PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
PowerPoint Image Slideshow
FIGURE 1.1
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. (credit "background": modification of work by Nattachai
Noogure; credit "top left": modification of work by U.S. Navy; credit "top middle-left": modification of work by Peter
Shanks; credit "top middle-right": modification of work by "devinf"/Flickr; credit "top right": modification of work by
Alejandra Quintero Sinisterra; credit "bottom left": modification of work by Gabriel Rocha; credit "bottom middle-left”:
modification of work by Caleb Roenigk; credit "bottom middle-right": modification of work by Staffan Scherz; credit
"bottom right": modification of work by Czech Provincial Reconstruction Team)
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FIGURE 1.2
Antonio Canova's sculpture depicts Eros and Psyche.
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FIGURE 1.3
(a) Wilhelm Wundt is credited as one of the founders of psychology. He created the
first laboratory for psychological research.
(b) This photo shows him seated and surrounded by fellow researchers and equipment
in his laboratory in Germany.
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FIGURE 1.4
William James, shown here in a selfportrait, was the first American
psychologist.
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FIGURE 1.5
(a) Sigmund Freud was a highly influential figure in the history of psychology.
(b) One of his many books, A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis, shared his ideas
about psychoanalytical therapy; it was published in 1922.
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FIGURE 1.6
John B. Watson is known as the father of
behaviorism within psychology.
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FIGURE 1.7
(a) B. F. Skinner is famous for his research on operant conditioning.
(b) Modified versions of the operant conditioning chamber, or Skinner box, are still
widely used in research settings today. (credit a: modification of work by "Silly
rabbit"/Wikimedia Commons)
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FIGURE 1.8
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is shown.
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FIGURE 1.9
Carl Rogers, shown in this portrait,
developed a client-centered therapy
method that has been influential in
clinical settings. (credit:
"Didius"/Wikimedia Commons)
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FIGURE 1.10
Noam Chomsky was very influential in beginning the cognitive revolution. In 2010, this
mural honoring him was put up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (credit: Robert Moran)
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FIGURE 1.11
Biological psychologists study how the structure and function of the nervous system
generate behavior.
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FIGURE 1.12
When you look at this image, you may see a duck or a rabbit. The sensory information
remains the same, but your perception can vary dramatically.
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FIGURE 1.13
Jean Piaget is famous for his theories
regarding changes in cognitive ability that
occur as we move from infancy to
adulthood.
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FIGURE 1.14
Each of the dimensions of the Five
Factor model is shown in this figure. The
provided description would describe
someone who scored highly on that
given dimension. Someone with a lower
score on a given dimension could be
described in opposite terms.
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FIGURE 1.15
Stanley Milgram’s research
demonstrated just how far people will go
in obeying orders from an authority
figure. This advertisement was used to
recruit subjects for his research.
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FIGURE 1.16
The biopsychosocial model suggests that health/illness is determined by an interaction
of these three factors.
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FIGURE 1.17
Cognitive-behavioral therapists take cognitive processes and behaviors into account
when providing psychotherapy. This is one of several strategies that may be used by
practicing clinical psychologists.
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FIGURE 1.18
Doctoral degrees are generally conferred in formal ceremonies involving special attire
and rites. (credit: Public Affairs Office Fort Wainwright)
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FIGURE 1.19
Individuals earning a PhD in psychology have a range of employment options.
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PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 2 PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
PowerPoint Image Slideshow
FIGURE 2.1
How does television content impact children’s behavior? (credit: modification of work by
“antisocialtory”/Flickr)
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FIGURE 2.2
Some of our ancestors, across the world and over the centuries, believed that
trephination—the practice of making a hole in the skull, as shown here—allowed evil
spirits to leave the body, thus, curing mental illness and other disorders. (credit:
“taiproject”/Flickr)
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FIGURE 2.3
The D.A.R.E. program continues to be popular in schools around the world despite
research suggesting that it is ineffective.
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FIGURE 2.4
Psychological research relies on both inductive and deductive reasoning.
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FIGURE 2.5
The scientific method of research includes proposing hypotheses, conducting research,
and creating or modifying theories based on results.
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FIGURE 2.6
Many of the specifics of (a) Freud's theories, such as (b) his division of the mind into id,
ego, and superego, have fallen out of favor in recent decades because they are not
falsifiable. In broader strokes, his views set the stage for much of psychological thinking
today, such as the unconscious nature of the majority of psychological processes.
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FIGURE 2.7
Seeing a police car behind you would probably affect your driving behavior. (credit:
Michael Gil)
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FIGURE 2.8
(a) Jane Goodall made a career of conducting naturalistic observations of
(b) chimpanzee behavior. (credit “Jane Goodall”: modification of work by Erik Hersman;
“chimpanzee”: modification of work by “Afrika Force”/Flickr.com)
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FIGURE 2.9
Surveys can be administered in a number of ways, including electronically administered
research, like the survey shown here. (credit: Robert Nyman)
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FIGURE 2.10
A researcher doing archival research examines records, whether archived as a (a)
hardcopy or (b) electronically. (credit “paper files”: modification of work by “Newtown
graffiti”/Flickr; “computer”: modification of work by INPIVIC Family/Flickr)
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FIGURE 2.11
Longitudinal research like the CPS-3 help us to better understand how smoking is
associated with cancer and other diseases. (credit: CDC/Debora Cartagena)
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FIGURE 2.12
Scatterplots are a graphical view of the strength and direction of correlations. The stronger
the correlation, the closer the data points are to a straight line. In these examples, we see
that there is (a) a positive correlation between weight and height, (b) a negative correlation
between tiredness and hours of sleep, and (c) no correlation between shoe size and hours of
sleep.
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FIGURE 2.13
Does eating cereal really cause someone to be a healthy weight? (credit: Tim Skillern)
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FIGURE 2.14
Many people believe that a full moon makes people behave oddly. (credit: Cory Zanker)
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FIGURE 2.15
Seeing behavior like this right after a
child watches violent television
programming might lead you to
hypothesize that viewing violent
television programming leads to an
increase in the display of violent
behaviors. (credit: Emran Kassim)
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FIGURE 2.16
Providing the control group with a placebo treatment protects against bias caused by
expectancy. (credit: Elaine and Arthur Shapiro)
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FIGURE 2.17
In an experiment, manipulations of the independent variable are expected to result in
changes in the dependent variable. (credit “automatic weapon”: modification of work by
Daniel Oines; credit “toy gun”: modification of work by Emran Kassim)
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FIGURE 2.18
Researchers may work with (a) a large population or (b) a sample group that is a
subset of the larger population. (credit “crowd”: modification of work by James Cridland;
credit “students”: modification of work by Laurie Sullivan)
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FIGURE 2.19
Some people still think vaccinations
cause autism. (credit: modification of
work by UNICEF Sverige)
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FIGURE 2.20
An institution’s IRB meets regularly to review experimental proposals that involve
human participants. (credit: modification of work by Lowndes Area Knowledge
Exchange (LAKE)/Flickr)
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FIGURE 2.21
A participant in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study receives an injection.
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FIGURE 2.22
Rats, like the one shown here, often serve as the subjects of animal research.
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PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 3 BIOPSYCHOLOGY
PowerPoint Image Slideshow
FIGURE 3.1
Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the
human brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed
tomography), and fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) are three types of scans. (credit
“left”: modification of work by Health and Human Services Department, National Institutes of Health;
credit “center”: modification of work by “Aceofhearts1968”/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”:
modification of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
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FIGURE 3.2
Normal blood cells travel freely through the blood vessels, while sickle-shaped cells
form blockages preventing blood flow.
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FIGURE 3.3
(a) In 1859, Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution by natural selection in his
book, On the Origin of Species.
(b) The book contains just one illustration: this diagram that shows how species evolve
over time through natural selection.
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FIGURE 3.4
(a) Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual based on the genetic material (DNA)
inherited from one’s parents.
(b) Phenotype describes an individual’s observable characteristics, such as hair color, skin color,
height, and build. (credit a: modification of work by Caroline Davis; credit b: modification of work
by Cory Zanker)
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FIGURE 3.5
(a) A Punnett square is a tool used to predict how genes will interact in the production of offspring. The
capital B represents the dominant allele, and the lowercase b represents the recessive allele. In the
example of the cleft chin, where B is cleft chin (dominant allele), wherever a pair contains the dominant
allele, B, you can expect a cleft chin phenotype. You can expect a smooth chin phenotype only when
there are two copies of the recessive allele, bb.
(b)
A cleft chin, shown here, is an inherited trait.
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FIGURE 3.6
In this Punnett square, N represents the normal allele, and p represents the recessive
allele that is associated with PKU. If two individuals mate who are both heterozygous
for the allele associated with PKU, their offspring have a 25% chance of expressing the
PKU phenotype.
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FIGURE 3.7
Nature and nurture work together like complex pieces of a human puzzle. The
interaction of our environment and genes makes us the individuals we are. (credit
“puzzle”: modification of work by Cory Zanker; credit “houses”: modification of work by
Ben Salter; credit “DNA”: modification of work by NHGRI)
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FIGURE 3.8
This illustration shows a prototypical neuron, which is being myelinated.
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FIGURE 3.9
(a) The synapse is the space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.
(b) In this pseudo-colored image from a scanning electron microscope, a terminal button (green) has been
opened to reveal the synaptic vesicles (orange and blue) inside. Each vesicle contains about 10,000
neurotransmitter molecules. (credit b: modification of work by Tina Carvalho, NIH-NIGMS; scale-bar data
from Matt Russell)
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FIGURE 3.10
At resting potential, Na+ (blue pentagons) is more highly concentrated outside the cell in the
extracellular fluid (shown in blue), whereas K+ (purple squares) is more highly concentrated
near the membrane in the cytoplasm or intracellular fluid. Other molecules, such as chloride
ions (yellow circles) and negatively charged proteins (brown squares), help contribute to a
positive net charge in the extracellular fluid and a negative net charge in the intracellular fluid.
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FIGURE 3.11
During the action potential, the electrical charge across the membrane changes
dramatically.
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FIGURE 3.12
Reuptake involves moving a neurotransmitter from the synapse back into the axon
terminal from which it was released.
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FIGURE 3.13
The nervous system is divided into two major parts:
(a) the Central Nervous System and
(b) the Peripheral Nervous System.
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FIGURE 3.14
The sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions of the autonomic nervous
system have the opposite effects on
various systems.
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FIGURE 3.15
The surface of the brain is covered with gyri and sulci. A deep sulcus is called a fissure,
such as the longitudinal fissure that divides the brain into left and right hemispheres.
(credit: modification of work by Bruce Blaus)
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FIGURE 3.16
(a, b) The corpus callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain. (c) A
scientist spreads this dissected sheep brain apart to show the corpus callosum
between the hemispheres. (credit c: modification of work by Aaron Bornstein)
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FIGURE 3.17
The brain and its parts can be divided into three main categories: the forebrain,
midbrain, and hindbrain.
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FIGURE 3.18
The lobes of the brain are shown.
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FIGURE 3.19
(a) Phineas Gage holds the iron rod that penetrated his skull in an 1848 railroad construction
accident.
(b) Gage’s prefrontal cortex was severely damaged in the left hemisphere. The rod entered Gage’s
face on the left side, passed behind his eye, and exited through the top of his skull, before
landing about 80 feet away. (credit a: modification of work by Jack and Beverly Wilgus)
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FIGURE 3.20
Spatial relationships in the body are mirrored in the organization of the somatosensory
cortex.
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FIGURE 3.21
Damage to either Broca’s area or Wernicke’s area can result in language deficits. The
types of deficits are very different, however, depending on which area is affected.
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FIGURE 3.22
The thalamus serves as the relay center of the brain where most senses are routed for
processing.
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FIGURE 3.23
The limbic system is involved in mediating emotional response and memory.
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FIGURE 3.24
The substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are located in the midbrain.
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FIGURE 3.25
The pons, medulla, and cerebellum make up the hindbrain.
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FIGURE 3.26
A CT scan can be used to show brain tumors. (a) The image on the left shows a
healthy brain, whereas (b) the image on the right indicates a brain tumor in the left
frontal lobe. (credit a: modification of work by “Aceofhearts1968”/Wikimedia Commons;
credit b: modification of work by Roland Schmitt et al)
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FIGURE 3.27
A PET scan is helpful for showing activity
in different parts of the brain. (credit:
Health and Human Services Department,
National Institutes of Health)
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FIGURE 3.28
An fMRI shows activity in the brain over
time. This image represents a single
frame from an fMRI. (credit: modification
of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
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FIGURE 3.29
Using caps with electrodes, modern EEG research can study the precise timing of
overall brain activities. (credit: SMI Eye Tracking)
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FIGURE 3.30
The major glands of the endocrine system are shown.
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PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 4 STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS
PowerPoint Image Slideshow
FIGURE 4.1
Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. Two
sleeping children are depicted in this 1895 oil painting titled Zwei schlafende Mädchen
auf der Ofenbank, which translates as “two sleeping girls on the stove,” by Swiss
painter Albert Anker.)
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FIGURE 4.2
This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group
of eight young men. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the
afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early
morning hours.
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FIGURE 4.3
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brain’s clock mechanism. The clock
sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina.
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FIGURE 4.4
Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people
maintain a regular circadian cycle. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or
for people affected by seasonal variations in light.
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FIGURE 4.5
This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. While
cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively
impacted by lack of sleep. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Häggström)
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FIGURE 4.6
This is a segment of a polysonograph (PSG), a recording of several physical variables during sleep.
The x-axis shows passage of time in seconds; this record includes 30 seconds of data. The location
of the sets of electrode that produced each signal is labeled on the y-axis. The red box
encompasses EEG output, and the waveforms are characteristic of a specific stage of sleep. Other
curves show other sleep-related data, such as body temperature, muscle activity, and heartbeat.
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FIGURE 4.7
The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep.
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FIGURE 4.8
Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. (credit
“sleeping”: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi)
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FIGURE 4.9
Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep.
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FIGURE 4.10
Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and Kcomplexes.
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FIGURE 4.11
(a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize
(b) low-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep.
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FIGURE 4.12
(a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. The brain
waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to
those seen (b) during wakefulness.
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FIGURE 4.13
A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep.
This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of
sleep.
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FIGURE 4.14
(a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head
with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth.
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FIGURE 4.15
The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors
associated with SIDS. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of
Child Health and Human Development.
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FIGURE 4.16
This figure illustrates various drug
categories and overlap among them.
(credit: modification of work by Derrick
Snider)
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FIGURE 4.17
The GABA-gated chloride (Cl-) channel is embedded in the cell membrane of certain neurons. The
channel has multiple receptor sites where alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines bind to exert their
effects. The binding of these molecules opens the chloride channel, allowing negatively-charged
chloride ions (Cl-) into the neuron's cell body. Changing its charge in a negative direction pushes the
neuron away from firing; thus, activating a GABA neuron has a quieting effect on the brain.
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FIGURE 4.18
Crack rocks like these are smoked to achieve a high. Compared with other routes of
administration, smoking a drug allows it to enter the brain more rapidly, which can often
enhance the user’s experience. (credit: modification of work by U.S. Department of
Justice)
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FIGURE 4.19
As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of
dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell.
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FIGURE 4.20
(a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle
exchange kit.
(b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. (credit a: modification of work by Todd
Huffman)
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FIGURE 4.21
Psychedelic images like these are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds.
(credit: modification of work by “new 1lluminati”/Flickr)
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FIGURE 4.22
Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United
States.(credit: Laurie Avocado)
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FIGURE 4.23
Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led
to some widely-held misconceptions.
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FIGURE 4.24
(a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions
of which meditation plays a part.
(b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. (credit
a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk)
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PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 5 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
PowerPoint Image Slideshow
FIGURE 5.1
If you were standing in the midst of this street scene, you would be absorbing and
processing numerous pieces of sensory input. (credit: modification of work by Cory
Zanker)
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FIGURE 5.2
Nearly one third of participants in a study did not notice that a red cross passed on the
screen because their attention was focused on the black or white figures. (credit: Cory
Zanker)
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FIGURE 5.3
In the Müller-Lyer illusion, lines appear to be different lengths although they are identical.
(a) Arrows at the ends of lines may make the line on the right appear longer, although the lines are the same
length.
(b) When applied to a three-dimensional image, the line on the right again may appear longer although both
black lines are the same length.
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FIGURE 5.4
The amplitude or height of a wave is measured from the peak to the trough. The
wavelength is measured from peak to peak.
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FIGURE 5.5
This figure illustrates waves of differing wavelengths/frequencies. At the top of the
figure, the red wave has a long wavelength/short frequency. Moving from top to bottom,
the wavelengths decrease and frequencies increase.
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FIGURE 5.6
Light that is visible to humans makes up only a small portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
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FIGURE 5.7
Different wavelengths of light are associated with our perception of different colors.
(credit: modification of work by Johannes Ahlmann)
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FIGURE 5.8
This figure illustrates the loudness of common sounds. (credit “planes”: modification of work
by Max Pfandl; credit “crowd”: modification of work by Christian Holmér; credit “blender”:
modification of work by Jo Brodie; credit “car”: modification of work by NRMA New
Cars/Flickr; credit “talking”: modification of work by Joi Ito; credit “leaves”: modification of
work by Aurelijus Valeiša)
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FIGURE 5.9
Our eyes take in sensory information that helps us understand the world around us. (credit “top left”:
modification of work by “rajkumar1220”/Flickr”; credit “top right”: modification of work by Thomas
Leuthard; credit “middle left”: modification of work by Demietrich Baker; credit “middle right”:
modification of work by “kaybee07”/Flickr; credit “bottom left”: modification of work by
“Isengardt”/Flickr; credit “bottom right”: modification of work by Willem Heerbaart)
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FIGURE 5.10
The anatomy of the eye is illustrated in this diagram.
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FIGURE 5.11
The two types of photoreceptors are shown in this image. Rods are colored green and
cones are blue.
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FIGURE 5.12
This illustration shows the optic chiasm at the front of the brain and the pathways to the
occipital lobe at the back of the brain, where visual sensations are processed into
meaningful perceptions.
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FIGURE 5.13
This figure illustrates the different sensitivities for the three cone types found in a
normal-sighted individual. (credit: modification of work by Vanessa Ezekowitz)
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FIGURE 5.14
Stare at the white dot for 30–60 seconds and then move your eyes to a blank piece of
white paper. What do you see? This is known as a negative afterimage, and it provides
empirical support for the opponent-process theory of color vision.
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FIGURE 5.15
We perceive depth in a two-dimensional figure like this one through the use of
monocular cues like linear perspective, like the parallel lines converging as the road
narrows in the distance. (credit: Marc Dalmulder)
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FIGURE 5.16
The ear is divided into outer (pinna and tympanic membrane), middle (the three
ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes), and inner (cochlea and basilar membrane)
divisions.
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FIGURE 5.17
Localizing sound involves the use of both monaural and binaural cues. (credit “plane”:
modification of work by Max Pfandl)
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FIGURE 5.18
Environmental factors that can lead to conductive hearing loss include regular exposure
to loud music or construction equipment. (a) Rock musicians and (b) construction
workers are at risk for this type of hearing loss. (credit a: modification of work by Kenny
Sun; credit b: modification of work by Nick Allen)
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FIGURE 5.19
(a) Taste buds are composed of a number of individual taste receptors cells that
transmit information to nerves.
(b) This micrograph shows a close-up view of the tongue’s surface. (credit a:
modification of work by Jonas Töle; credit b: scale-bar data from Matt Russell)
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FIGURE 5.20
Olfactory receptors are the hair-like parts that extend from the olfactory bulb into the
mucous membrane of the nasal cavity.
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FIGURE 5.21
There are many types of sensory receptors located in the skin, each attuned to specific
touch-related stimuli.
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FIGURE 5.22
The major sensory organs of the vestibular system are located next to the cochlea in
the inner ear. These include the utricle, saccule, and the three semicircular canals
(posterior, superior, and horizontal).
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FIGURE 5.23
The concept of figure-ground relationship explains why this image can be perceived
either as a vase or as a pair of faces.
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FIGURE 5.24
The Gestalt principle of proximity suggests that you see (a) one block of dots on the left
side and (b) three columns on the right side.
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FIGURE 5.25
When looking at this array of dots, we likely perceive alternating rows of colors. We are
grouping these dots according to the principle of similarity.
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FIGURE 5.26
Good continuation would suggest that we are more likely to perceive this as two
overlapping lines, rather than four lines meeting in the center.
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FIGURE 5.27
Closure suggests that we will perceive a complete circle and rectangle rather than a
series of segments.
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FIGURE 5.28
Take a look at the following figure. How might you influence whether people see a duck
or a rabbit?
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PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 8 MEMORY
PowerPoint Image Slideshow
FIGURE 8.1
Photographs can trigger our memories and bring past experiences back to life. (credit:
modification of work by Cory Zanker)
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FIGURE 8.2
Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. Storage is the
retention of the encoded information. Retrieval, or getting the information out of
memory and back into awareness, is the third function.
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FIGURE 8.3
When you first learn new skills such as driving a car, you have to put forth effort and
attention to encode information about how to start a car, how to brake, how to handle a
turn, and so on. Once you know how to drive, you can encode additional information
about this skill automatically. (credit: Robert Couse-Baker)
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FIGURE 8.4
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, information passes through three
distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory.
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FIGURE 8.5
The Stroop effect describes why it is difficult for us to name a color when the word and
the color of the word are different.
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FIGURE 8.6
Work through this series of numbers using the recall exercise explained above to
determine the longest string of digits that you can store.
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FIGURE 8.7
There are two components of long-term memory: explicit and implicit. Explicit memory
includes episodic and semantic memory. Implicit memory includes procedural memory
and things learned through conditioning.
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FIGURE 8.8
Marilu Henner’s super autobiographical memory is known as hyperthymesia. (credit:
Mark Richardson)
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FIGURE 8.9
The amygdala is involved in fear and fear memories. The hippocampus is associated
with declarative and episodic memory as well as recognition memory. The cerebellum
plays a role in processing procedural memories, such as how to play the piano. The
prefrontal cortex appears to be involved in remembering semantic tasks.
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FIGURE 8.10
Most people can remember where they were when they first heard about the 9/11
terrorist attacks. This is an example of a flashbulb memory: a record of an atypical and
unusual event that has very strong emotional associations. (credit: Michael Foran)
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FIGURE 8.11
This diagram illustrates the timeline of retrograde and anterograde amnesia. Memory
problems that extend back in time before the injury and prevent retrieval of information
previously stored in long-term memory are known as retrograde amnesia. Conversely,
memory problems that extend forward in time from the point of injury and prevent the
formation of new memories are called anterograde amnesia.
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FIGURE 8.12
In studying cases where DNA evidence has exonerated people from crimes, the
Innocence Project discovered that eyewitness misidentification is the leading cause of
wrongful convictions (Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, 2009).
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FIGURE 8.13
When people are asked leading questions about an event, their memory of the event
may be altered. (credit a: modification of work by Rob Young)
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FIGURE 8.14
Can you tell which coin, (a) , (b) , (c) , or (d) is the accurate depiction of a US nickel?
The correct answer is (c).
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FIGURE 8.15
The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve shows how quickly memory for new information
decays.
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FIGURE 8.16
Blocking is also known as tip-of-thetongue (TOT) phenomenon. The memory
is right there, but you can’t seem to recall
it, just like not being able to remember
the name of that very famous actor,
Morgan Freeman. (credit: modification of
work by D. Miller)
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FIGURE 8.17
Many veterans of military conflicts involuntarily recall unwanted, unpleasant memories.
(credit: Department of Defense photo by U.S. Air Force Tech. Sgt. Michael R.
Holzworth)
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FIGURE 8.18
Sometimes forgetting is caused by a failure to retrieve information. This can be due to
interference, either retroactive or proactive.
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FIGURE 8.19
This is a knuckle mnemonic to help you remember the number of days in each month.
Months with 31days are represented by the protruding knuckles and shorter months fall
in the spots between knuckles. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)
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FIGURE 8.20
Memory techniques can be useful when studying for class. (credit: Barry Pousman)
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PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 9 LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT
PowerPoint Image Slideshow
FIGURE 9.1
How have you changed since childhood? How are you the same? What will your life be
like 25 years from now? Fifty years from now? Lifespan development studies how you
change as well as how you remain the same over the course of your life. (credit:
modification of work by Giles Cook)
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FIGURE 9.2
The concept of continuous development can be visualized as a smooth slope of
progression, whereas discontinuous development sees growth in more discrete stages.
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FIGURE 9.3
All children across the world love to play. Whether in (a) Florida or (b) South Africa,
children enjoy exploring sand, sunshine, and the sea. (credit a: modification of work by
“Visit St. Pete/Clearwater”/Flickr; credit b: modification of work by “stringer_bel”/Flickr)
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FIGURE 9.4
Erik Erikson proposed the psychosocial
theory of development. In each stage of
Erikson’s theory, there is a psychosocial
task that we must master in order to feel
a sense of competence.
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FIGURE 9.5
Jean Piaget spent over 50 years studying
children and how their minds develop.
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FIGURE 9.6
Kohlberg identified three levels of moral reasoning: pre-conventional, conventional, and
post-conventional: Each level is associated with increasingly complex stages of moral
development.
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FIGURE 9.7
Sperm and ovum fuse at the point of conception.
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FIGURE 9.8
During the fetal stage, the baby's brain develops and the body adds size and weight,
until the fetus reaches full-term development.
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FIGURE 9.9
A pregnant woman receives an ultrasound as part of her prenatal care. (credit: United
States Agency for International Development)
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FIGURE 9.10
Children experience rapid physical changes through infancy and early childhood. (credit
“left”: modification of work by Kerry Ceszyk; credit “middle-left”: modification of work by
Kristi Fausel; credit “middle-right”: modification of work by “devinf”/Flickr; credit “right”:
modification of work by Rose Spielman)
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FIGURE 9.11
In Baillargeon’s study, infants observed a truck (a) roll down an unobstructed track, (b)
roll down an unobstructed track with an obstruction (box) beside it, and (c) roll down
and pass through what appeared to be an obstruction.
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FIGURE 9.12
Because they understand luck and fairness, children in middle and late childhood (6–11
years old) are able to follow rules for games. (credit: Edwin Martinez)
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FIGURE 9.13
Mutually enjoyable interactions promote the mother-infant bond. (credit: Peter Shanks)
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FIGURE 9.14
In secure attachment, the parent provides a secure base for the toddler, allowing him to
securely explore his environment. (credit: Kerry Ceszyk)
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FIGURE 9.15
Peers are a primary influence on our development in adolescence. (credit: Sheila
Tostes)
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FIGURE 9.16
Brain growth continues into the early 20s. The development of the frontal lobe, in
particular, is important during this stage.
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FIGURE 9.17
Teenage thinking is characterized by the ability to reason logically and solve
hypothetical problems such as how to design, plan, and build a structure. (credit: U.S.
Army RDECOM)
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FIGURE 9.18
Physical declines of middle and late adulthood can be minimized with proper exercise,
nutrition, and an active lifestyle. (credit: modification of work by Peter Stevens)
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FIGURE 9.19
Cognitive activities such as playing mahjong, chess, or other games, can keep you
mentally fit. The same is true for solo pastimes like reading and completing crossword
puzzles. (credit: Philippe Put)
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FIGURE 9.20
Social support is important as we age. (credit: Gabriel Rocha)
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FIGURE 9.21
In some cultures, people’s bodies may be buried in a cemetery after death. (credit:
Christina Rutz)
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PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 10 MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
PowerPoint Image Slideshow
FIGURE 10.1
Emotions can change in an instant, especially in response to an unexpected event. Surprise,
fear, anger, and sadness are some immediate emotions that people experienced in the
aftermath of the April 15, 2013 Boston Marathon bombing. What are emotions? What causes
them? What motivated some bystanders to immediately help others, while other people ran
for safety? (credit: modification of work by Aaron “tango” Tang)
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FIGURE 10.2
Intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual, while extrinsic motivation comes
from outside the individual.
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FIGURE 10.3
Research suggests that when something we love to do, like icing cakes, becomes our
job, our intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to do it may change. (credit: Agustín Ruiz)
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FIGURE 10.4
(a) William James proposed the instinct theory of motivation, asserting that behavior is
driven by instincts.
(b) In humans, instincts may include behaviors such as an infant’s rooting for a nipple
and sucking. (credit b: modification of work by “Mothering Touch”/Flickr)
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FIGURE 10.5
Hunger and subsequent eating are the result of complex physiological processes that
maintain homeostasis. (credit “left”: modification of work by “Gracie and Viv”/Flickr;
credit “center”: modification of work by Steven Depolo; credit “right”: modification of
work by Monica Renata)
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FIGURE 10.6
The concept of optimal arousal in relation to performance on a task is depicted here.
Performance is maximized at the optimal level of arousal, and it tapers off during underand overarousal.
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FIGURE 10.7
Task performance is best when arousal levels are in a middle range, with difficult tasks
best performed under lower levels of arousal and simple tasks best performed under
higher levels of arousal.
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FIGURE 10.8
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is illustrated
here. In some versions of the pyramid,
cognitive and aesthetic needs are also
included between esteem and selfactualization. Others include another tier
at the top of the pyramid for selftranscendence.
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FIGURE 10.9
Hunger and eating are regulated by a complex interplay of hunger and satiety signals
that are integrated in the brain.
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FIGURE 10.10
This chart shows how adult BMI is calculated. Individuals find their height on the y-axis
and their weight on the x-axis to determine their BMI.
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FIGURE 10.11
Gastric banding surgery creates a small pouch of stomach, reducing the size of the
stomach that can be used for digestion.
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FIGURE 10.12
Eugenia Martínez Vallejo, depicted in this
1680 painting, may have had Prader-Willi
syndrome. At just eight years old, she
weighed approximately 120 pounds, and
she was nicknamed “La Monstrua” (the
monster).
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FIGURE 10.13
Young women in our society are
inundated with images of extremely thin
models (sometimes accurately depicted
and sometimes digitally altered to make
them look even thinner). These images
may contribute to eating disorders.
(credit: Peter Duhon)
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FIGURE 10.14
A male rat that cannot engage in sexual behavior still seeks receptive females,
suggesting that the ability to engage in sexual behavior and the motivation to do so are
mediated by different systems in the brain. (credit: Jason Snyder)
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FIGURE 10.15
The medial preoptic area, an area of the hypothalamus, is involved in the ability to
engage in sexual behavior, but it does not affect sexual motivation. In contrast, the
amygdala and nucleus accumbens are involved in motivation for sexual behavior, but
they do not affect the ability to engage in it.
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FIGURE 10.16
In 1947, Alfred Kinsey established The Kinsey Institute for Research, Sex, Gender and
Reproduction at Indiana University, shown here in 2011. The Kinsey Institute has
continued as a research site of important psychological studies for decades.
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FIGURE 10.17
This graph illustrates the different phases of the sexual response cycle as described by
Masters and Johnson.
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FIGURE 10.18
Between 3% and 10% of the adult
population identifies as homosexual.
(credit: Till Krech)
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FIGURE 10.19
Chaz Bono, a transgender male, is a well-known person who transitioned from female to
male. (a) In the 1970s, the world knew Chaz as Chastity Bono, the daughter of the famous
entertaining duo Sonny and Cher; here young Chastity is pictured with Sonny. (b) Later in life,
Chaz transitioned to align his physical body with his gender identity. (credit b: modification of
work by “dvsross”/Flickr)
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FIGURE 10.20
Toddlers can cycle through emotions quickly, being (a) extremely happy one moment
and (b) extremely sad the next. (credit a: modification of work by Kerry Ceszyk; credit
b: modification of work by Kerry Ceszyk)
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FIGURE 10.21
This figure illustrates the major
assertions of the James-Lange, CannonBard, and Schachter-Singer two-factor
theories of emotion. (credit “snake”:
modification of work by “tableatny”/Flickr;
credit “face”: modification of work by
Cory Zanker)
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