ASSIGNMENT 07 SP180 Principles of Public Speaking Directions: Be sure to save an electronic copy of your answer before submitting it to Ashworth College for grading. Unless otherwise stated, answer in complete sentences, and be sure to use correct English, spelling and grammar. Sources must be cited in APA format. Your response should be four (4) double-spaced pages; refer to the "Assignment Format" page for specific format requirements. Project: Written Speech 1. Submit your speech with a title page, your name, and date submitted. 2. Your response should be a minimum of two (2) double-spaced pages to a maximum of four (4) pages in length; refer to the "Assignment Format" page located on the Course Home page for specific format requirements. 3. Develop your speech based on the preparation outline you submitted for Assignment 6. 4. Write your speech using tips, techniques, and guidelines studied in the lesson. 5. Create a reference list that includes any and all sources you use to locate information. 6. Review the Speech Grading Criteria. Grading Rubric Please refer to the rubric on the next page for the grading criteria for this assignment. CATEGORY Introduction (15 points) Exemplary 15 points (1) Gets attention, (2) clearly identifies topic, (3) establishes credibility, and (4) previews the main points Satisfactory 12 points Meets any three of the four criteria Unsatisfactory 8 points Meets any two of the four criteria Unacceptable 5 points Meets only one of the four criteria Body (20 points) 20 points Main points are clear, fully developed and well supported, sources are documented 15 points Main points are somewhat clear and developed, some support, some documentation 10 points Main points need clarity and support lack of sources and documentation 5 points Main points are not clear and have no support and no sources or documentation 8 points Use of language good but lacks imagination and creativity 5 points 2 points Use of language causes Use of language is potential confusion, unclear inappropriate 8 points Speech well-organized with no clear use of identified organizational method 7 points Meets any two of the three criteria 5 points Speech somewhat organized 10 points Meets any two of the three criteria 5 points 0 points Meets any one of the three Meets none of the three criteria criteria 8 points 5 points 2 points Student makes 1-2 errors in grammar or spelling that distract the reader from the content. 8 points The paper is written in proper format with only 1-2 errors. All sources used for quotes and facts are credible and most are cited correctly. Student makes 3-4 errors in grammar or spelling that distract the reader from the content. 5 points The paper is written in proper format with only 3-5 errors. Most sources used for quotes and facts are credible and cited correctly. Student makes more than 4 errors in grammar or spelling that distract the reader from the content. 2 points The paper is not written in proper format. Many sources used for quotes and facts are less than credible (suspect) and/or are not cited correctly. Use of Language (10 10 points points) Use of language contributes to effectiveness of the speech, demonstrates imagination and creativity Organization (10 10 points points) Speech flows very well, demonstrates identified organizational method Style of writing (10 10 points points) (1) Ties main points and central idea together effectively, (2)effective use of transitions (3) approach is original and inventive, use of stylistics techniques as narratives, examples, quotes, etc. Conclusion (15 15 points points) (1) Summarizes central idea and key points briefly, (2) concludes in a memorable fashion with impact, (3) calls for some action Mechanics (10 10 points Points) Student makes no errors in grammar or spelling that distract the reader from the content. Format (10 Points) 10 points The paper is written in proper format. All sources used for quotes and facts are credible and cited correctly. THIS IS THE END OF ASSIGNMENT 7. 2 points Speech is disorganized, no logical flow 3 points 0 points Meets any one of the three Meets none of the three criteria criteria Lecture Notes Crafting Your Introduction In the public speaking writing process, writing speech introductions follows the outline creation. For speech writing, the introduction of a speech is one of the most essential parts. It can make or break the rest of the speech. This is the attention-grabber where you’ll get all eyes of the audience focused on what you are saying. But wait, how can they focus on your words? Quite simply, your words have to paint a picture. Your words have to arouse the interest of the audience. Your words have to make your public speaking become more than just words. The introduction is the most critical part of the speech. A strong introduction sets the tone for the rest of the speech. It creates a favorable first impression with the audience. The audience is there to hear what you have to say and whether your speech has information that is important to them. The introduction, then, should do the following. 1. Gain attention and interest of the audience. a. Startle the audience with a blunt statement, a quotation or brief story, but these should be related to the speech. b. Relate the topic to the audience up front and you build the connection. c. State the importance of the topic. d. Arouse the curiosity of the audience with your first statement. e. Ask a question. f. Involve the audience in an exercise. g. Establish credibility and goodwill. a. Be well-prepared. b. Dress appropriately and appear poised and confident. c. Speak clearly and immediately establish eye contact. d. Speak of your qualifications as it relates to the topic. 2. Preview the speech. a. Tell the audience what to expect from the rest of the speech. b. Call attention to important points in the speech. c. Provide a smooth transition to the rest of the speech. Things to consider in the Introduction are as follows. Appropriate to the theme - The introduction also needs to be focused on the theme, central idea or thesis. The Right Length - The proper length is somewhat subjective. Generally speaking, a four- to six-minute introduction is appropriate for a 60-minute talk. A 15-minute talk may only have a two-minute introduction. A five-minute talk may only have a one-minute introduction. These are not rules. Consider them suggested guidelines. Introduction to be linked with the Conclusion - To create a coherent speech, the introduction needs to be linked throughout the talk. It also especially needs to be tied into the conclusion. This will give the entire talk coherence. The introduction is the means to capture the attention of the audience and hold it captive until the conclusion of the talk. Recommended Reading TEASE ‘em: 5 Ways to Start Your Speech http://sixminutes.dlugan.com/how-to-start-your-speech/#more-2829 Developing Your Conclusion Once you complete the body, it is time to create the conclusion of a speech. This is where you will reinforce what you said in your talk to get the response you had hoped to gain. Just as important as the introduction is your conclusion. This part of the speech is your last chance to make sure your audience understood the message of your speech. It needs to be strong and conclusive. Your conclusion should achieve the following. 1. Summarize your main points – To reinforce your audience’s remembrance and understanding of your central idea. Keep it brief. 2. Signal the end of the speech – Use a statement, story, or quotation that dramatically or logically brings the speech to a close. You can also intensify your pitch, tone, and volume, and move or pause to signal closure. 3. Repetition in the conclusion would seem to help a public speech be more memorable. A call to action would encourage putting the information to use and further the retention of the information. Recommended Reading 10 Ways to End Your Speech with a Bang http://sixminutes.dlugan.com/10-ways-to-end-your-speech/#more-2910 Achieving Style through Language How you say something can be just as important as what you say. This is called style. But what does it mean to write "with style"? Is style a quality that writers can add or remove as they please? Is it, perhaps, a gift that only some writers happen to be blessed with? Can a style ever be good or bad, correct or incorrect? Or is it more a matter of taste? Is style a kind of decorative sprinkle that's added to a piece of writing -- or is it instead an essential ingredient of the writing? Style in speech is not about adding something to the content of the speech to achieve style. Rather, it is inherent in the speech itself. It is a strategic decision that is based on accomplishing your purpose as a speaker by taking advantage of opportunities to promote your purpose, and minimizing constraints in your speech that get in the way of achieving your purpose. You notice there are certain speakers whose use of language is so effective that their message is intensified by the words they use to express their ideas. The use of words is the tool of a speaker’s craft in achieving style. Good choice of words gets the job done in a speech. Some adept speakers are aware of the obvious and subtle meanings of words they use. With the use of appropriate, vivid, and accurate language, they are able to transform a dull speech into a memorable one. It is essential then to be aware that words have different meanings. Denotative meaning – This is the objective, literal meaning of the word as the dictionary would define it. For example, the dictionary might define word “home” as the “physical structure within which one lives, such as a house or apartment.” Connotative meaning – This is a more subjective meaning of a word. The meaning gives the words their intensity and emotional power. Taking the example above, the word “home” connotes a meaning of something that is “loving, full of memories, warmth, and safety” or it may be that of “emptiness and pain.” Requirements of Effective Style Use Language Accurately – Sometimes people have a tendency to use words that are almost similar. Take the word “persecution” and “prosecution.” It may seem easy to confuse these words, but the variance of meaning is so vast that making this mistake may ruin the content of your speech. Another way is using a similar sounding word in the wrong context as in “holding a nation hostile” when the word meant is “hostage.” The unintentional but possibly meaningful confusion of use of words is called malapropism. Such confusion can have a devastating effect on one’s speech. Use Language Appropriately -- This means using language that is appropriate to the audience and situation. For example, if you are speaking to an audience made up of ordinary people, probably not all highly educated, avoid using abstract words and technical jargons. Not only will they not understand, they might resent your arrogance and perceive these words as insult to their intelligence. Another situation is the delivering a kind of doom-and-gloom speech in a wedding. Such occasion calls for celebration, not doomsday. Using Language Clearly – A speaker’s meaning must be so clear that there is no room for misunderstanding or miscomprehension. You can master this by using simple, concrete words versus abstract words and avoiding too many unnecessary words that will only clutter the speech. Using Language Vividly – There is a difference between clarity and vividness in language. Your language may be clear, even accurate, but may still end up being uninteresting. Vividness is using language that is full of imagery and color. Vividness enables the listener to create pictures of what they are hearing in their minds. Using Inclusive Language – It is always important to be mindful of the diversity in your audience and to use language that does not discriminate or exclude some people because of their differences. Some examples: “He” “Man” when referring to “men and women” Stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender When in doubt about the use of language that is exclusive, it is better to research many guides on the Internet regarding this topic. Other guidelines to keep in mind about style: To be credible, choose language that commands authority. For example, instead of saying “I hope you will ….,” say, “I know you will ….” Make the audience a part of your presentation by addressing them in the second person (“you”). Establish a bond by using the jargon of the people you are addressing, if appropriate. For example, if addressing a group of computer programmers, use technical language. Keep the audience’s attention by keeping your language action-oriented. Use words in the active voice. For example, instead of saying “the poem was written by ….,” say, “Robert Frost wrote the poem ….” Creating imagery and rhythm in our speech Analogies, stories, and examples are powerful ways to give punch to your speech. They can stir the emotions, stimulate thinking, persuade a change in thought, and motivate to action. Because of the way our minds work, they are a great tool to enable the audience to remember the speech. Analogies and stories work best if they have some emotional or spiritual significance and appeal to the listeners. They go beyond logic in motivating and persuading. Stories – A story is familiar narrative form that is powerful in painting images. It permits listeners to “see” what is going on. Audiences may identify with the story and thus generate empathy. Analogies – An analogy is reasoning or explaining from parallel cases. Normally an analogy compares substantially different kinds of things and reports several points of resemblance. Examples: "I am to dancing what Roseanne is to singing and Donald Duck is to motivational speeches. I am as graceful as a refrigerator falling down a flight of stairs." (Leonard Pitts, "Curse of Rhythm Impairment." Miami Herald, Sep. 28, 2009) "This is your brain. This is your brain on drugs. Any questions?" (The Partnership for a Drug-Free America) Stylistic Devices Stylistic devices, also called rhetorical devices or figures of speech, make your speeches more interesting and help to get and keep your audience’s attention. Some of the more common figures of speech are as follows. A simile is a figure of speech in which the subject is compared to another subject. Frequently, it is marked by use of the words “like” or “as.” "The snow was like a blanket." "The deer ran like the wind."”The raindrops sounded like popcorn kernels popping." "The lullaby was like the hush of the winter." A metaphor compares two different things in a figurative sense; an implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common. Unlike in a simile (A is like B), “like” is not used in metaphor (A is B). Example: Through much of the last century, America's faith in freedom and democracy was a rock in a raging sea. Now it is a seed upon the wind, taking root in many nations. A hyperbole is an extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect. Example: “I am starving!” (Source: http://grammar.about.com/od/rhetoricstyle/u/RhetoricStyle.htm#s1) Recommended Reading Add Impact with Rhetorical Devices http://sixminutes.dlugan.com/speech-preparation-6-rhetorical-devices/#more-223 How to Use the Rule of Three http://sixminutes.dlugan.com/rule-of-three-speeches-public-speaking/ Writing Your First Draft http://sixminutes.dlugan.com/speech-preparation-4-first-draft-writers-block/ Effective Writing Podcast. (2011). KUWC Library. (Requires Quicktime Player) http://www.screencast.com/users/KUWC/folders/Effective Writing Podcasts %282011%29 Format Requirements Use the following format requirements on all submissions. Writing Style APA (American Psychological Association) Note: To find detailed information on APA manuscript style guidelines on the Internet, go to www.apastyle.org. Margins 1” all sides Paragraphs The entire document should be double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") Headings Bold Type Style and Size Times New Roman, 12 point Software MS Word Student/Assignment Information The following information should be on the first page on the top left side of the page in the format provided below. Do not provide a cover sheet (unless the assignment requires one). Student Name Student Identification Number Course Number and Title Assignment Number and Title Date of Submission 
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