Critical thinking

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everything is explained in an attach document

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HiKindly see attached the doc file corresponding to homework 1I'm sorry, I had been waiting for my colleague working at ECVAM to confirm that they had an alternative method to the one published in the paper before critizicing them for not having used it

Running head: ETHICS IN ANIMAL TESTING

1

ETHICS IN ANIMAL TESTING
(NAME)
(COURSE)
(DATE)

ETHICS IN ANIMAL TESTING

2

Animal testing has been for long associated to biological, medical or toxicological
studies. In this regard, animal models have been widely used by scientists to evaluate secondary
effects of new medicines or the toxicity of an infinite number of chemical compounds. They are
also used in the production of antibodies and vaccines (Rush et al, 2014). Even while important
medical or biological advances that have been based on animal testing, we should not forget that
animals are living organisms and that, as such, we should respect them.
In 2011, the European Union finally established the European Union Reference
Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing, whose headquarters are located in northern Italy
(ECVAM, n.d.). The objective of this institution is that of validating different biological and
medical methods that, through the use of in vitro cultures, avoid the use of animal testing to
pursue the previously mentioned objectives. Having a look at their website it is possible to
observe the immense amount of papers that have cruelly used animal tests.
As an example of work that has used animal testing in an extensive way and, in many
cases, unethically, I would like to mention the work carried out by Pandey et al. (2013). In order
to test their vaccine against the infection of Streptococcus pyogenes, these authors inoculated the
bacteria into mice, causing many of them to die from the resulting systemic infection, not to
mention those in which unsuccessful vaccines where tested until an adequate vaccine was finally
found.
Could this have been avoided? There are currently available in vitro methods that,
through the evaluation of the effect that either the pathogen or the vaccine on the target tissue,
enable researchers to resemble the in vivo tests previously done in animals (ECVAM, n.d.). Even
while animal testing had been an unavoidable research procedure in the past, why should we

ETHICS IN ANIMAL TESTING

continue to use it, when we have alternative and well-established methods that provide an
equivalent result without the need of harming animals?

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ETHICS IN ANIMAL TESTING

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Work cited
ECVAM. (n.d.). European Union Reference Laboratory for alternatives to animal testing (EURL
ECVAM) — EURL ECVAM. Retrieved September 14, 2017, from https://eurlecvam.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
Pandey, M., Wykes, M. N., Hartas, J., Good, M. F., & Batzloff, M. R. (2013). Long-Term
Antibody Memory Induced by Synthetic Peptide Vaccination Is Protective against
Streptococcus pyogenes Infection and Is Independent of Memory T Cell Help. The
Journal of Immunology, 190(6), 2692-2701. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1202333
Rush, C. M., Govan, B. L., Sikder, S., Williams, N. L., & Ketheesan, N. (2014). Animal Models
to Investigate the Pathogenesis of Rheumatic Heart Disease. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2.
doi:10.3389/fped.2014.00116

Kindly see attached the paper outline corresponding to second assignment together with the corresponding plagiarism report

Running head: USE OF MARIJUANA FOR MEDICAL PURPOSES

Use of Marijuana for Medical Purposes
Paper Outline
(NAME)
(COURSE)
(DATE)

1

USE OF MARIJUANA FOR MEDICAL PURPOSES

Use of Marijuana for Medical Purposes: Paper Outline
Introduction
Paragraph 1.
Topic: Definition of chronic pain and its impact


Chronic pain is defined as persistent pain that has lasted for at least four months, but
generally much longer (NIH, 2011).



Patients suffering from chronic pain often suffer from insomnia, depression, decreased
mobility and decreased appetite (NIH, 2011).



Pain management is generally complex due to its subjectivity and the difficulty in
measuring pain with a suitable technique. Treatment of chronic pain is even more
complex.

Paragraph 2.
Topic (main topic): Pain treatment strategies and use of cannabinoids


The WHO estimates that tens of millions of patients suffering from chronic pain without
an appropriate treatment, either due to the failure of commonly used analgesic or to the
lack of access to alternative analgesics like opiates and cannabinoids (WHO, n.d.).



Such lack of access to alternative pain management techniques often relies on both the
side-effects and their potentially addictive character, which might lead to a death from
overdose of these compounds (Dart et al., 2015).



The situation is further aggravated by the opioid crisis resulting from the overprescription of strong analgesics like morphine (CDC, 2016).

2

USE OF MARIJUANA FOR MEDICAL PURPOSES

3

Body
Body paragraph 1.
Topic sentence: Marijuana’s approval for medical purposes is controversial


Supporting detail 1: Marijuana and related cannabinoids is included in the DEA schedule
1, hence recognizing them as a potentially highly addictive compound with no currently
accepted medical use and a high potential for drug abuse (US Drug Enforcement and
Adm...


Anonymous
Really great stuff, couldn't ask for more.

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