Description
Chapter 20- THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS AND CIRCULATION
Section 20.1
Arteries vs capillaries vs veins; structure and function
Trace the general route usually taken by the blood from the heart and back again; and describe some variations on this route.
Section 20.2
Explain the relationship between blood pressure, resistance, and flow; three factors that determine resistance to blood flow
Section 20.3
Filtration vs Reabsorption
How materials get from the blood into the surrounding tissues
Causes and effects of edema.
- Section 20.4
- Importance of physical activity in venous return
Causes of circulatory shock; and name and describe the stages of shock.
Section 20.5
Compare and Contrast the blood pressure of the pulmonary circuit vs systemic circuit
- Chapter 21- THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Section 21.1
How lymph forms and returns to the bloodstream
The major types of cells of the lymphatic system and state their functions
- Section 21.2
- The defensive functions and organization of each kind of leukocyte
- Specific vs nonspecific defenses; active and passive immunity, and natural and artificial immunity
The process of inflammation and what accounts for its cardinal signs
Section 21.3
Compare and contrast active vs passive/ artificial vs natural immunity
- Describe and contrast the development of T and B lymphocytes
- Lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells, and interleukins in the immune response.
Section 21.4
Do I know you? The role of memory cells in cellular immunity.
Section 21.5
- How B cells recognize and respond to an antigen
Compare and contrast: Antibodies; the structure, types, and actions
Compare and contrast: Cellular vs humoral immunity.
Section 21.6
The cause of anaphylaxis and distinguish local anaphylaxis from anaphylactic shock
Thirty years of AIDS: The pathology and T cell activation
Chapter 23- THE URINARY SYSTEM
- Section 23.1
- The major nitrogenous wastes and identify their sources
Excretion and identify the systems that excrete wastes.
Section 23.2
What's in Urine? Tell the story of making Pee: Functions of each structure
- Section 23.3
- Describe the process by which the kidney filters the blood plasma, including the relevant cellular structure of the glomerulus
- Describe how the nervous system, hormones, and the nephron itself regulate filtration.
Section 23.4
Describe how the renal tubules reabsorb useful solutes from the glomerular filtrate and return them to the blood
Describe how the tubules secrete solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid
- Describe how the nephron regulates water excretion.
- Section 23.5
- Explain how the collecting duct and antidiuretic hormone regulate the volume and concentration of urine; and
Explain how the kidney maintains an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla that enables the collecting duct to function.
Section 23.6
Describe the composition and properties of normal urine vs urine that may signify problems.
- Section 23.7
Sphincters: Controlling the void of urine.
6.Causes and effects of edema.10.How lymph forms and returns to the bloodstream12. The Defensive functions and organization of each kind of leukocytw#11 The major types of cells of the lymphatic system and state their functions7. Importance of physical activity in venous return
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Tashiana Perry #3. Explain the relationship between blood pressure, resistance, and flow; three factors that determine resistance to blood flowResearch-Blood flow is defined as the movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ. Resistance is the slowing or blocking of blood flow. Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels or chambers of the heart. Blood pressure is made up of two parts: systolic pressure, which is caused by ventricular contraction, and diastolic pressure, which is caused by ventricular relaxation. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures is known as pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure is the "average" pressure of blood in the arterial system, which drives blood into the tissues. The pulse, which is the expansion and contraction of an artery, reflects the heartbeat. Cardiac output, compliance, blood volume, blood viscosity, and blood pressure are all factors that influence blood flow and blood pressure in the systemic circulation. the blood vessel's length and diameter Vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the arterioles are important factors in systemic blood pressure in the arterial system: Slight vasodilation reduces the resistance while increasing flow, whereas slight vasoconstriction increases resistance while decreasing flow. As resistance increases in the arterial system, blood pressure rises and flow falls. Constriction increases blood pressure in the venous system, just as it does in the arteries; the increased pressure aids in the return of blood to the heart. Furthermore, constriction causes the vessel lumen to round out, lowering resistance and increasing blood flow. While less important than arterial vasoconstriction, vasoconstriction works with the skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, and valves to promote the venous return to the heart. Hormones, stress, exercise, eating, sitting, and standing are all factors that can affect blood pressure. The size of blood vessels, the action of smooth muscle, one-way valves, and the fluid pressure of the blood itself all influence blood flow through the body.
Critical Thinking- Consider the following: Blood circulation is influenced by three major factors. when you consider Moving blood through the circulatory system, flow resistance must be overcome. If the resistance increases, either the pressure or the flow rate must increase to maintain the pressure. The three most important factors that influence resistance are vessel length, vessel radius, and blood viscosity. Resistance increases with increasing length, increasing viscosity, and decreasing radius. Because of the small caliber of their lumen, the arterioles and capillary networks are the main regions of the circulatory system that generate resistance. Arterioles, in particular, can rapidly change resistance by changing their radius via vasodilation or vasoconstriction.
References-The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and CirculationBlood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance | Anatomy and Physiology II21.4. Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation – Concepts of Biology – 1st Canadian EditionConcepts of Biology - 1st Canadian Edition by Charles Molnar and Jane Gair is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
Word Count 469
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Juliana De Matos Main topic:26. What is urine? Tell the story of making pee: Functions of each structureResearch:Urine is a liquid waste expelled from the body. Urine contains water, salts, ammonia, byproducts from the liver, and urochrome (a pigment of blood product that gives urine the yellowish color). The kidneys make this process when they filter toxins from the blood. Before leaving the body, urine travels through the urinary tract. It travels through the kidneys that are responsible to filter waste from the blood as I have mentioned before. Ureters are responsible to take pee from the kidney to the bladder. The bladder is where pee stays until it is time to go to the bathroom. The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body when peeing (Saladin, 2020, p. 867-868).Excretion is the process of removing wastes and excess amounts of fluids from the body. The respiratory system excretes carbon dioxide, gases, and water. The integumentary system excretes water, lactate, and salts in the sweat. The digestive system excretes food residue, salts, carbon dioxide, cholesterol, and lipids. The urinary system excretes wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, hydrogen, ions, and water (Saladin, 2020, p.868-869).The kidneys are located on either side of the spine protected by muscle, fat, and ribs. The renal hilum is the entry and exit way for the vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and ureters. The renal cortex is the frontal section through the kidney and the inner region is called the renal medulla. The renal pelvis collects all the urine produced by the kidney and will exit the kidney through the ureter. The renal capsule is a fibrous layer whapping the outer surface of the kidney (Saladin, 2020, p.869-870).Critical ThinkingWith all this understanding regarding the urinary system, if a person holds the urine for too long would probably cause urinary tract infections due to bacteria build-up. It can also lead to pain in the bladder and kidneys. The bladder would probably stretch too knowing that there is a limit of space there.References Saladin, K. (2020). Anatomy & physiology: The unit of form and function (9th ed.). McGraw Hill Education.
Explanation & Answer
Please view explanation and answer below.Hello there. Here are the completed responses. I've uploaded two files:- response_to_tashiana: A MS Word file of the response to Tashiana's post.- response_to_juliana: A MS Word file of the response to Juliana's post.Please let me know of any formatting adjustments you would like to have made. Please let me know of any content adjustments you would like to have made. Please let me know of any questions or concerns you may have.
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Hello Juliana,
Research:
I appreciate the comprehensive and comprehensible explanation you provided on the
topic of urine and the structures involved in the process. As seen in your post, the process of
making urine is complex due to the involvement of multiple structures. Upon conducting further
research, I found additional information on the complexity of this topic of urine formation. For
example, urine formation occurs in thr...
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