cultural geography

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Part 1: Refer to the following video link and ppt for this part

Watch---- www.tinyurl.com/qy7nxqv

Please respond the following questions----

1) What is the role of race in relation to the pressures and aspirations that the young man in the video's parents have for him?

2) Social Scientists, including Geographers, Sociologists and Psychologists, often study the phenomenon Micro-Aggressions (the slights and minor indignities that members of stigmatized groups, including people of color, often experience in everyday life). Can you find examples of of racial micro-aggressions in the video?

3) The term code-switching has been used to describe differences in the way that many ethnic minorities must act in different settings. Give 2 examples of code-switching as Idris Brewster engages in it?

Also, Provide a thoughtful question on the video and topic (ppt).

Part 2:

1. This part should take the structure of a 3-2-1.

A 3-2-1 means 3 new things you learned in this chapter (ppt), 2 ways that they are connected to other ideas in the text (or one and only one can be related to something you learned in another place or from current events) and 1 question. For this Minimum 250 words and in complete sentences.

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CONTEMPORARY HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CULTURE, GLOBALIZATION, LANDSCAPE MONA DOMOSH RODERICK P. NEUMANN PATRICIA L. PRICE C. 2015 W.H. FREEMAN & CO. GEOGRAPHIES OF RACE AND ETHNICITY MELTING POT OR TAPESTRY? RACE OR ETHNICITY: WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? Race: A classification system that is sometimes understood as arising from genetically significant difference among human populations, or from visible differences in human physiognomy, or as a social construction that varies across time and space. • In the United States, more and more people now identify themselves as “racially mixed” or “biracial” instead of feeling they must choose only one facet of their ancestry as their sole identity. RACE OR ETHNICITY: WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? • Studies have demonstrated that there is far more genetic variability within so-called racial groups than between them, which has led most scholars to believe that all human beings are, genetically speaking, members of only one race: Homo sapiens sapiens. Racism: The belief that human capabilities are determined by racial classification and that some races are superior to others. ETHNICITY Ethnic group: A group of people who share a common ancestry and cultural tradition, often living as a minority group in a larger society. • A strong feeling of group identity characterizes ethnicity. • Membership in an ethnic group is largely involuntary. • In some cases, outsiders can join an ethnic group by marriage or adoption. • Boundaries of ethnicity are fuzzy and shift over time. FIGURE 5.5 Ethnic minorities in China. Han Chinese are the dominant ethnic group, comprising about 92 percent of China’s population. In fact, 1 out of 5 of Earth’s inhabitants are Han Chinese, making this the world’s largest ethnic group. Why are China’s ethnic minority populations concentrated in sparsely populated peripheries of the country? (Source: Adapted from Hsieh and Hsieh, 1995.) IMMIGRANT AND INDIGENOUS GROUPS • Many ethnic groups originated when they migrated from their native lands and settled in a new country. • In their old home, they often belonged to the host culture and were not ethnic, but when they were transplanted by relocation diffusion to a foreign land, they became a minority and ethnic. • Indigenous ethnic groups that continue to live in their ancient homes become ethnic when they are absorbed into larger political states. ACCULTURATION & ASSIMILATION Acculturation: An ethnic group’s adoption of enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function economically and socially. Assimilation: The complete blending of an ethnic group into the host society, resulting in the loss of all distinctive ethnic traits. • Relatively few ethnic groups have been assimilated into the American melting pot; instead, they use acculturation as their way of survival. TRANSCULTURATION Transculturation: The notion that people adopt elements of other cultures as well as contributing elements of their own culture, thereby transforming both cultures. • Social interactions within ethnic groups can offer cultural security and reinforcement of tradition. • Ethnic groups often practice unique adaptive strategies and usually occupy clearly defined areas, whether rural or urban … • The study of ethnicity has built-in geographical dimensions. 5.1 REGION THE FOUR TYPES OF ETHNIC CULTURE REGIONS • Ethnic homelands • Ethnic islands • Urban ethnic neighborhoods • Ghettos ETHNIC HOMELANDS Ethnic homelands: Sizable areas inhabited by an ethnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercises some measure of political and social control over it. • Because of their size, age of their inhabitants, and geographical segregation, they tend to reinforce ethnic identities. • Most homelands belong to indigenous ethnic groups and include special, venerated places that serve to symbolize and celebrate the region. FIGURE 5.6 Selected ethnic homelands in North America, past and present, and concentrations of rural ethnic islands. The Hispano homeland is also referred to as the Spanish American homeland. With the return migration of African Americans from northern industrial cities such as Chicago to rural southern areas, the long-moribund Black Belt homeland appears to be undergoing a revitalization. (Sources: Arreola, 2002; Carlson, 1990; Nostrand and Estaville, 2001; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2010.) ETHNIC ISLANDS Ethnic islands: Small ethnic areas in the rural countryside; sometimes called folk islands. • Ethnic islands occupy a small area and serve as home to several hundred to several thousand people (at most). • Because of their small size and isolation, they do not exert as powerful an influence as homelands do. ETHNIC SUBSTRATES Ethnic substrate: Regional cultural distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland – retains some distinctiveness (e.g., local cuisine, dialect, or traditions). • Tuscany in Italy owes its name and some of its uniqueness to the Etruscans, who ceased to be an ethnic group 2000 years ago, when they were absorbed into the Latin-speaking Roman Empire. • The massive German presence in the American heartland helped shape the cultural character of the Midwest – a German ethnic substrate. ETHNIC NEIGHBORHOODS Ethnic neighborhood: A voluntary community where people of like origin reside by choice. • An ethnic neighborhood has many benefits: ❖ Common use of a language other than that of the majority culture ❖ Nearby kin ❖ Stores and services specially tailored to a certain group’s tastes ❖ Employment that relies on an ethnically based division of labor ❖ Institutions important to the group (e.g., churches and lodges) FIGURE 5.8 Miami Beach, Florida, is home to a large community of Orthodox Jews, who constitute a visible ethnic presence in this neighborhood. (Jeff Greenberg 2 of 6/Alamy.) GHETTOS Ghetto: Traditionally, an area within a city where an ethnic group lives, either by choice or by force. Today in the United States, the term typically indicates an impoverished African American urban neighborhood. • In ancient times, conquerors often forced the vanquished native population to live in ghettos; religious minorities usually received similar treatment. • The term barrio refers to an impoverished, urban, Hispanic neighborhood. • Ghettos and barrios are as much functional culture regions as formal ones. FIGURE 5.9 Venetian ghetto. In the sixteenth century, Venice’s Jewish population lived in a segregated, walled neighborhood called a ghetto. On the left is a map of this early ghetto. Though most of Venice’s Jews do not reside in the ghetto today (right), many attend religious services there, and the ghetto continues to lie at the heart of Venetian Jewish life. (Left: Adapted from the Jewish Museum of Venice; Right: LusoItaly/Alamy.) THE TRANSITORY NATURE OF ETHNIC NEIGHBORHOODS AND GHETTOS • The neighborhoods created by ethnic migrants tend to be transitory. • As a rule, urban ethnic groups remain in neighborhoods while “learning the ropes.” • Central-city ethnic neighborhoods experience a life cycle in which one group is replaced by another, laterarriving one. • As this succession occurs, established groups often attain enough economic and cultural capital to move to new areas of the city. ETHNOBURBS • In many cities, established ethnic groups move to the suburbs. • Even when ethnic groups relocate from inner-city neighborhoods to the suburbs, ethnic residential clustering survives. Ethnoburb: A suburban ethnic neighborhood, sometimes home to relatively affluent immigration populations. RECENT SHIFTS IN ETHNIC MOSAICS • In the United States, immigration laws shifted in 1965 from the quota system (based on national origins) to allowing a certain number of immigrants from the Eastern and Western hemispheres, and giving preference to certain categories of migrants (e.g., family members of those already residing in the United States). • Asia and Latin America, rather than Europe, are now the principal source of immigrants to North America. FIGURE 5.11 Asian population by state. People indicating “Asian” alone as a percentage of the total population by state. (Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2010.) FIGURE 5.12 Hispanic population by state. Hispanic or Latino population as a percentage of the total population by state. “Hispanic” is an ethnic category and can encompass several racial designations. (Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2010.) RECENT SHIFTS IN ETHNIC MOSAICS • Ethnic populations continue to concentrate in established ports of entry, most of them in coastal locations. • As a nation, we may be becoming more diverse—a more colorful mosaic—but we are nowhere near the melting pot we sometimes portray ourselves to be. • The United States is home to more foreign-born people—40 million as of 2010—than any other country, and these individuals represent 12.9% of the country’s population. 5.2 MOBILITY MIGRATION AND ETHNICITY • All humans descended from a group of Africans who began to migrate out of Africa about 60,000 years ago. • Much of the ethnic pattern in many parts of the world is the result of migration. • Voluntary migrations have produced much of the ethnic diversity in the United States and Canada. • Involuntary migration of political and economic refugees has always been an important factor in ethnicity worldwide and is becoming ever more so in North America. TYPES OF MIGRATION Chain migration: The tendency of people to migrate along routes, over a period of time, from specific source areas to specific destinations. Channelization: A process whereby a specific source region becomes linked to a particular destination. Step migration: A process by which a group proceeds to its final destination via a series of intermediate migrations. INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION Involuntary migration (forced migration): The forced displacement of a population, whether by government policy (such as a resettlement program), warfare or other violence, ethnic cleansing, disease, natural disaster, or enslavement. Internally displaced persons (IDPs): Persons or groups that have been forced to flee their homes due to conflict, natural disaster, or persecution but who remain within the borders of their home country. Refugees: Persons or groups that have been forced to flee their home country due to conflict, natural disaster, or persecution. FIGURE 5.16 Syrians displaced by conflict. This map shows the civil war-related displacement of more than 1.5 million Syrians, who have constituted involuntary migrants since March 2012. Some have left Syria and are refugees in neighboring countries. There, they may face discrimination and poverty as unwanted minority populations. Far more are internally displaced peoples (IDPs) who have moved from one place to another within Syria, often ending up in so-called buffer zones established on the borders to protect neighboring states from large flows of Syrian refugees. (Source: Adapted from Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, 2012.) RETURN MIGRATION Return migration: A type of ethnic diffusion that involves the voluntary movement of a group of migrants back to their ancestral or native country or homeland. • The large-scale return since 1975 of African Americans from the cities of the northern and western United States to the Black Belt ethnic homeland in the South is one of the most notable return migrations now underway. • Black Americans are returning to the South (e.g., Atlanta) because of greater economic opportunities. • Cultural factors play a role as well. CULTURAL SIMPLIFICATION • Ethnic immigrants never successfully introduce the totality of their culture – cultural simplification occurs. Cultural simplification: The process by which immigrant ethnic groups lose certain aspects of their traditional culture in the process of settling overseas, creating a new culture that is less complex than the old. • Absorbing barriers prevent the diffusion of many traits, and permeable barriers cause changes in many other traits, greatly simplifying the migrant cultures. CULTURAL ISOLATION • The degree of isolation an ethnic group experiences in a new home helps determine whether traditional traits will be retained, modified, abandoned, or even adopted by the host culture. • If the new settlement area is remote and contacts with outsiders are few, diffusion of traits from the sending area is more likely. • Isolated ethnic groups often preserve in archaic form cultural elements that disappear from their ancestral country; they may, in some respects, change less than their kinfolk back in the mother country. 5.3 GLOBALIZATION A LONG VIEW OF RACE AND ETHNICITY • Long-standing cohesion through shared language, religion, or ethnicity provides group members with the perception of a common history and shared destiny. • Occupying a minority religious, linguistic, or ethnic position can expose a group to persecution. RACE AND EUROPEAN COLONIZATION • Europe’s colonization of vast territories was predicated on the drawing of sharp distinctions between the colonizers and the colonized – often depicted in racial terms. • European colonialism frequently drew on existing ethnic and racial cleavages in colonized societies (e.g., Tutsis and Hutus in Rwanda). Genocide: The systematic killing of a racial, ethnic, religious, or linguistic group. FIGURE 5.19 Rwandan genocide. These skulls are the remains of some 500,000 to 1,000,000 Tutsis, and their Hutu sympathizers, who were massacred over a period of four months in 1994 by Hutu militias. (Joe McNally/Contributor/Getty Images.) INDIGENOUS AND MINORITY IDENTITIES IN THE FACE OF GLOBALIZATION • Exposure to U.S.-based cultural practices is thought to encourage people to shed their distinctive ways in favor of adopting a homogeneous modern, Westernized culture. • Late in the 20th century, however, an ethnic resurgence became evident in many countries around the world. • Many ethnic groups and their geographical territories have become bulwarks of resistance to globalization. FIGURE 5.21 Japanese Brazilians. These girls, who are of Japanese ancestry, attend a traditional Japanese day of the dead ceremony in Registro, Brazil. Registro is home to one of the oldest Japanese Brazilian communities. (Yasuyoshi Chiba/AFP/Getty Images.) 5.4 NATURE–CULTURE CULTURAL PREADAPTATION Cultural preadaptation: A complex of adaptive traits and skills possessed in advance of migration by a group, giving it survival ability and competitive advantage in occupying the new environment. • Most often, preadaptation occurs in groups migrating to a place that is environmentally similar to the one they left behind (e.g., Cubans in south Florida – tropical savanna climate like Cuba). CULTURAL MALADAPTATION • Immigrants tend to perceive the ecosystem of their new home as more like that of their abandoned native land than is actually the case. Cultural maladaptation: Poor or inadequate adaptation that occurs when a group pursues an adaptive strategy that, in the short run, fails to provide the necessities of life or, in the long run, destroys the environment that nourishes it. HABITAT AND THE PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCE • Certain habitats may act to shelter and protect ethnically or racially distinct populations. • Mountainous regions, such as the Caucasus, can provide shelter. • Islands can also provide shelter (e.g., the coastal islands of South Carolina, Georgia, and north Florida and the Gullah culture). FIGURE 5.22 Ethnic pluralities in the Caucasus. The Caucasus Mountains, located in Southwest Asia, are home to one of the world’s most ethnically diverse populations. They are also the site of much ethnically based conflict. Because ethnic territories often overlap, this map depicts pluralities. The populations shown comprise at least 40 percent of that place’s ethnic population and in most cases also constitute a majority population, although some of the more heterogeneous areas have no dominant ethnic population. The racialized term Caucasian is derived from this area’s name, although, in fact, it has little to do with the people actually living in the region. (Source: Adapted from O’Loughlin et al., 2007.) ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM Environmental racism: The targeting of areas where ethnic or racial minorities, immigrants, and/or poor people live with respect to environmental contamination or failure to enforce environmental regulations. • In spatial terms, being poor frequently equals having the last and worst choice of where to live. • In the United States, Hispanics, Native Americans, blacks, and poor people of all races are more likely than wealthier whites to reside in places where toxic wastes are dumped, polluting industries are located, or environmental legislation is not enforced. FIGURE 5.24 Industrial air pollution and minority neighborhoods. This figure maps the locations of TRI (Toxic Release Inventory) facilities with active air pollution releases in the San Francisco Bay Area, relative to the proportion of residences of people of color. The map clearly shows the close coincidence in space between activities harmful to human health and neighborhoods where one-third or more of the population is Black, Latino, or Asian. In this example, mapping is used to promote environmental social justice. FIGURE 5.25 Air pollution and environmental racism. African American and Latino populations are far more likely to live less than 1 mile away from toxic release sites in the San Francisco Bay area. White and Asian populations, by contrast, are more likely to live 2.5 miles or more from these same sites of air pollution emissions. (Source: Pastor, Morello-Frosch, and Sadd, 2010.) 5.5 CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ETHNIC FLAGS Ethnic flag: A readily visible marker of ethnicity on the landscape. • Ethnic and racialized landscapes often differ from mainstream landscapes in the styles of traditional architecture, in the patterns of surveying the land, in the distribution of houses and other buildings, and in the degree to which they “humanize” the land. • Sometimes the distinctive markers of race and ethnicity are not visible at all but rather are audible, tactile, olfactory, or tasty. FIGURE 5.26 An “ethnic flag” in the cultural landscape. This maize granary, called a cuezcomatl, is unique to the indigenous population of Tlaxcala state, Mexico. The structure holds shelled maize. In Mexico, even the cultivation of maize long remained an indigenous trait because the Spaniards preferred wheat. (Ryan Watkins/Photographer’s Direct.) URBAN ETHNIC LANDSCAPES • Ethnic cultural landscapes often appear in urban settings. • Color can connote and reveal ethnicity to the trained eye (e.g., green for Islam, blue for Greek, red for Chinese). • Urban ethnic and racial landscapes are visible in cities across the world. This is true even when urban planners try their best to prevent the emergence of such landscapes (e.g., Brasília, Brazil). FIGURE 5.27 Mexican American mural located in San Francisco’s Mission District, a working-class Mexican and Central American immigrant neighborhood. (Gabriel Bouys/AFP/Getty Images.) FIGURE 5.29 Ethnic storefront in Coney Island, New York. The liberal use of the color green in this storefront design might indicate an Islamic presence. Indeed, this is a Pakistani ethnic grocery. (© David Grossman/Alamy.) THE RE-CREATION OF ETHNIC CULTURAL LANDSCAPES • Ethnic groups may choose to relocate to places that remind them of their old homelands. • Once there, they set about re-creating some of their particular landscapes in their new homes. • Expressions of ethnicity on the landscape are fluid and ever-changing. FIGURE 5.31 Restaurant in Little Havana, Miami. How many different national groups can you identify in this restaurant façade? (Courtesy of Patricia L. Price.) ETHNIC CULINARY LANDSCAPES Foodways: Customary behaviors associated with food preparation and consumption. • “Tell me what you eat, and I’ll tell you who you are.” • Food is a sensitive indicator of identity and change. • Cultural geographer Richard Pillsbury famously quipped that America has no foreign food because we have accepted every possible foreign cuisine and made it our own. FIGURE 5.33 Market in Chinatown, New York City. Grocery stores selling distinctive produce items are one of the most visible landscape markers of an ethnic presence. Here, spiny fruits called durian, also known as “stinky fruit,” hang from bags. Durian is sometimes banned from public places in its native Asia because of its pungent smell. (AP Photo/Kathy Willens.)
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The role of race
Race is the biological traits in a person or group of people that makes the society to treat
them differently. It is mainly in terms of physical features of their bodies and their culture
believes which make up race (Gordon & Myron, 2016). In this video, the young man appears to
be discriminated against in different occasions due to his race. He has a strong will to succeed
regardless of what the cost would be. Race plays various roles such as being a motivation factor
from his parents to rise up and beat the odds. His father says that he wants the best education for
his son. He also seems to have prepared his boy to tolerate racism when it comes and this makes
the boy overcome the challenge as he explains that he expected it.
Racial micro-aggressions
Some of the events that come out clearly in the video depicting the racial microaggressions that the boy suffered include various instances of demeaning occurrences from his
teachers and students around him,. For instance, his history teacher fails him in the paper despite
his father being confident that he should have done better. Students also keep asking him if he
was poor or rich and this shows that the general mentality about black students is that they come

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from poor families. He also gets two suspensions for offenses he probably did not do. He is
accused of hitting another student called Sam and when he denies it, he’s also suspended for not
admitting. His basketball friends tell him that he speaks like a white child and all these instances
show that the society has a particular set of standards for the people of color.
Code-switching
Code switching in the scenario is shown in the event that the boy is seen to speak as if he
belonged to a different race. This shows that dues to the interaction with children from the white
community, he developed their code of speaking. On the other count, his general life does not
exhibit the character of a black child (Fouad, Nadya & Brown, 2015). As he grown through the
thirteen years captured in the story, he manages to balance his life and stays committed to his
studies. Most people would expect some characters associated with black people such as drugs,
hip-hop and crime. Finally, it is also a surprise that a black teacher with dreadlocks is employed
as to teach English in a white population dominated school. The ideal thoughtful would be; ‘what
lesson is there to learn from the story and what can be done to motivate children to work hard
and to beat the race challenges?’
3-2-1
This chapter has important lessons especially about social life and minority theories. For
instance, the possibility of beating the challenges is there and could be the key to ones success.
The second lesson is that environmental; racism could happen to anyone whereby one would be
forced on where to live by their level of income. Looking at what environmental racism is, the
boy fits into the scenario due to the fact that his family lives in a low end area of a wealthy

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region. Lastly, diversity cannot be avoided. There will always be different perceptions about
different groups of people but what matters is how each individual deals with it. Acceptance and
self discovery is more import...


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