1- About this module in this module you will investigate the relationship between a mass on an incline and the gravitational field. Students will also examine friction of a mass/inline interface. The student will: Demonstrate gravitational forces on a mass on an incline. Develop formulas describing the motion. Investigate forces of friction on an incline. 2- Instructions on viewing demonstrations When viewing the demonstrations, note the variables. Identify the random error one would encounter in performing the experiment. Look back at what you have learned so far and see what applies here. Note: Later in your analysis, you will need to refer to these observations. 3- Incline demonstration You have to watch the video about the physics lab experiment. The video is only thirty seconds long. (Just 30 seconds) Also, I provided the link for this video to watch it, just click the link then download the video to watch it. (Video) https://we.tl/t-Op561tw64Z 4- Prediction instructions After observing the video demonstration, make a prediction of the relationship between the angle of the incline and the acceleration of the rolling smart car. Keep your prediction handy. Submit it with your final upload. You can attach it to your final spreadsheet upload on a separate tab as a JPEG. Make your prediction in he form of a graph (just draw it on paper and take a picture). Note: You will not be counted off by being wrong. We just want to see the predictions of our students before the lab. Full credit will be provided with inclusion. 5- Analysis instructions-3 The Excel file attached here contains velocity vs. time data for five angles. For each data set, you are to run a LINEST and determine the slope and the uncertainty in the slope (see previous instructions on LINEST in Excel analysis module). Note: Each data set is in the tab named for the angle that was used (6.0, 7.5, 9.0, 10.0, 10.4). You don't have to graph the velocity vs. time graphs for presentation. But, you should take a look at a quick graph to observe if there is a linear relationship. Run a LINEST on each data tab with velocity being dependent and time being independent. You will use these slopes for the "acceleration" tab. According to a simple analysis of a smart car rolling down the incline, assuming friction is negligible, the equation for the acceleration is written as ax=gsin?. Recall that the velocity as a function of time equation for constant acceleration (here we are assigning the x-direction as being along the inline plane) is written as vx=v0x+axt. Thus, the slope of each of your LINEST results is the constant acceleration for that particular angle. 1. On the next tab, which is called "acceleration", label column A as angle (cell A1), column B as sin?, and column C as acceleration (the slope of each of the velocity vs. time graphs for each angle. Do not include the uncertainty in this column input). 2. In column A, the angle is in degrees. But, we need radians. So in cell B2, type "=A2*(3.14/180)". Don't include the quotes of course. Copy the formula down. Here we just utilized the small angle approximation sin???. 3. Plot acceleration vs. angle and make a nice, formatted graph. Think back to your prediction and make a note of your recollections. Run a LINEST and determine the slope AND the uncertainty. Is this what you expected? Record the slope and the uncertainty along with its units clearly on the page. You can insert a textbox and type this into the textbox. 4. Take a moment and reflect on everything you have done up to this point. Make notes and ask the TA questions if you are not sure what you have done to this point. Save your file for a later upload. You will use the friction and summary tab later. (I uploaded the excel file and has some data and you have to fill in the data and make what it says in all instructions). 6- Friction demonstration You have to watch the video about the physics lab experiment. The video is only thirty five seconds long. (Just 35 seconds) Also, I provided the link for this video to watch it, just click the link then download the video to watch it. (video) https://we.tl/t-eqw6rdXng1 7- Friction analysis instructions After viewing the demonstrations of the incline, you will do a simple examination of friction at home. 1. Obtain a uniform inline plane (a clipboard with paper, a cardboard piece from a box,..). This is any surface with uniform conditions and shaped to where you can adjust the angle and take measurements from observations. 2. Obtain three (different) uniform objects (coins, blocks,...) with slightly different surfaces of "roughness". Take pictures of these objects and of your incline. Open up your spreadsheet. Go now to the friction tab. You have three objects for which you are providing measurements to obtain the coefficient of static friction. I would use columns A, B, and C for object 1. E, F, and G for object 2, and so forth. Your measurements of height and base can be placed in the first two columns for each object section, and the value of the ratio (static friction) in the third row. When all of that is done, place the picture of that object on the incline underneath each data set. But, if you have a better way to organize, feel free!! But, take the time to organize! 3. For each item, place at the top of your incline, start at zero angle, and then slowly raise until you (just) see it slip. Record this height (see below). Do this several times for each object to get an average height for best results. In the apreadsheet, you should, for scientific honesty and integrity, record all trials to obtain the average. 4. To determine the angle, use the right-triangle analysis (unless you have an angle indicator): tan?=heightbase. The "base" is a measure of the length of the incline (lay flat down and measure the length of the incline). 5. The coefficient of static friction is defined as: ?s=tan?. Therefore, find the ratio with the height and base to determine this (average) coefficient for each object on the same incline. Start each object from the same place for consistency. 6. Clearly indicate what the average coefficient for each interface (object/incline) is on the spreadsheet. Indicate this in each object section of the spreadsheet or in a singular textbox with labels. Note: For a smart car, it is rolling. But, you are still getting an idea of friction by doing this exercise. 8- Final instructions Putting it all together, address the following questions in the summary portion of your spreadsheet: 1. List all random errors associated with the incline demonstration. If you were doing the experiment, minus anything to do with the software or embedded sensors in the smartcar, which random errors can you identify? 2. Do the same thing for your experiment with your own incline. List all random errors associated with your data collection. Make sure to list again what your average values are for each interface. Note: Mentioning the observed "roughness" for each object would help make sense of the numbers. 3. Based on your final value of the slope AND the uncertainty of the acceleration vs. angle analysis, which should be g, is the result reasonable taking into account all random error? 4. Following up on number 3, was it acceptable to neglect friction based on all of your results and observations? Explain.

As a skilled member of aviation weather consulting team, you have been asked by a friend, who is an experienced general aviation (Skybrary) (Links to an external site.) pilot, to analyze the weather conditions and identify potential weather-related flight impacts for their planned upcoming flight from Daytona Beach, Florida to Prescott, Arizona. Using flight-specific information and weather products provided, you will identify already existing or potentially developing weather phenomena at the departure and destination, and along the planned flight route, and discuss the associated aviation-related hazards/impacts at the departure and destination, and along the planned flight route due to the weather phenomena identified. In this activity, you will be guided in analyzing the expected weather conditions and potential flight impacts and hazards for a flight in a general aviation (Skybrary) (Links to an external site.) aircraft. The flight is planned for a mid-March day, going from Daytona Beach International Airport in Florida to Prescott Regional Airport in Arizona, with a mid-way stopover to rest and refuel at Fort Worth International Airport. You will be evaluating the weather and flight impacts and hazards for 1) the initial departure from Daytona Beach, 2) along the flight route between Daytona and Prescott, and 3) the landing at the final destination at Prescott, by analyzing and interpreting the weather products and information in the Information section. Part 1 of the information section shows a US map with the departure, stopover, destination, and flight route annotated. A cross-section of the topography along the flight route is also provided in the following Google Maps: Daytona Beach International Airport (KDAB), elevation 33 feet, is located about 4 miles west of the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast of Florida. Map Image of Daytona Beach International Airport (Google Maps). (Links to an external site.) Prescott Regional Airport (KPRC), the elevation of 5,045 feet, is located in the Bradshaw Mountains of North Central Arizona. Map Image of Prescott Regional Airport (Google Maps). (Links to an external site.) The planned departure time from Daytona Beach is 1200 Z, which is 8:00 am local time(Eastern Daylight Time (EDT)). After the estimated flight time for each leg of the trip, and the stopover time in Ft. Worth, the expected landing time in Prescott is around 0000 Z, which is 5:00 pm local time Mountain Standard Time (MST) (Arizona observes MST all year). The planned cruising altitude is 18,000 feet. The departure, stopover location, destination, and flight route are identified on the weather maps and imagery. In completing the evaluations and summary of the weather and its impacts and hazards to the flight, keep in mind the difference between weather and flight weather impacts and hazards. For example, fog and low clouds describe weather, and the associated impacts of fog and low clouds are low visibility and low cloud ceilings. Please proceed to the Part I section.  Part I - Big Picture Evaluation of Expected Weather First, you will evaluate the weather situation at the departure, along the flight route, and at the destination, by analyzing and interpreting the weather products and information presented on the referenced images of the Information section. Write down the evaluations and calculations as specified in 1-3. You will use this information to complete your activity submission. Analyze the US surface map with radar image overlay* (Image 2), the Southeast region infrared satellite image* (Image 4), and the KDAB surface weather for the planned departure (take-off) time of 8:00 am EDT (1200 Z) (Departure and Destination Surface Weather Tables) to identify: Specific surface weather features or patterns, such as high and low-pressure systems, cold and warm fronts, and the pressure gradient (tight or loose), and associated wind speed (strong or weak) in the vicinity of KDAB Any fog or clouds in the vicinity of KDAB. Specify if the clouds are layered or convective. If layered, specify it they are high or low-level clouds. Precipitation (if present, specify intensity) or other significant weather in the vicinity of KDAB. The difference between the wind direction and the runway orientation at KDAB (determined by comparing wind direction with runway orientation from the airport Google Map image (link provided in the Activity Instructions section). For each item identified in A-D, state the specific map, image, and/or information used to make the identification. Along the planned flight route at flight level between KDAB and KPRC - analyze the US surface map with radar image overlay* (Image 2), all infrared satellite images* (Images 3, 4, and 5), and the 500 mb map* ** (Image 6) to describe: The height pattern (troughs/ridges) and wind flow pattern (meridional or zonal) along the route How the wind is changing along the route, stating the numerical values of speed and stating in words the direction FROM which the wind is blowing Any clouds along the route. State whether 1) the clouds are layered or convective, and 2) whether or not the aircraft is passing through clouds (determine this by calculating the 500 mb (flight level) dew point depression using data in the 500 mb station models). Any precipitation (and its intensity) along the route How the temperature is changing along the route, stating specific values of temperature with appropriate units Analyze the US surface map with radar image overlay* (Image 2), the US infrared satellite imagery (Image 3) and Southwest region (Image 5) infrared satellite images*, and the KPRC surface weather for the planned destination (landing) time of 5:00 pm MST (0000 Z) (Departure and Destination Surface Weather Tables) to identify: Specific surface weather features or patterns, such as high and low-pressure systems, cold and warm fronts, and the pressure gradient (tight or loose) and associated wind speed (strong or weak) in the vicinity of KPRC Any fog or clouds in the vicinity of KPRC. Specify if the clouds are layered or convective. If layered, specify if they are high or low-level clouds. Precipitation (if present, specify intensity) or other significant weather in the vicinity of KPRC. Any differences between the wind direction and the runway orientation at KPRC (determined by comparing wind direction with runway orientation from airport Google Map image (link provided in the overview section above)). For each item identified in A-D, state the specific map, image, and/or other information used to make the identification. *The maps and imagery are valid for the segment(s) of the flight as annotated in the Information section. **You should understand why the 500 mb map is appropriate for analyzing the enroute weather wind and temperature conditions for this particular flight. Part II - Evaluation of Potential Flight Weather Impacts and Hazards Next, you will evaluate the potential flight weather impacts and hazards based on your determination of the weather conditions in Part I. Write down the following evaluations as you will use this information to complete your activity submission: Based on your evaluation in Part I, determine, for both the departure (take-off) from KDAB, and the destination (landing) at KPRC, if: Low cloud ceiling and/or low visibility conditions are present. If so, state the cause(s). Low-level turbulence could be present. If so, state the cause(s). Crosswinds could be present. Justify each determination in A-C with evidence from the evaluation in Part I. Based on your evaluation in Part I, along the flight route at flight level between KDAB and KPRC: identify locations* where crosswinds will be present. discuss any potential impact of the along-route winds to the predicted flight time and fuel requirements. identify locations* where the potential of encountering convective turbulence, aircraft icing, low visibility, or hail damage exists. identify locations* where the potential for a “high to low” scenario exists, and describe how this could impact the determination of the aircraft’s true altitude. identify locations* where the potential of encountering mountain wave turbulence exists (hint: analyze page 1 of the weather information file). Justify each determination in A-E with evidence from the evaluation in Part I. *Describe locations using an appropriately identifying geographic reference, e.g., “over Central Texas” Please proceed to the Submission Instructions and Requirements section.  For the activity submission, formulate, a four-paragraph document, where each paragraph of the document meets the criteria specified and is presented in the following order: Paragraph 1 (30 points): Formulate a complete yet concise summary of the evaluations and calculations performed in 1-3 of Part I - Big Picture Evaluation of Expected Weather. The summary should address all points as outlined in 1-3. Paragraph 2 (30 points): Formulate a complete yet concise summary of the evaluations performed in 1 and 2 of Part II - Evaluation of Potential Flight Weather Impacts and Hazards. The summary should address all points as outlined in 1 and 2. Paragraph 3 (15 points): Address the following “What if” critical thinking questions, considering the typical local summer weather patterns for each location. Suppose the flight was instead taking place in the middle of the summer (vs. the spring). What impacts and hazards could potentially exist for an afternoon take-off from Daytona Beach in the summertime scenario? For a return trip from Prescott to Daytona Beach, what impacts and hazards could potentially exist for an afternoon take-off from Prescott in the summertime scenario? Paragraph 4 (15 points): Develop a few sentences of critical self-reflection on your preparedness to complete this activity. While engaging in self-reflection, the objective is to analyze things for what they are, not what you think they should be, with a perspective as if you were watching an event from a distance. In reflecting on your preparedness to complete the activity, consider the knowledge and skills you have acquired to this point in the course (from readings, lessons, and activities) as well as any learning or experiences previous to this course.