Neam hanna Hamilton, Kyra, and Martin S. Hagger. "The Vaccination Concerns in COVID-19 Scale (VaCCS): Development and validation." PloS one 17.3 (2022): e0264784. Upon performing in-depth and first-hand research on the hesitancy of the Covid-19 vaccine, Hamilton, Kyra, and Martin S. Hagger conducted research and presented data about some of the possible reasons why more than 60 % of the world population are not vaccinated or hesitance. This resource presents some of the reasons why some people are not willing to be vaccinated. The audience is informed of unreasonable beliefs and norms discouraging people from getting crucial vaccination. Therefore, this resource illuminates my research on Covid-19 as it highlights some of the hindrances to thwarting covid-19 through vaccination. Min, Haewon, et al. "Development and validation of COVID-19 Impact Scale." BMC Psychology 10.1 (2022): 1-10. Based on a quantitative study conducted by Min et al. (2022), this resource depicts the validation of the impact scale used for Covid-19. The research depicts that the newly developed COVID-19 Impact Scale (CIS) was proven to be reliable and valid to measure various negative emotions and deterioration of quality of life caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The audience is informed that the scale used to measure the impact of the Covid-19 effect is reliable. This puts more faith in the audience that the reports on the impact of covid-19 are credible. This resource illuminates my research about covid-19 by showing how the reports about Covid-19 are credible. It will help to verify and validate other reports and sources about Covid-19, especially about the impact scale. Nürnberger, Patrick, et al. "A biopsychosocial model of severe fear of COVID-19." PloS one 17.2 (2022): e0264357. Neam hanna This article’s content is based on research conducted involving 368 participants to investigate the extent of fear being impacted by Covid-19. According to the article, there are various predictors of the fear linked to the Covid-19. The pandemic has greatly affected the mental wellness of many people. Therefore, the audience is informed of some possible psychosocial problems that they may experience during the pandemic. Like other sources discussing the impacts of covid-19, this resource would be used to expound on how covid-19 has resulted in mental disturbances and other psychosocial issues. Rossouw, S., & Greyling, T. (2022). Positive attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines: A crosscountry analysis. PLoS One. This article relates to the attitude and hesitancy that people have due to the covid-19 pandemic. The journal is based on research conducted by authors based on 10 countries. The research aimed to investigate some of the countries with high levels of positivity about Covid-19. This article relates to other articles focusing on negative attitudes and hesitancy about the Covid19 pandemic. This article reminds its audience that not all people are hesitant or fearful about Covid-19. Therefore, it contributes to my topic in that it discusses the varying perceptions of people towards the Covid-19 pandemic. Riccaboni, Massimo, and Luca Verginer. "The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on scientific research in the life sciences." Plos one 17.2 (2022): e0263001. The authors of this article have to expound on knowledge about the research and sciences. These resources are a culmination of their research and thought on how studying the impact of covid-19 has impacted the research sciences. This communicates to the audiences that studying Covid-19 is actual in the science faculties has had an impact on the research of life Neam hanna sciences. This article is pivotal in my research as it will tell how the future of pandemic study will unfold regarding lessons learned from studying the impacts of Covid-19. Thompson, James, and Stephen Wattam. "Estimating the impact of interventions against COVID-19: from lockdown to vaccination." PloS one 16.12 (2021): e0261330. This peer-reviewed journal discusses the impact of the interventions against Covid-19 using an agent-based model of COVID-19 in Luxembourg. The research, as presented in the journal, suggests that some of the interventions like the lockdowns have been successful though costly. This journal convinces the audience that some of the efforts done and restrictions are successful in combating the covid-19 spread. The information is credible following the credibility of the data and model used for analysis. This source is crucial in discussing how and to what extent the interventions against covid-19, especially lockdown, have helped to thwart Coronavirus. Recycling — California's Bottle Bill Corkery, Michael. “Beverage Companies Embrace Recycling, Until It Costs Them.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 4 July 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/07/04/business/plasticrecyclingbottle-bills.html. • "Empty bottles have vexed the beverage industry for more than a century. They are ‘the monstrous evil that saps the life from an otherwise prosperous trade,’ The National Bottlers Gazette wrote in 1882" (Corkery). • "For decades, beverage companies, retailers and many of the nonprofit groups they control have fought to kill bottle bill proposals across the country — with great success" (Corkery). • • Only Hawaii has passed a bottle bill since 1987 (Corkery). "Recycling in much of the country still depends almost entirely on the good will of consumers to place their used containers in a bin for pickup. The process is convenient, but means millions of bottles and cans head straight to a dump instead" (Corkery). • "Bottle bill supporters acknowledge that the systems have flaws, but blame retailers and bottlers for opposing attempts to modernize them" (Corkery). “Recycling Economic Information (REI) Report.” EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, 31 Jan. 2020, www.epa.gov/smm/recycling-economic-information-rei-report. Benefits of Recycling • • • • • • • Reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and incinerators (EPA). Conserves natural resources such as timber, water and minerals (EPA). Increases economic security by tapping a domestic source of materials (EPA). Prevents pollution by reducing the need to collect new raw materials (EPA). Saves energy (EPA). Supports American manufacturing and conserves valuable resources (EPA). Helps create jobs in the recycling and manufacturing industries in the United States (EPA). • Recycling created "757,000 jobs, $36.6 billion in wages; and $6.7 billion in tax revenues (2016)" (EPA). Compactor Management Company. Northern California Compactors Inc. “Recycling – Some Benefits and Some Drawbacks.” Compactor Management Company, 23 Apr. 2020, www.norcalcompactors.net/recycling-some-benefits-and-some-drawbacks/. Disadvantages of Recycling • "Methane gas produced during recycling if allowed to seep out can lead to global warming and ozone depletion, as it is a greenhouse gas" (CMC). • • It is expensive to operate/maintain recycling equipment; also, the process means more pollution (CMC). "Governments providing tax subsidies to recycling plants have to bear annually billions of dollars revenue loss" (CMC). • "Low-quality jobs undermining human labor are created which involves sifting through wastes and coming across toxins" (CMC). • • Some items that should be recyclable has to be dumped in landfills “due to sub-standard quality" (CMC). "Poor management of recycling sites can lead to the creation of unhygienic conditions. Abandoned dumpsters may contain traces of toxins that can seep into underground water sources or pollute air" (CMC). • "There is no assurance that high-quality products will be obtained from waste recycling as input raw material if of inferior nature. Bleaching process can expose workers to harsh conditions that can deteriorate health" (CMC). • A false sense of security is circulated among people that makes them more careless, leading to the generation of extra trash (CMC). “Ting Introduces Bill To Fix California's Beverage Container Recycling Program.” Official Website - Assemblymember Phil Ting Representing the 19th California Assembly District, 6 Jan. 2020, a19.asmdc.org/press-releases/20200106-ting-introduces-bill-fix-californiasbeveragecontainer-recycling-program. • • • "California’s recycling program for bottles and cans is broken" (Ting). We need to re-think and redesign our recycling program (Ting). Since people find it inconvenient or difficult to get their CRV money back, they simply throw away the recyclable material, meaning it goes to the landfill (Ting). • "With California’s recycling rate dropping from 85% to 75%, the state can no longer put off solving this ever-growing crisis" (Ting). • “We’ve been trying to solve California’s recycling problem for years. Now that it has turned into a crisis" (Ting). • Ting’s proposal is "AB 54 provides short-term relief while we work over the fall toward a more comprehensive fix that can start moving through the legislative process when we reconvene in January” (Ting). • "RePlanet shuttered its remaining 284 recycling centers in California last month. RePlanet was once California’s largest recycling company, operating about 20% of the redemption centers in the state (Ting). Tucker, Liza and Watchdog Consumer. “Watchdog Report Finds California Consumers Lose Half of Every Nickel Bottle Deposit; Urges Recycling Reform to Stop More Than Half Billion Dollar Annual Cost to Consumers.” PR Newswire: Press Release Distribution, Targeting, Monitoring and Marketing, 1 Mar. 2019, www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/watchdogreportfinds-california-consumers-lose-half-of-every-nickel-bottle-deposit-urges-recyclingreform-tostop-more-than-half-billion-dollar-annual-cost-to-consumers-300805258.html. • • Recycling centers are closing statewide: 40% since 2014 (Tucker). "Recycling center closures also hurt communities via job losses and critical income" (Tucker). • Stores are not accepting recyclable materials even though they are supposed to (Tucker). • "Accounting scams by retailers and beverage distributors such as Wal-Mart are prevalent" (Tucker). • "Politically-connected waste and curbside haulers cash in on the bottle and can deposits that are supposed to go to consumers" (Tucker). • "CalRecycle has accumulated a vast reserve of roughly $300 million as of 2018 while failing to pay recycling centers enough to survive" (Tucker). California, State of. State Response and Resources, www.calrecycle.ca.gov/markets/nationalsword/stateresponse. • • • • "Recycling centers are private. They can close if not profitable" (CalRecycle). "Reserve money is budgeted for the upcoming quarter – not excess funds" (CalRecycle). "Non-recycling stores are warned and cited for violations" (CalRecycle). "At present, some 23 billion bottles and cans sold in California each year are subject to CRV, and more than 80 percent of them have typically been returned for recycling in recent years. More than 300 billion beverage containers have been returned for recycling since the program’s inception" (CalRecycle). • "CalRecycle has a budget of approximately $1.4 billion, including the $1.1 billion Beverage Container Re-cycling Fund and receives no money from the state’s tax dollar supported General Fund" (CalRecyle). • "Much of this money is returned to the economy through payments and grants to industry and local jurisdictions in support of waste reduction, recycling, and safe disposal efforts, and the remainder covers Cal-Recycle’s annual operating budget" (CalRecycle). • "The operators of curbside and drop-off programs in California received $193 million in revenue from CalRecycle payments and scrap sales for CRV beverage containers in 2017. The estimated cost for handling those containers was $43 million, leading to a calculation of $150 million in gross profits, or a 349% profit" ( NewAdmin. “Publications.” CRI Publications, www.containerrecycling.org/index.php/publications/cripublications.) Karidis, Arlene. “Glass Recyclers Struggle to ‘Feed’ Beverage, Food Packaging Manufacturers.” Waste360, 6 Apr. 2020, www.waste360.com/glass/glass-recyclers-strugglefeedbeverage-food-packaging-manufacturers. • "Covid-19 limits glass recovery/recycling with bars, restaurants, sporting events, and casino closings" (Karidis). • "Operations are suspended at several Manufacturing Recovery Facilities (MRF) where recycling materials are separated and prepared for sale/distribution" (Karidis). • • "Curbside pickup has been limited in many areas" (Karidis). Consumers are not redeeming their glass and recyclable materials during the pandemic (Karidis). • California has very few reverse redemption machines/reverse vending machines left after so many recycling and drop-off centers closed before Covid-19. New glass is currently "processed with up to 35 percent post-consumer content." Virgin glass requires all raw materials (Karidis). • "More virgin glass materials will soon be necessary, which means additional mining for the sand and limestone used to make glass" (Karidis). • "Glass processors have seen a 30 - 50 percent drop in glass recovery from Bottle Bill states and a drop of 80 percent in New York State" (Karidis).
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