Description
my pico is: In adults with type II diabetes aged 18-60 who are mobile phone users, will the use of a health application to monitor food intake and exercise improve their A1C compared to traditional diabetic classes?
you began the journey towards the Evidence-Based Project, which will be completed at the end of your clinical courses with the creation of your PICO question. You began by writing an evidence-based paper explaining the significance of the problem and discussed the Theoretical Model that you will use for your research. In this course, you will continue your literature review by searching databases for high-level studies (Level I or II) such as systematic reviews, rather than summary articles.This paper must be submitted in 7th edition APA format. No exceptions. You are to use the 7th edition Student Paper format. You can refer to your APA manual for examples of this particular paper. This is a scholarly paper and should be written as such.
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1
Type II Diabetes Management
Student’s Name(s)
Institutional Affiliation(s)
Course Details
Instructor’s Name(s)
Date
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Type II Diabetes Management
Introduction: Background and Significance of the Problem
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) results from an array of dysfunctions, including the resistance
to the action of insulin or its insufficient secretion, including inappropriate secretion of
glucagon, a hormone responsible for blood glucose regulation. It is essential to acknowledge
that managing T2D is an integral concern to heighten patient safety and alleviate the risk of
T2D-related complications. Based on an array of risks associated with T2D, effective
management requires centering the patient’s interests, including their desires and abilities,
and involvement in the decision-making process. Unsuccessful glycemic control among
patients with T2D is associated with long-term complications such as nephropathy and
retinopathy, blood vessel constriction, and cardiovascular problems. These outcomes are
related to unhealthy dietary plans, physical inactivity, and issues such as non-adherence to
medications and irregular blood glucose monitoring (Pamungkas et al., 2017). As a result, as
the American Diabetes Association (ADA) presents, Diabetes self-management education
(DSME) is a fundamental approach to encouraging self-care behaviors, essential in recovery.
The interest in self-management among patients with type 2 diabetes continues to
heighten with the use of technology in healthcare. Traditionally, T2D patients attend diabetic
classes to monitor food intake and exercise to enhance their A1C results. With technological
advancement, using a health application is integral to improving self-management. Self-care
practices intend to enhance efficiency in glycaemic control and are essential for practitioners
to improve outcomes and enhance the quality of care. The PICO of interest is, in adults with
type II diabetes aged 18-60 who are mobile phone users, will using a health application to
monitor food intake and exercise improve their A1C compared to traditional diabetic classes?
Search Strategies and Level of Evidence
3
A comprehensive examination of sources was carried out for this project, providing a
piece of high-quality evidence applicable in practice. Four databases CINAHL, PubMed
Central, and PubMed, were evaluated for relevant articles, which are fundamental and highquality sources for nursing and medical-related research, confirming their usefulness for this
research. The search terms included “type 2 diabetes,” “self-management,” and “Type 2
Diabetes AND Health applications.
Standard inclusion and exclusion criteria were used for each database to obtain the
final selections. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines and the Winona State
University’s EBP toolkit (https://libguides.winona.edu/ebptoolkit/Levels-Evidence) were
used in determining the studies to incorporate in the review. The criteria for inclusion include
a selection of studies that incorporate T2D patients as participants, T2D and self-management
as the core concepts, and healthcare context. Furthermore, types of sources were an integral
approach to inclusion. Only studies under Level I and Level II, including systematic reviews
of RCTs (randomized controlled trials) and RCTs, were included in this review.
Additionally, only studies conducted in the last five years were included in the review.
Studies conducted past five years were primarily excluded in this project, mainly to ensure
the acquisition of current and up-to-date information. Additionally, types of designs not under
the level I and II in the hierarchy of evidence, including qualitative studies controls without
randomization, single studies, etc., were excluded from the study.
Notably, 45, 280, and 200 articles were generated from CINAHL, PubMed Central,
and PubMed, respectively. A total of 15 full-text publications meeting the eligibility were
identified, from which only two from each database were selected based. These six articles
were selected based on newness or the latest year of publication. A universal finding from
these studies is that T2D patients attained better glycemic control, alongside other outcomes
such as increased physical activity, adherence to medication, and healthy dietary habits.
4
Literature Review
Numerous studies provide consistent evidence affirming the efficiency of the health
applications in enhancing health outcomes among patients with T2D. Lim et al. (2021)
ascertain that lifestyle interventions are necessary for diabetes management, using the
smartphone apps to manage schedules for dietary and exercise alongside the health data. Lim
et al. (2021) affirm that the findings of the study confirm that smartphone-based lifestyle
intervention is more effective or successful in weight management and glycemic control for
T2...