A3- Fields within a Field

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Description

Write a 3–4-page paper that addresses the contribution of a chosen figure in psychology and examines how a chosen theory fits within a more specific area of psychology. Also, include how modern theorists have since contributed to this area of psychology.



Assessment Instructions

Imagine that you are preparing for an interview to teach an undergraduate psychology course at a university. As part of the interview process, the hiring committee has emailed to you a list of questions. Your goal is to prepare a paper that demonstrates your knowledge of a chosen figure in psychology and analyzes how a chosen theory fits within a more specific area of psychology. Also, you need to include how modern theorists have since contributed to the field.

Dear Candidate:

We have received your application for the position of Adjunct Instructor in the Psychology department. As part of the interviewing process, please prepare a paper (adhering to APA guidelines for style and format) that responds to these prompts:

  1. Select a particular theorist of one of the following theories and describe the contribution of the theory and theorist. How, specifically, did this theorist contribute to our understanding of human behavior?
    • Psychological States of Development:
      • Erick Erickson.
      • Jean Piaget.
    • Obedience Study:
      • Stanley Milgram.
    • Study of Social Conformity:
      • Solomon Asch.
    • Factor Theory of Personality:
      • Raymond Cattell.
    • Theory of Language and Language Learning:
      • Noam Chomsky.
    • Cognitive Psychology:
      • Ulric Neisser (Flashbulb memory).
    • Social Psychology:
      • Gordon Allport (Trait theory of personality).
  2. Describe how modern theorists have contributed subsequent knowledge and understanding beyond this initial contribution.
  3. Relate the research of your selected theory/study to a professional (or academic) experience. How did this theory/study contribute to your understanding of your experience?

Additional Requirements

To format your paper, use the guidelines in the APA Paper Template linked in Resources under the Required Resources heading.

  • Written communication: Written communication should be free of errors that detract from the overall message.
  • APA formatting: Ensure that resources and citations are formatted according to current APA style and formatting guidelines.
  • Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.
  • Length of assessment: 3–4 pages (excluding title and reference pages, abstract not required).

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Running head: ABBREVIATED TITLE OF YOUR PAPER 1 Note: The running head is an abbreviated title of the paper. The running head is located at the top of pages of a manuscript or published article to identify the article for readers. The running head should be a maximum of 50 characters, counting letters, punctuation, and spaces between words. The words "Running head" are on the cover page but not on the rest of the document. The running head title is all CAPS. Page 1 begins on the cover page. The entire document should be double-spaced, have one-inch margins on all sides, and use 12 pt., Times New Roman font. Use this template for your paper. Add your own information and keep the correct format. Delete unnecessary headings and explanatory text. Save to file this template for future use and information. Your Full Title of Your Paper Learner's Full Name Course Title Assessment Title Capella University Month, Year APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 2 Abstract (Optional—check with your instructor) An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of a paper. It allows readers to quickly review the key elements of a paper without having to read the entire document. This can be helpful for readers who are searching for specific information and may be reviewing many documents. The abstract may be one of the most important paragraphs in a paper because readers often decide if they will read the document based on information in the abstract. An abstract may not be required in some academic papers; however, it can still be an effective method of gaining the reader's attention. The following sentences serve as an example of what could be composed as an abstract for this paper: The basic elements of APA Style will be reviewed, including formatting of an APA Style paper, in-text citations, and a references list. Additional information will address the components of an introduction, how to write effective paragraphs using the MEAL plan, and elements of a summary and conclusion section of a paper. APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 3 APA Style Paper Template: A Resource for Academic Writing (Please change the titles in this document to fit your paper.) APA (American Psychological Association) Style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. APA Style is used when writing papers in the psychology programs offered at Capella University. This document serves as an APA Style template for learners to use when writing their own papers, as well as a resource containing valuable information that can be used when writing academic papers. For more information on APA Style, learners can refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological Association, 2010a). In the first section of this paper, the author demonstrates how an introduction effectively introduces the reader to the topic of the paper. In APA Style, an introduction never gets a heading. For example, this section does not begin with a heading titled "Introduction," similar to the following section, which is titled "Writing an Effective Introduction." The following section will explain in greater detail a model that can be used to effectively write an introduction in an academic paper. The remaining sections of the paper will continue to address APA Style and effective writing concepts including section headings, organizing information, the MEAL plan, the conclusion, and the reference list. Writing an Effective Introduction An effective introduction often consists of four main components, including (a) the position statement, thesis, or hypothesis, which describes the author's main position; (b) the purpose, which outlines the objective of the paper; (c) the background, which contains general information needed to understand the content of the paper; and (d) the approach, which is the process or methodology the author uses to achieve the purpose of the paper. This information APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 4 will help readers understand what will be discussed in the paper. It can also serve as a tool to grab the reader's attention. Authors may choose to briefly reference sources that will be identified later on in the paper, as in this example (American Psychological Association, 2010a; American Psychological Association, 2010b; Walker, 2008). In an introduction, the writer often presents something of interest to capture the reader's attention and introduce the issue. Adding an obvious statement of purpose helps the reader know what to expect while helping the writer to focus and stay on task. For example, this paper will address several components necessary to effectively write an academic paper, including (a) how to write an introduction, (b) how to write effective paragraphs using the MEAL plan, and (c) how to properly use APA Style. Level-One Section Heading is Centered, Bold, Upper, and Lowercase Using section headings can be an effective method of organizing an academic paper. The section headings should not be confused with the "running head,” which is a different concept described in the cover page of this document. Section headings are not required according to APA Style, however, they can significantly improve the quality of a paper. This is accomplished because section headings help both the reader and the author, as will soon be discussed. Level-Two Section Heading is Flush Left, Bold, Upper, and Lowercase The heading style recommended by APA consists of five levels (American Psychological Association, 2010a, p. 62). This document contains two levels to demonstrate how headings are structured according to APA Style. Immediately before the previous paragraph, a Level 1 Section Heading was used. That section heading describes how a Level 1 Heading should be written, which is centered, bold, and using upper and lowercase letters. For another example, see the section heading "Writing an Effective Introduction" on page 3 of this document. The APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 5 heading is centered, bold, and uses upper and lowercase letters (compared to all uppercase in the running head at the top of each page). If used properly, section headings can significantly contribute to the quality of a paper by helping the reader who wants to understand the information in the document, and the author who desires to effectively describe the information in the document. Section Headings Help the Reader Section headings serve multiple purposes, including (a) helping the reader understand what is being addressed in each section, (b) helping readers, who may be more likely to maintain an interest in the paper, and (c) helping readers choose what they want to read. For example, if the reader of this document wants to learn more about writing an effective introduction, the previous section heading clearly states that is where information can be found. When subtopics are needed to explain concepts in greater detail, different levels of headings are used according to APA Style. Section Headings Help the Author Section headings do not only help the reader, but they can help the author organize the document during the writing process. Section headings can help arrange topics in a logical order, and they can help an author manage the length of the paper. In addition to an effective introduction and the use of section headings, each paragraph of an academic paper can be written in a manner that helps the reader stay engaged. Capella University promotes the use of the MEAL plan to serve this purpose. The MEAL Plan The MEAL plan is a model used by Capella University to help learners effectively compose academic discussions and papers. Each component of the MEAL plan is critical to APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 6 writing an effective paragraph. The acronym "MEAL" is based on four components of a paragraph (M = Main point, E = Evidence or Example, A = Analysis, and L = Link). The following section includes a detailed description and examples of each component of the MEAL plan. When writing the content sections of an academic paper (as opposed to the introduction or conclusion sections), the MEAL plan can be an effective model for designing each paragraph. A paragraph begins with a description of the main point, which is represented by the letter "M" of the MEAL plan. For example, the first sentence of this paragraph clearly states the main point is a discussion of the MEAL plan. Once the main point has been made, evidence and examples can be provided. The second component of a paragraph contains evidence or examples, which are represented by the letter "E" in the MEAL plan. An example of this component of the MEAL plan is actually (and ironically) this sentence, which provides an example of an example. Evidence can be in the form of expert-opinion examples from research. For example, evidence shows that plagiarism can occur even when it is not intended if sources are not properly cited (Marsh, Landau, & Hicks, 1997; Walker, 2008). The previous sentence provides evidence supporting why evidence is used in a paragraph. Analysis, which is represented by the letter "A" of the MEAL plan, should be based on the author's interpretation of the evidence. An effective analysis might include a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the arguments, as well as the author's interpretations of the evidence and examples. If a quote is used, the author will likely provide an analysis of the quote and the specific point it makes for the author's position. Without an analysis, the reader might not understand why the author discussed the information that the reader just read. For example, APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 7 the previous sentence is an analysis by the author of why an analysis is performed when writing paragraphs in academic papers. Even with the first three elements of the MEAL plan, it would not be complete without the final component. The letter "L" of the MEAL plan refers to information that "links" the current and the subsequent paragraphs. The link helps the reader understand what will be discussed in the next paragraph. It summarizes the author's reasoning and shows how the paragraph fits together and leads (that is, “links”) into the next section of the paper. For example, this sentence might explain that once the MEAL plan has been effectively used when writing the body of an academic paper, the final section is the summary and conclusion section. Summary and Conclusion A summary and conclusion section, which can also be the discussion section of an APA Style paper, is the final opportunity for the author to make a lasting impression on the reader. The author can begin by restating opinions or positions and summarizing the most important points that have been presented in the paper. For example, this paper was written to demonstrate to readers how to effectively use APA Style when writing academic papers. Various components of an APA Style paper that were discussed or displayed in the form of examples include a running head, title page, introduction section, levels of section headings and their use, in-text citations, the MEAL plan, a conclusion, and the reference list. APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 8 References American Psychological Association. (2010a). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. American Psychological Association. (2010b). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx Marsh, R. L., Landau, J. D., & Hicks, J. L. (1997). Contributions of inadequate source monitoring to unconscious plagiarism during idea generation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23(4), 886–897. doi:10.1037/02787393.23.4.886 Walker, A. L. (2008). Preventing unintentional plagiarism: A method for strengthening paraphrasing skills. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 35(4), 387–395. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213904438?accountid=27965 Always begin a reference list on a new page. Use a hanging indent after the first line of each reference. The reference list is in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. A reference list only contains sources that are cited in the body of the paper, and all sources cited in the body of the paper must be contained in the reference list. The reference list above contains an example of how to cite a source when two documents are written in the same year by the same author. The year is also displayed using this method for the corresponding in-text citations as in the next sentence. The author of the first citation (American Psychological Association, 2010a) is also the publisher, therefore, the word "Author" is used in place of the publisher's name. When a digital object identifier (DOI) is available for a journal article, it should be placed at the end of the citation. If a DOI is not available, a uniform resource locator (URL) should be used. The Marsh, Landau, and Hicks (1997) reference is an example of how to cite a source using a DOI. The Walker (2008) reference is an example of how to cite a source using a URL. REMINDER: Delete all unneeded placeholder text from your paper. This may include unnecessary headings and explanatory content such as the paragraphs above.
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Explanation & Answer

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Name
Course
Institution
Instructor
Date

Psychological States of Development
The theory I have chosen to discuss is that of the Psychological States of Development.
Theory was formulated by Erick Erickson. Erick Erickson proposed the psychosocial
development theory which consisted of 8 stages that an individual undergoes from the infancy
period to up to when the individual is an adult. An individual goes through some psychosocial
crisis at each individual stage and this may result to negative or positive outcomes to the
personality development of an individual.
The development theory of Erikson considers the effects of factors which are external,
society and the parents on the development of personality from childhood to the time an
individual is an adult. He was a psychologist who believed in ego and he always emphasized on
the role that the society and culture as well as conflicts can have on the ego.
Erikson says that ego establishes when it resolves crises which are usually social in
nature successfully. It therefore involves trusting other people, developing a society’s sense of
identity and also assisting the generation to come in preparing for future events (Bee, H. L.
1992). He maintains that development of personality occurs in a predetermined manner and
usually builds on every initial stage and this result to the epigenist principle.
The theory of psychological development helped in understanding that the personality of
an individual develops through a series of stages and each stage has its own characteristics and
the stage. Each stage is also associated with a psychosocial crisis. The crisis which is
experienced at stage one is the one of trust versus mistrust. The main virtue here is hope and it
happens at the age of infancy which is between birth and one and half years.

Autonomy versus doubt and Shame crisis occurs at the second stage. The will of the child
is the main virtue here and it occurs during early childhood, between one half years and 3 years.
At the third stage, guilt and initiative is the crisis. It occurs at the play stage of children which is
between 3 and 5 years and purpose is the vital virtue.
At stage four, the crisis is industry versus inferiority and occurs during the school age
which occurs to children between 5 and 12 years. The children always focus on competency. The
fifth stage is associated with role confusion and ego identity. The adolescents fall in thus
category and their basic virtue is fidelity (Erikson, E. H. 1994). The sixth stage covers the young
adults who fall between 18 and 40 years.
The crisis experienced at this stage is isolation and intimacy and they always focus on
love. The seventh stage is associated with generality and stagnation and occurs to the adults who
fall in the 40 to 60 year bracket and they are always concerned with care. Ego integrity and
despair is the late crisis experienced at maturity stage which is composed of people above 65
years. The individuals here are believed to be wise.
The theorist helped in understanding the virtues that individuals at each stage possess.
People in different age groups have different personalities. The personalities are developed from
the initial virtues that the individuals had. It also facilitated the development of a framework on
which to consider development.

It also assisted in understanding that the behavior of human beings keep on evolving just
from the period of birth up to when the individual is an adult. The theory also shows that
development is not continuous as different capacities emerge at every stage. Other theorists have
also developed on this theory given that Erikson does not give full explanation on why a
particular development occurs and how it does. They have been able to research on these and
give some explanation on why developments occur.
The theorists have greatly assisted in the development of the subsequent knowledge. The
modern theorists have been able to build on the initial knowledge to enable them present their
ideas more efficiently. They have also been able to develop on the ideas which lay earlier were
therefore giving a better explanation of the subjects in place. They have been able to answer the
questions which were left unanswered during the early stages. The modern theorists have also
found a basis on which they can lay their critique and give their opinion on different subjects
such as development of children to adults.
The theory relates to my profession as teacher. Being a teacher, I deal with different
categories of children of different ages from kindergarten to high school level (Erikson, E.
H.1950). The children are of different ages and each has her personality and therefore, need to
understand them better. The theory has helped me in understanding that the children at different
stages have different virtues and therefore they need to be treated differently. I a teacher, I have
to capitalize on their virtues so as to ensure proper personality development of the children to
adults.

References
Bee, H. L. (1992). The developing children. London: HarperCollins.
Erikson, E. H. (1994). Identities: Youth and the crisis (No. 7). WW Norton & Company.
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and societies. New York: Norton.

Attached.

Running head: PSYCHOLOGICAL STATES OF DEVELOPMENT

Psychological States of Development
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Anonymous
Excellent! Definitely coming back for more study materials.

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