. Research question Are school principals' adherence to achieving the objectives of the school health department regulations and policies through their implementation in government schools? Subset questions 1. Is the adherence to school health policies monitored by the health advisor? 2. Is the family ready to stand side by side with the school to make the school health program a success? 4 Analytical Model Illustrating Lack of The Adherence of Government Schools to The School Health Department Regulations and Policies and its main causes Lack of The Adherence of Government Schools to The School Health Department Regulations and Policies (Dependent variable) Nutrition (Independent Variable) The school health department School (Independent variable) (Independent variable) Processed foods Sugary foods Family lifestyle habit (Independent variable) Lack of school supervision Selling unhealthy food Excess sleeping Not selling healthy food Lack of enough sleep Necklet of supervision Lack of physical exercise Comfort Eating Lack of staff Unreal objectives Too much seating Excessive watching Conclusion Obesity calls upon extreme attention and consideration from the government involved in policymaking, doctors, and researchers. For obesity to reduce in various regions, all stakeholders at various models should be involved by various authorities. Approaches implemented should account for people's surroundings and abroad and the social-economic environments. However, many challenges may be encountered when implementing such strategies; thus, individuals should mostly work on their lifestyle and eating habits. It is essential to research how individuals can be motivated to change their lifestyles and social behavior. 5 References Al-Quwaidhi, A. J., Pearce, M. S., Critchley, J. A., Sobngwi, E., & O’flaherty, M. (2014). Trends and future projections of the prevalence of adult obesity in Saudi Arabia, 19922022. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 20(10).https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267735369_Trends_and_future _projections_of_the_prevalence_of_adult_obesity_in_Saudi_Arabia_1992-2022 Babashahi, M., Omidvar, N., Joulaei, H., Zargaraan, A., Zaveri, F., Veisi, E., ... & Kelishadi, R. (2021). Scrutinize of healthy school canteen policy in Iran's primary schools: a mixedmethod study. BMC public health, 21(1), 1-16. http://edepot.wur.nl/388910 El Mouzan, M. I., Foster, P. J., Al Herbish, A. S., Al Salloum, A. A., Al Omer, A. A., Qurachi, M. M., & Kecojevic, T. (2010). Prevalence of overweight and Obesity in Saudi children and adolescents. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 30(3), 203208.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43351955_Prevalence_of_overweight_and _obesity_in_Saudi_children_and_adolescents https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351606481_Obesity_its_affecting_factors_and_dietary _approaches Huang, W. Y., & Wong, S. H. S. (2019). Prospective associations between weekend catch-up sleep, physical activity, and childhood obesity. Childhood obesity, 15(1), 40-47. https://irlibrary.ku.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/22279/Joint%20Associations%20between... .pdf?sequence=1 6 Jastreboff, A. M., Kotz, C. M., Kahan, S., Kelly, A. S., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2019). Obesity as a disease: the obesity society 2018 position statement. Obesity, 27(1), 7-9. Mahfouz, A. A., Shatoor, A. S., Khan, M. Y., Daffalla, A. A., Mostafa, O. A., & Hassanein, M. A. (2011). Nutrition, physical activity, and gender risks for adolescent Obesity in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. Saudi journal of gastroenterology: official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association, 17(5),318.https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/81253/2019ba rnawii.pdf?sequence=1 Saxena, I., Suman, S., Kaur, A. P., Mitra, P., Sharma, P., & Kumar, M. (2021). The Multiple Causes of Obesity. In Obesity and Health. IntechOpen. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353380558_The_Multiple_Causes_of_Obesity Wilborn, C., Beckham, J., Campbell, B., Harvey, T., Galbreath, M., La Bounty, P., ... & Kreider, R. (2005). Obesity: prevalence, theories, medical consequences, management, and research directions. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2(2), 1-28. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5349193_Obesity_Prevalence_Theories_Medic al_Consequences_Management_and_Research_Directions 1 Methodology Hypothesis The research seeks to determine the adherence of Saudi Arabia's schools to the school health department laws and policies regarding the selling of foods that are agents of obesity. It has been realized that schools are selling unhealthy foods containing too many sugars and calories rather than healthy foods. The health impacts associated with obesity are alarming, such as stroke and heart complications. Implementing these laws and regulations is a left in the hands of the principal. Therefore, the research will also examine whether the principals are performing their expected responsibilities toward reducing student obesity. Researcher Design In this research, we will plan the study to take 1-2 months, which will be possible considering the time limit and the nature of this course. The research results will be qualitatively analyzed, discussed, and used to make conclusions. We will use thematic analysis methods to examine the collected data closely. In the qualitative research, the data from samples will be used to describe whether most schools were implementing the policies and regulations. Qualitative research will help us ask questions that are difficult to quantify to understand the issue of obesity in schools and comprehend human experience better. Sampling Procedures In this study, we will use both judgemental and snowball sampling methods to collect data from different samples in Riyadh. The process will first identify schools within certain regions with obesity cases. The participants will be the principals and those who sell food in the school cafeterias. These participants will be open to referring other persons or schools. The learners will also be involved in giving information on the foods they eat. This will happen in a controlled way to avoid violating ethics and children's rights. We will be able to 2 reach people that are difficult to sample using other sampling approaches thanks to the chain referral procedure (snowball sampling). The process is low-cost, easy, and quick. This sampling technique will require less planning and a smaller workforce compared to other sample procedures. Because each sample is solely based on the researcher's assessment, there is a chance for human error, leading to researcher bias. The target population will be matched to the sampling frame to avoid bias. Non-responders will be followed up, and the data will be collected by interviewing relevant stakeholders and physical observations. The most significant benefit will be that, because there are no criteria for picking a sample other than what the researcher prefers, we will be able to communicate with the target audience of our choice directly and achieve the required results.
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Project Improvement

Student's Name
Institutional Affiliation
Lecturer's Name
Date

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Project Improvement
Abstract
The health implications of obesity are increasingly alarming. These include stroke, heart
failure, diabetes, etc. They are all associated with people's lifestyles, mainly routine habits.
Obesity is caused by environmental factors, including physical activity, genetics, and dietary
measures. The intake of excess calories in the diet results in sudden and progressive weight gain.
When they do not practice physical activity, this is the primary cause of obesity. This is because
the body stores excess calories in terms of fats. These are deposited on the skin and body organs.
Obesity crisis can affect any population, and since it is a lifestyle disease, it is preventable
through healthy dietary measures and physical activity. Furthermore, the risk causes for obesity
are indiscriminate in all age groups. People might develop obesity in childhood and even in
adulthood. Children have the greatest chances of becoming obese since they have no control over
their diet. A recent diagnosis by The World Health Organization diagnosed Saudi Arabia as one
of the leading countries with widespread obesity in both boys and girls. There is a necessity to
understand the causes and determinants of obesity in the population to develop the appropriate
mitigation measures. This will effectively promote adopting the relevant policies that will correct
this trend. This can be achieved by initiating these changes in schools, which have been a
significant contributor to the condition of school-going children. This paper aims to provide a
literature review of existing studies on the determinants of obesity among populations and
generate a definitive evidence-based solution for the condition. The review aims to provide
decision-makers with new ways of initiating healthy lifestyle changes in school-going children.
These changes will be imperative in developing a healthy generation through adherence to
policies and guidelines.

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Introduction
Obesity is defined as a condition where a person has unhealthy body fats. These persons
have a Body Mass Index (BMI) bigger than 30 Kg/M2. There are diverse risks for obesity. These
include behavioral, chemical, and biological factors. Biological risk factors include genetic
variations where obesity is encoded in the DNA passed on from parents to their offspring.
Behavioral factors include dietary practices and physical exercise. Chemical factors include a
high intake of processed foods such as fats and sugars. Most obese people are known to eat a lot
of junk and sugary foods that have unhealthy amounts of unnatural fats. Furthermore, they have
low morale to engage in physical exercise due to their weight. This results in uncontrolled weight
gain.
These fats are deposited in body tissues such as the heart, kidneys, and blood vessels.
Excessive deposing of these fats on these organs results in heart failure and type 2 diabetes
complications. The constriction of blood vessels due to fat deposition results in high blood
pressure and may further result in other complications such as stroke and heart diseases. Obesity
is a significant risk factor for other severe health conditions (Jastreboff et al., 2019). The best
way to prevent these diseases is by appropriately managing obesity. This can be achieved by
healthy dietary measures of a balanced diet with low fats and sugars. In addition, a cut in calorie
intake coupled with physical exercise is a good way of weight reduction and managing obesity.
School-going children are at a bigger risk of developing obesity since they do not know
healthy dietary measures. Furthermore, children love eating foods rich in fats and sugars.
Unknowingly, their eating habits make them susceptible to these lifestyle-associated diseases. It
has been noticed that schools in Saudi Arabia are a substantial contributor to the national obesity
rates (El Mouzan et al., 2010). This can be credited to the unhealthy foods sold to students. The

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research addresses schools' adherence to the established policies and guidelines regulating the
sale of unhealthy foods to school children. Furthermore, it assesses the role of principles in
regulating obesity among children in their schools. There are no existing research studies relating
to the state of obesity among school-going children and the contribution of schools.
Literature Review
A study by El Mouzon et al. (2010) calculated the likelyhood of obesity among children
aged 5-18 years in Saudi Arabia. The researchers used data from the children and adolescents'
survey growth charts for 2005. Probability sampling was initiated to identify a cross-sectional
study sample for the study. The sample population was nineteen thousand three hundred and
seventeen (19,317). Their masses were calculated using a reference dataset for the growth chart.
50.8% of this sample population were boys, while the rest were girls. 23.1% were overweight,
9.3% had mild obesity, and 2% suffered from severe obesity. They compared their results with
obesity data from The CDC for accuracy. They resolved that there is a prerequisite for the
respective authorities to take action to curb the condition. Furthermore, there is a need to
advance this study by understanding the prevalence of the condition among different gender and
studying their risk factors.
Another study by Al-Quwaidhi et al. (2014) assessed the future trends of obesity and
predicted the likely state of obesity in Saudi Arabia in the coming future. They analyzed adults
affected by obesity between 1992 and 2022. They scrutinized the secondary data collected while
holding on to certain assumptions. There is a significant spike in obesity from 12% to 41% in
men, while women recorded a rise from 21% to 78% from 1992-to 2022. The large difference in
results between men and women is attributed to the increased physical inactivity of women
compared to men (Mahfouz et al., 2019). However, they compared these rates of physical

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inactivity with developed countries such as Australia and The USA. Women are restricted to
their homes by social conventions and hardly perform any physical chores. They recommended
the adoption of better strategies that will lower obesity among women. There is a necessity to
develop the appropriate modification measures to correct this condition before it is out of hand.
This can be fixed by changing dietary practices for children, especially school-going children.
Two researchers, Huang and Wong (2019), developed a descriptive research study on the
contribution of pathophysiological and psychological factors to obesity among children. The
results indicated a high correlation between prolonged sleeping hours among children with
obesity. A stationary lifestyle during sleep lowers the body's metabolic activities, and hence,
most fats are unused. This is coupled with poor dietary measures and increased resistance to
insulin in diabetic children. Aldubayan & Murimi (2019) conducted a research study to evaluate
the compliance of elite schools in Saudi Arabia with the provided nutritional policies. These
policies aimed to enhance healthy dietary practices among school-going children and reduce
obesity. They selected 76 boy schools in four regions in the Riyadh district and assessed the
school food list using questionnaires. The results indicated that the food offered in schools had
enormous calories. They concluded that these foods are not healthy for the students.
Furthermore, the schools do not comply with the set principles. Appropriate policies need to be
implemented and executed to ensure dietary changes in schools with foods, not risk factors for
obesity.
Babashahi et al. (2021) interviewed government officials responsible for developing and
implementing health policies in schools in Saudi Arabia. The objective was to gather enough
data concerning policy formulation to regulate dietary practices among school-going children.
The respond...

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