A researcher studying the nutritional value of a new candy places a 5.40-gram sa
User Generated
xnffvrzvyb
Science
Description
A researcher studying the nutritional value of a new candy places a 5.40-gram sample of the candy inside a bomb calorimeter and combusts it in excess oxygen. The observed temperature increase is 2.94 °C. If the heat capacity of the calorimeter is 33.70 kJ·K–1, how many nutritional Calories are there per gram of the candy?
User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.
This question has not been answered.
Create a free account to get help with this and any other question!
24/7 Homework Help
Stuck on a homework question? Our verified tutors can answer all questions, from basic math to advanced rocket science!
Most Popular Content
3 pages
Climate Change
There are various symptoms of climate change some of which includes the following: From the sources I have read the kind o ...
Climate Change
There are various symptoms of climate change some of which includes the following: From the sources I have read the kind of change indicates a high ...
3 big questions; environmental science
Question 1Start by reading these TWO short articles: Article #1 of 2: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2117954-gadget- ...
3 big questions; environmental science
Question 1Start by reading these TWO short articles: Article #1 of 2: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2117954-gadget-boom-sees-e-waste-in-asia-spike-63-per-cent-in-5-years/ (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Article #2 of 2: https://green.harvard.edu/news/lecture-e-waste (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Then answer these questions. Please copy & paste the questions AND answers directly into the submission folder OR you can copy/paste into a word document, then upload. #1: What is eWaste? #2: Think back on your own personal electronic purchasing habits. How often do you buy a new piece of electronic equipment or new phone? Give a few sentences justification for this frequency (there is no right or wrong answer, just an exploration of our habits). #3: What would it take for you to change your electronic purchasing habits? Be specific. Question 2.Start by reading the article https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/feb/17/forest-cities-radical-plan-china-air-pollution-stefano-boeri (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Then answer the following: 1. Describe the forest cities detailed in the article, in your own words. 2. Specifically, how would more forest cities benefit China? 3. Where would you build forest cities in the United States and why? 4. Would you want to live in a forest city? Specially, why or why not? Question 3.Think back to our lecture on ethics and our assignment on eWaste in this module. Using this information, discuss your ideas on the ethics of eWaste below. You must post one statement about your thoughts(200words)
Grossmont Cuyamaca Community College Biology Animal Kingdom Worksheet
Exercise 5: The Animal Kingdom:or Even if it looks like blob of jelly…..it may still be an animal!If someone were to ask ...
Grossmont Cuyamaca Community College Biology Animal Kingdom Worksheet
Exercise 5: The Animal Kingdom:or Even if it looks like blob of jelly…..it may still be an animal!If someone were to ask you what a giraffe looks like, you would most likely be able to bring an image tomind, and then describe it to the person asking the question. Your mental image of the giraffe would mostlikely be one that was visual; we human tend to rely on our eyes and the things we can see directly. Butthese direct visual observations are not the only ones that are available to us when we describe anorganism. We could also describe an organism in terms of the way it feels, the way it smells or thesounds that it makes. But in the end, we all think we know what an animal looks like and how we wouldidentify one.It turns out, that identification of animals, and many other organisms is not necessarily straightforward. Inthe last exercise you spent time finding and identifying organisms that are invisible to our naked eyes andwhich fell into a variety of different classification categories. In this lab exercise, you will find that evenwhen visible, and when called by a name that we think of as familiar, it is not just how something looks onthe outside that determines how it is classified.INTRODUCTIONLook at the two organisms in the pictures below. As a biologist, it would be your job to identifyand classify organisms such as these. But where would you start? Could you tell simply basedon their looks whether these would be classified as plant, animal, fungus or protist?Many of the organisms that we call animals are obvious to most of us. Many of the species thatbiologists have named belong to the animal group because they are usually easy to see, andthey have been studied extensively over the past several hundred years. However, there aresome organisms that defy classification simply by the way that they look. To classify someorganisms we must look beyond the surface.What is an animal?The word “animal” comes from the Latin word animal, (for which animalia is the plural) andmeans “vital breath or soul”. Animals form a major group within the domain Eukarya, thekingdom Animalia. Most animals are defined by sharing the same group of characteristics: Multi-cellular: Animals are composed of eukaryotic cells that have a plasma membranesurrounding the cells, but no cell walls. Most animals (although not all) are multi-cellular,2that is, they are made up from more than one cell, and in most cases, the different cellscarry out different functions for the organism. Heterotrophic: Animals consume their food, feeding on pre-made organic materials toobtain nutrients for growth and development. Most animals feed by ingestion; they takein whole parts of other organisms and digest them inside their bodies. Exhibit movement: Most animals are capable of motion due to the presence of nervousand muscle tissue. Exhibit embryonic development: Animals go through a process of development orchange from their early life as an embryo, to their final adult form.In order to identify and classify animals, we need to look at characteristics that would permit usto organize them into groups. Ideally, we would like to look for characteristics that are commonto the largest number of organisms, and then to find characteristics which fit progressively fewerand fewer of the organisms in question. These sets of characteristics could then be used toconstruct a dichotomous key (similar in concept to the one used in last week’s exercise) thatcould be used to identify newly discovered animals. In this exercise, you will be looking atcertain features of body organization that provide clues to the evolutionary ancestry of theanimals. These features include Cellular organization Number of tissue layers in the embryo The body plan symmetry Cephalization Segmentation Type of digestive tract Type of body cavity The type of skeleton (if any) The presence of jointed appendages Presence of notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord and post-anal tailCellular OrganizationAnimals differ in their degree of organization and complexity. The very simplest animals, thosefrom phylum Porifera, are composed of cells that are only loosely interconnected, but can existand function independently even if they serve a specific function within the organism. In otheranimals, the cells come together to form tissues, groups of cells that are similar in structure andfunction and which work together to perform a specific activity. All animals except those inphylum Porifera have defined tissues.All animals except the Porifera and the Cnidarians have tissues that work together to performspecific activities forming structures called organs. Organs consist of two or more differenttypes of tissues organized into these units that have a characteristic size and shape. Example oforgans in humans would be heart, brain, lung and skin.Embryonic Tissue LayersThe embryonic tissues layers of an animal are also known as germ layers and give rise to all ofthe tissues and organs in the adult animal. During development, the zygote (the first cell formedfrom the union of an egg and sperm cell) develops in such a way that different layers of tissuesare formed. The innermost layer is the endoderm that gives rise to organs such as the digestive3tract and lungs; the mesoderm is a middle layer that gives rise to muscles, the circulatory andskeletal system; the ectoderm is the outer layer which forms the nervous system and theepidermis of the organism.The Porifera do not have tissues, and thus do not have these layers. The Cnidarians have onlytwo germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm. All other animals have all three germ layers.Body PlanAn organism’s body plan is the blueprint for the way the body of the organism is laid out. Anorganism’s symmetry, the number of body segments and the number of limbs are all part of itsbody plan.Symmetry describes the layout of the body parts on either side of a dividing line or plane.Asymmetrical body plan: theanimal body cannot be dividedinto two equal halves along anyone plane.Radial body plan: any planepassing through the center of thebody divides the animal into twoequal halves.Bilateral body plan: the animalbody is arranged around a singleplane that is parallel to the lengthof the animal and divides thebody into right and left halves thatare mirror images externally.Figure 1: Types of Animal Body Symmetry4The simplest animals do not show any regular symmetry to their body plan and are thereforedescribed as being asymmetrical. These animals are irregular in their shape and size. The onlyphylum of animals that is asymmetrical are the sponges, phylum Porifera.Organisms with radial symmetry have body parts that are arranged in a regular, repeatingpattern around a central axis (think wagon wheel!), or are completely symmetrical about acentral axis (like a frisbee). These organisms resemble a pie where several planes can be cutthrough the organism to produce roughly identical pieces. These organisms do not have right orleft sides, but only have a top and bottom surface. Radial symmetry allows an organism todetect things coming towards it from any direction. Organisms that are radially symmetrical arethose from phylum Cnidaria and phylum EchinodermataIn bilateral symmetry, only a single plane will divide an organism into roughly mirror images(this is with respect to external appearance only, not internal structure). Most animals arebilaterally symmetric, including humans. The bilateral symmetry supports the formation of acentral nerve center that contributes to cephalization, the organization of the organism arounda head region that contains sensory organs.Body plans in most species appear to be controlled by a set of genes known as homeoboxgenes. A particular group of these genes called Hox genes, function in patterning the body axisof the organism. The genes determine where limbs and other body segments will grow in thedeveloping organism. The most commonly seen body plan is the tetrapod, organisms that havefour feet, legs or leg-like appendages. Tetrapods include all mammals, birds, amphibians andreptiles (yes, even snakes are tetrapods by descent). Some of the groups such as thecetaceans (whales) and bats have been modified (the front legs are now flippers or wings) butthey are still tetrapods.CephalizationCephalization refers to the concentration of nervous tissue at one end of an organism. Overmany generations, the evolutionary process results in the production of a head region withsensory organs. Cephalization is generally associated with the bilateral symmetry. Theassociation of cephalization and bilateral symmetry resulted in animals having sensory organsfacing the direction of movement, allowing the animal to better assess the conditions in thedirection of movement. These bilaterally symmetrical animals are consequently more active andefficient in seeking food and mates, and also in avoiding predators.SegmentationSegmentation is the division of the body along its length into a series of semi-repetitivesegments. Segmentation results in more effective body movement, and the ability ofdifferentiation of individual segments into specialized structures that can perform differentfunctions. Annelids, arthropods and chordates are all segmented. In the annelids andarthropods, the segmentation can be seen externally, while in the chordates the segmentation isreflected internally in the structure of vertebrae, muscles and nerves.DigestionAll animals have to perform some type of digestion process in order to use food to obtainenergy. In the simplest cases, the digestion is completely intracellular (inside of individualcells). Single celled organisms rely on intracellular digestion, as do some multi-cellular5organisms such as sponges. Sponges obtain tiny particles of food from water that passesthrough its body; cells catch and engulf the food particles, and then digest it inside the cell.Intracellular digestion works well for simple organisms, but does not meet the needs of morecomplex ones. Animals such as jellyfish and flatworms have simple sac-like cavities in whichdigestion can occur outside of the cells, but inside of a confined area. These animals have adefinite mouth that leads to this sac-like cavity. The sac is lined with cells that secrete enzymesthat break down food within the cavity. This extracellular digestion starts the process, and thedigested foods are then engulfed by cells where the digestion process is completed. Wasteproducts are excreted through the mouth, the same opening where the food entered.The most complex digestive systems are one-way digestion tubes with an opening at eachend. In these cases, the food is completely digested through extracellular processes. Foodmoves into the organism through the mouth, through a series of organs in the digestive tubethat may be specialized to increase the efficiency of the digestive process. Food moves throughthis one-way tube and its various organs until it has been digested and nutrients have beenabsorbed. Wastes left over from the digestion process are released at the opposite end of thetube from where they entered (the anus).Body CavityIn general, a body cavity is the fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and the outer bodywall of an animal that has tissues and organs. The body cavity is also known as the coelom.Depending upon the type of body cavity, animals can be placed into one of three groups.Aceolomate animals, such as the flatworms, do not have a body cavity. Their organs havedirect contact with the body wall. Semi-solid tissues between the gut and the body wall holdtheir organs in place.Figure 2: Body Cavity Types6Pseudocoelomate animals have a “false body cavity”. A pseudocoelom is not completely linedwith tissue derived from the mesoderm. Organs are held in place, but not as well organized asin animals with a true body cavity.Coelomate animals have a “true coelom” or body cavity that is filled with fluid and completelylined by tissues derived from the mesoderm. The complete mesoderm lining allows organs to beattached to each other, suspending both the gut and the organs. Most bilateral animals arecoelomates.Looking at the three groups of worms shown in the diagram above, one can see the differencesbetween the three types. The flatworms of phylum Platyhelminthes provide an example of theacoelomate animals. The body is filled with tissue that contains the organs. Roundworms(phylum Nematoda) are the major group of pseudocoelomate animals. All other animalsincluding the segmented worms of phylum Annelida possess true coeloms.SkeletonSkeletal systems in animals are generally divided into three types: external or exoskeleton,internal or endoskeleton, and fluid based or hydrostatic. The skeleton provides physicalsupport and allows the organism to move. In some cases the skeleton may also providephysical protection for the organism.A hydrostatic skeleton is a structure found in many soft-bodied animals that consists of a fluidfilledcavity surrounded by muscles. The pressure of the fluid and action of the surroundingmuscles can be used to produce movement. Animals such as worms use their hydrostaticskeletons to change their body shape from long and thin to shorter and wider as they moveforward. Hydrostatic skeletons are found in cnidarians, echinoderms, annelids, nematodes,octopuses, and crabs when they have recently molted and lost their external shell.Exoskeletons are found in many organisms of the phylum Arthropoda. The exoskeleton iscomposed of primarily of a polysaccharide called chitin that forms a hard, shell-like coveringon the exterior of the organism. The exoskeleton is not living tissue, and thus cannot grow withthe organism. The organism must shed it skeleton to grow, in a process known as molting orecdysis. The arthropod secretes a new exoskeleton which hardens around the organism. Theexoskeleton provides structural support and protection on land, and prevents water loss byevaporation. Muscles are attached to internal projections of the exoskeleton that allow theanimal to move.Endoskeletons consist of rigid structures made of either cartilage or bone. These structuresare found inside the muscles and are connected to the muscles by tendons that allow themuscles to move the organism. In some organisms a component of the endoskeleton is abackbone composed of a series of segments called vertebrae that enclose the spinal cord. Thepresence or absence of a backbone forms the basis of dividing animals into two groups, theinvertebrates (which lack a backbone) and the vertebrates (which have a backbone)7Jointed AppendagesAppendages are seen in a number of phyla, but the most significant advancement ofappendage structure appears in the arthropods where the appendages have distinct segmentsor joints that allow them to be used for movement, feeding, reproduction, sensory organs andflight. Much of the success of insects and other phyla with jointed appendages can be attributedto the presence of these appendages that have evolved into specialized structures that allow awide diversity of tasks to be accomplished. Jointed appendages first appear in the arthropods,and are also present in the chordates.Notochord, Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord, Pharyngeal Gill Slits and Post-Anal TailThe most complex group of animals, the chordates, is characterized by the presence of fourmajor characteristics at some time during their lifecycle. The characteristics may only be presentduring the larval or embryonic stage of the organism’s life cycle. The characteristics include thepresence of: A notochord; a supportive rod that extends most of the length of the body, found dorsalto the body cavity Pharyngeal gill slits: a series of openings in the pharyngeal regions between thedigestive tract and the outside of the body A dorsal, hollow nerve cord with the anterior end enlarged into a brain. It runs alongthe longitudinal axis of the body, dorsal to the notochord A post anal tail which is supported by the notochord or vertebral column. This is presentin humans as the coccyx (tailbone) or in most other mammals as a wagging tail.Figure 3: Lancelet StructureMembers of phylum Chordata may be either invertebrates (such as the tunicate in the leftpicture on the first page of this exercise) or vertebrates (possessing a vertebral column) such ashumans. The lancelet in Figure 3 is a member of a group of primitive chordates that provideinformation for tracing how vertebrates have evolved and adapted. They display all of the basiccharacteristics of the chordates, with nerve cord running along the back, pharyngeal slits and atail that runs past the anus. Unlike the vertebrates, the dorsal nerve cord is not enclosed in8bone, but is protected by a simpler notochord made up by a cylinder of cells that are closelypacked to form a tough rod.(By the way, going back to the first page of this exercise, the photo on the left is of an animalcalled a tunicate that is part of the animal kingdom, and the phylum Chordata, the same phylumwhere we humans are grouped. The photo on the right is of a red alga that belongs to thekingdom Protista!)On the Skill Check worksheet, there are two different activities you must complete forthis lab.Activity 1: You will find a table that will help you organize the information found so far inthis exercise. Each of the major animal phyla is listed, along with the different scientificcharacteristics that are used to describe animals. For each of the characteristiccategories in the left hand column, use the information presented in this exercise todetermine how the characteristic applies to each of the animal phyla. This chart will beturned in as part of the lab exercise. All of the information you need to complete the chartis in the reading for this exercise. So read carefully in order to complete the chart.Activity 2: Animal Kingdom representatives.In the lab, you will find groups of organisms that represent each of the different phyla.You are going to need to do some research to figure out what animals fit into eachphylum. Your goal will be to find representatives of the different animal phyla. You canuse a textbook to do this, or you can do some research online to find the information. Foreach of the phyla named in the table, you should identify an organism that fits into thephylum.1. In the table, under the phylum name, write the full scientific name (genus andspecies) of the organism you have identified.2. Then fill in the remainder of the table on the Skill Check sheet for activity 2. In thesecond column of the table, list any characteristics of the organism that could beused to aid in identification of the organism. This means that you want to talkabout the characteristic information in Activity 1. Then describe the organism interms of obvious characteristics that you can see.3. In the third column, you may either insert a picture from online of the organism, oryou may make your own drawing of the organism based on a photo or photos youcan see online. If you paste in a photo from an online resource, you must includethe link to the website where you obtained it.Although this exercise may seem simple on the surface, you will have to spend sometime finding the information necessary to thoroughly complete it.
Risk Manager Case Study
Complete the following assignment:ScenarioYou are the risk manager for AVPRO. Your organization specializes in staffing en ...
Risk Manager Case Study
Complete the following assignment:ScenarioYou are the risk manager for AVPRO. Your organization specializes in staffing engineering and technical professionals in the aviation and aerospace industry. You are currently headquartered in Washington, D.C., but will be relocating to Houston, Texas. AVPRO’s president, George Jetson, is originally from the Houston area and has several plots of commercial land north of the city. The move will not happen for approximately 2 years, allowing for the organization to build a new facility in Houston, TX. As the risk manager, you have been asked to consult with the president prior to his meeting with the architecture group that will be designing the building. The new facility will house business operations for AVPRO and will include approximately 180 professional, office and clerical workers from AVPRO. Mr. Jetson wants to construct a 3-story joisted masonry building on the plot of land north of Houston to house the company’s personnel, to allow for some expansion, and to provide an opportunity to lease 1 floor of space to a company owned and operated by Mr. Jetson’s daughter, Judy. Judy’s company specializes in providing work opportunities to individuals with developmental disabilities, hearing impairments and vision impairments. The plan is to lease the space on the first floor to Judy’s company. Judy’s work operations do not pose significant hazards, and are considered industrial, low hazard operations, as most of the work involves basic assembly of components and does not require any tools aside from basic hand tools or use of hazardous materials.InstructionsMr. Jetson is traveling to Houston to meet with the architecture group. Prior to meeting, Mr. Jetson wants you to answer the following questions:Given our business operations at AVPRO and the operations of Judy’s company, are we permitted or allowed to build a 3-story, 17,000 ft², Type 3 Building with sprinkler protection? Can I propose this building to the architecture group? Does this meet the NFPA requirements for allowable building height and area? Be sure to explain your answer, and provide justification as to whether or not it is permitted in comparison to the applicable criteria for allowable height and area.As many of Judy’s workers have vision impairments, hearing impairments, or have developmental disabilities. Please provide a summary of the accommodations we should make to the building construction and life safety to ensure we are able to safely evacuate all workers in the event of a fire or emergency situation.Draft a block letter to his attention so that it can be emailed to him prior to his meeting. Address the letter to: Mr. George Jetson, President/AVPRO, P.O. Box 1, Washington, D.C. 20015. You will need to access the NFPA codes and resources presented in this module to answer these questions. Be sure to provide citations and references in your letter. Please see Module 2, Activity 2.3 if you need a reminder on how to format and write a letter in block format.
2 pages
Aspirin Pre Lab Answers
2. Calculate the Molar Mass of each of the compounds listed. 4. ______Theoretical yield is the total amount of product pos ...
Aspirin Pre Lab Answers
2. Calculate the Molar Mass of each of the compounds listed. 4. ______Theoretical yield is the total amount of product possible if the reaction occurs ...
Similar Content
Human Cardiovascular System Heart and Blood Composition Analysis
anatomy Introduction: Include why did you choose this specific topic.Histology: Briefly describe the histology of the sys...
CHE 4284 GCUL Chemical Reactivity Worksheet Report
https://www.aiche.org/node/506831/download/6f5408a39f506eae9dd46e56079ff716. ...
Ohio State University Differentiation to Obtain the Derivative Questions
Solved it, but I don't really know what's meant by "make the derivative more realistic". Help appreciated as always!...
CSUSM Biology Endocrine Pathologies and Hormones Question
Please answer the following questions in paragraph form.1) Compare the long-loop negative feedback for the anterior pituit...
HI robert this is the second assignment ..
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), obesity in the U.S. population increased from about 12%...
What is the main difference between megaloblastic anemia and iron deficiency
What is the main difference between megaloblastic anemia and iron deficiency?
...
Biological Warfare As A Form Of Terrorism
Biological warfare is a form of a weapon of mass destruction that utilizes biological mechanisms that are harmful to human...
Part 2
1. This particular article does not appear to be the same as a peer-reviewed scholarly article because of the language. Th...
Exercise Physiology.edited
The "Rockport Walking Test" is a self-administered evaluation that determines an individual's cardiovascular fitness. This...
Related Tags
Book Guides
A Farewell To Arms
by Ernest Hemingway
Tess of the DUrbervilles
by Thomas Hardy
The Bell Jar
by Sylvia Plath
The Grapes of Wrath
by John Steinbeck
Underground A Human History of the Worlds Beneath our Feet
by Will Hunt
The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo
by Stieg Larsson
The BFG
by Roald Dahl
The Metamorphosis
by Franz Kafka
Get 24/7
Homework help
Our tutors provide high quality explanations & answers.
Post question
Most Popular Content
3 pages
Climate Change
There are various symptoms of climate change some of which includes the following: From the sources I have read the kind o ...
Climate Change
There are various symptoms of climate change some of which includes the following: From the sources I have read the kind of change indicates a high ...
3 big questions; environmental science
Question 1Start by reading these TWO short articles: Article #1 of 2: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2117954-gadget- ...
3 big questions; environmental science
Question 1Start by reading these TWO short articles: Article #1 of 2: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2117954-gadget-boom-sees-e-waste-in-asia-spike-63-per-cent-in-5-years/ (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Article #2 of 2: https://green.harvard.edu/news/lecture-e-waste (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Then answer these questions. Please copy & paste the questions AND answers directly into the submission folder OR you can copy/paste into a word document, then upload. #1: What is eWaste? #2: Think back on your own personal electronic purchasing habits. How often do you buy a new piece of electronic equipment or new phone? Give a few sentences justification for this frequency (there is no right or wrong answer, just an exploration of our habits). #3: What would it take for you to change your electronic purchasing habits? Be specific. Question 2.Start by reading the article https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/feb/17/forest-cities-radical-plan-china-air-pollution-stefano-boeri (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Then answer the following: 1. Describe the forest cities detailed in the article, in your own words. 2. Specifically, how would more forest cities benefit China? 3. Where would you build forest cities in the United States and why? 4. Would you want to live in a forest city? Specially, why or why not? Question 3.Think back to our lecture on ethics and our assignment on eWaste in this module. Using this information, discuss your ideas on the ethics of eWaste below. You must post one statement about your thoughts(200words)
Grossmont Cuyamaca Community College Biology Animal Kingdom Worksheet
Exercise 5: The Animal Kingdom:or Even if it looks like blob of jelly…..it may still be an animal!If someone were to ask ...
Grossmont Cuyamaca Community College Biology Animal Kingdom Worksheet
Exercise 5: The Animal Kingdom:or Even if it looks like blob of jelly…..it may still be an animal!If someone were to ask you what a giraffe looks like, you would most likely be able to bring an image tomind, and then describe it to the person asking the question. Your mental image of the giraffe would mostlikely be one that was visual; we human tend to rely on our eyes and the things we can see directly. Butthese direct visual observations are not the only ones that are available to us when we describe anorganism. We could also describe an organism in terms of the way it feels, the way it smells or thesounds that it makes. But in the end, we all think we know what an animal looks like and how we wouldidentify one.It turns out, that identification of animals, and many other organisms is not necessarily straightforward. Inthe last exercise you spent time finding and identifying organisms that are invisible to our naked eyes andwhich fell into a variety of different classification categories. In this lab exercise, you will find that evenwhen visible, and when called by a name that we think of as familiar, it is not just how something looks onthe outside that determines how it is classified.INTRODUCTIONLook at the two organisms in the pictures below. As a biologist, it would be your job to identifyand classify organisms such as these. But where would you start? Could you tell simply basedon their looks whether these would be classified as plant, animal, fungus or protist?Many of the organisms that we call animals are obvious to most of us. Many of the species thatbiologists have named belong to the animal group because they are usually easy to see, andthey have been studied extensively over the past several hundred years. However, there aresome organisms that defy classification simply by the way that they look. To classify someorganisms we must look beyond the surface.What is an animal?The word “animal” comes from the Latin word animal, (for which animalia is the plural) andmeans “vital breath or soul”. Animals form a major group within the domain Eukarya, thekingdom Animalia. Most animals are defined by sharing the same group of characteristics: Multi-cellular: Animals are composed of eukaryotic cells that have a plasma membranesurrounding the cells, but no cell walls. Most animals (although not all) are multi-cellular,2that is, they are made up from more than one cell, and in most cases, the different cellscarry out different functions for the organism. Heterotrophic: Animals consume their food, feeding on pre-made organic materials toobtain nutrients for growth and development. Most animals feed by ingestion; they takein whole parts of other organisms and digest them inside their bodies. Exhibit movement: Most animals are capable of motion due to the presence of nervousand muscle tissue. Exhibit embryonic development: Animals go through a process of development orchange from their early life as an embryo, to their final adult form.In order to identify and classify animals, we need to look at characteristics that would permit usto organize them into groups. Ideally, we would like to look for characteristics that are commonto the largest number of organisms, and then to find characteristics which fit progressively fewerand fewer of the organisms in question. These sets of characteristics could then be used toconstruct a dichotomous key (similar in concept to the one used in last week’s exercise) thatcould be used to identify newly discovered animals. In this exercise, you will be looking atcertain features of body organization that provide clues to the evolutionary ancestry of theanimals. These features include Cellular organization Number of tissue layers in the embryo The body plan symmetry Cephalization Segmentation Type of digestive tract Type of body cavity The type of skeleton (if any) The presence of jointed appendages Presence of notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord and post-anal tailCellular OrganizationAnimals differ in their degree of organization and complexity. The very simplest animals, thosefrom phylum Porifera, are composed of cells that are only loosely interconnected, but can existand function independently even if they serve a specific function within the organism. In otheranimals, the cells come together to form tissues, groups of cells that are similar in structure andfunction and which work together to perform a specific activity. All animals except those inphylum Porifera have defined tissues.All animals except the Porifera and the Cnidarians have tissues that work together to performspecific activities forming structures called organs. Organs consist of two or more differenttypes of tissues organized into these units that have a characteristic size and shape. Example oforgans in humans would be heart, brain, lung and skin.Embryonic Tissue LayersThe embryonic tissues layers of an animal are also known as germ layers and give rise to all ofthe tissues and organs in the adult animal. During development, the zygote (the first cell formedfrom the union of an egg and sperm cell) develops in such a way that different layers of tissuesare formed. The innermost layer is the endoderm that gives rise to organs such as the digestive3tract and lungs; the mesoderm is a middle layer that gives rise to muscles, the circulatory andskeletal system; the ectoderm is the outer layer which forms the nervous system and theepidermis of the organism.The Porifera do not have tissues, and thus do not have these layers. The Cnidarians have onlytwo germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm. All other animals have all three germ layers.Body PlanAn organism’s body plan is the blueprint for the way the body of the organism is laid out. Anorganism’s symmetry, the number of body segments and the number of limbs are all part of itsbody plan.Symmetry describes the layout of the body parts on either side of a dividing line or plane.Asymmetrical body plan: theanimal body cannot be dividedinto two equal halves along anyone plane.Radial body plan: any planepassing through the center of thebody divides the animal into twoequal halves.Bilateral body plan: the animalbody is arranged around a singleplane that is parallel to the lengthof the animal and divides thebody into right and left halves thatare mirror images externally.Figure 1: Types of Animal Body Symmetry4The simplest animals do not show any regular symmetry to their body plan and are thereforedescribed as being asymmetrical. These animals are irregular in their shape and size. The onlyphylum of animals that is asymmetrical are the sponges, phylum Porifera.Organisms with radial symmetry have body parts that are arranged in a regular, repeatingpattern around a central axis (think wagon wheel!), or are completely symmetrical about acentral axis (like a frisbee). These organisms resemble a pie where several planes can be cutthrough the organism to produce roughly identical pieces. These organisms do not have right orleft sides, but only have a top and bottom surface. Radial symmetry allows an organism todetect things coming towards it from any direction. Organisms that are radially symmetrical arethose from phylum Cnidaria and phylum EchinodermataIn bilateral symmetry, only a single plane will divide an organism into roughly mirror images(this is with respect to external appearance only, not internal structure). Most animals arebilaterally symmetric, including humans. The bilateral symmetry supports the formation of acentral nerve center that contributes to cephalization, the organization of the organism arounda head region that contains sensory organs.Body plans in most species appear to be controlled by a set of genes known as homeoboxgenes. A particular group of these genes called Hox genes, function in patterning the body axisof the organism. The genes determine where limbs and other body segments will grow in thedeveloping organism. The most commonly seen body plan is the tetrapod, organisms that havefour feet, legs or leg-like appendages. Tetrapods include all mammals, birds, amphibians andreptiles (yes, even snakes are tetrapods by descent). Some of the groups such as thecetaceans (whales) and bats have been modified (the front legs are now flippers or wings) butthey are still tetrapods.CephalizationCephalization refers to the concentration of nervous tissue at one end of an organism. Overmany generations, the evolutionary process results in the production of a head region withsensory organs. Cephalization is generally associated with the bilateral symmetry. Theassociation of cephalization and bilateral symmetry resulted in animals having sensory organsfacing the direction of movement, allowing the animal to better assess the conditions in thedirection of movement. These bilaterally symmetrical animals are consequently more active andefficient in seeking food and mates, and also in avoiding predators.SegmentationSegmentation is the division of the body along its length into a series of semi-repetitivesegments. Segmentation results in more effective body movement, and the ability ofdifferentiation of individual segments into specialized structures that can perform differentfunctions. Annelids, arthropods and chordates are all segmented. In the annelids andarthropods, the segmentation can be seen externally, while in the chordates the segmentation isreflected internally in the structure of vertebrae, muscles and nerves.DigestionAll animals have to perform some type of digestion process in order to use food to obtainenergy. In the simplest cases, the digestion is completely intracellular (inside of individualcells). Single celled organisms rely on intracellular digestion, as do some multi-cellular5organisms such as sponges. Sponges obtain tiny particles of food from water that passesthrough its body; cells catch and engulf the food particles, and then digest it inside the cell.Intracellular digestion works well for simple organisms, but does not meet the needs of morecomplex ones. Animals such as jellyfish and flatworms have simple sac-like cavities in whichdigestion can occur outside of the cells, but inside of a confined area. These animals have adefinite mouth that leads to this sac-like cavity. The sac is lined with cells that secrete enzymesthat break down food within the cavity. This extracellular digestion starts the process, and thedigested foods are then engulfed by cells where the digestion process is completed. Wasteproducts are excreted through the mouth, the same opening where the food entered.The most complex digestive systems are one-way digestion tubes with an opening at eachend. In these cases, the food is completely digested through extracellular processes. Foodmoves into the organism through the mouth, through a series of organs in the digestive tubethat may be specialized to increase the efficiency of the digestive process. Food moves throughthis one-way tube and its various organs until it has been digested and nutrients have beenabsorbed. Wastes left over from the digestion process are released at the opposite end of thetube from where they entered (the anus).Body CavityIn general, a body cavity is the fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and the outer bodywall of an animal that has tissues and organs. The body cavity is also known as the coelom.Depending upon the type of body cavity, animals can be placed into one of three groups.Aceolomate animals, such as the flatworms, do not have a body cavity. Their organs havedirect contact with the body wall. Semi-solid tissues between the gut and the body wall holdtheir organs in place.Figure 2: Body Cavity Types6Pseudocoelomate animals have a “false body cavity”. A pseudocoelom is not completely linedwith tissue derived from the mesoderm. Organs are held in place, but not as well organized asin animals with a true body cavity.Coelomate animals have a “true coelom” or body cavity that is filled with fluid and completelylined by tissues derived from the mesoderm. The complete mesoderm lining allows organs to beattached to each other, suspending both the gut and the organs. Most bilateral animals arecoelomates.Looking at the three groups of worms shown in the diagram above, one can see the differencesbetween the three types. The flatworms of phylum Platyhelminthes provide an example of theacoelomate animals. The body is filled with tissue that contains the organs. Roundworms(phylum Nematoda) are the major group of pseudocoelomate animals. All other animalsincluding the segmented worms of phylum Annelida possess true coeloms.SkeletonSkeletal systems in animals are generally divided into three types: external or exoskeleton,internal or endoskeleton, and fluid based or hydrostatic. The skeleton provides physicalsupport and allows the organism to move. In some cases the skeleton may also providephysical protection for the organism.A hydrostatic skeleton is a structure found in many soft-bodied animals that consists of a fluidfilledcavity surrounded by muscles. The pressure of the fluid and action of the surroundingmuscles can be used to produce movement. Animals such as worms use their hydrostaticskeletons to change their body shape from long and thin to shorter and wider as they moveforward. Hydrostatic skeletons are found in cnidarians, echinoderms, annelids, nematodes,octopuses, and crabs when they have recently molted and lost their external shell.Exoskeletons are found in many organisms of the phylum Arthropoda. The exoskeleton iscomposed of primarily of a polysaccharide called chitin that forms a hard, shell-like coveringon the exterior of the organism. The exoskeleton is not living tissue, and thus cannot grow withthe organism. The organism must shed it skeleton to grow, in a process known as molting orecdysis. The arthropod secretes a new exoskeleton which hardens around the organism. Theexoskeleton provides structural support and protection on land, and prevents water loss byevaporation. Muscles are attached to internal projections of the exoskeleton that allow theanimal to move.Endoskeletons consist of rigid structures made of either cartilage or bone. These structuresare found inside the muscles and are connected to the muscles by tendons that allow themuscles to move the organism. In some organisms a component of the endoskeleton is abackbone composed of a series of segments called vertebrae that enclose the spinal cord. Thepresence or absence of a backbone forms the basis of dividing animals into two groups, theinvertebrates (which lack a backbone) and the vertebrates (which have a backbone)7Jointed AppendagesAppendages are seen in a number of phyla, but the most significant advancement ofappendage structure appears in the arthropods where the appendages have distinct segmentsor joints that allow them to be used for movement, feeding, reproduction, sensory organs andflight. Much of the success of insects and other phyla with jointed appendages can be attributedto the presence of these appendages that have evolved into specialized structures that allow awide diversity of tasks to be accomplished. Jointed appendages first appear in the arthropods,and are also present in the chordates.Notochord, Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord, Pharyngeal Gill Slits and Post-Anal TailThe most complex group of animals, the chordates, is characterized by the presence of fourmajor characteristics at some time during their lifecycle. The characteristics may only be presentduring the larval or embryonic stage of the organism’s life cycle. The characteristics include thepresence of: A notochord; a supportive rod that extends most of the length of the body, found dorsalto the body cavity Pharyngeal gill slits: a series of openings in the pharyngeal regions between thedigestive tract and the outside of the body A dorsal, hollow nerve cord with the anterior end enlarged into a brain. It runs alongthe longitudinal axis of the body, dorsal to the notochord A post anal tail which is supported by the notochord or vertebral column. This is presentin humans as the coccyx (tailbone) or in most other mammals as a wagging tail.Figure 3: Lancelet StructureMembers of phylum Chordata may be either invertebrates (such as the tunicate in the leftpicture on the first page of this exercise) or vertebrates (possessing a vertebral column) such ashumans. The lancelet in Figure 3 is a member of a group of primitive chordates that provideinformation for tracing how vertebrates have evolved and adapted. They display all of the basiccharacteristics of the chordates, with nerve cord running along the back, pharyngeal slits and atail that runs past the anus. Unlike the vertebrates, the dorsal nerve cord is not enclosed in8bone, but is protected by a simpler notochord made up by a cylinder of cells that are closelypacked to form a tough rod.(By the way, going back to the first page of this exercise, the photo on the left is of an animalcalled a tunicate that is part of the animal kingdom, and the phylum Chordata, the same phylumwhere we humans are grouped. The photo on the right is of a red alga that belongs to thekingdom Protista!)On the Skill Check worksheet, there are two different activities you must complete forthis lab.Activity 1: You will find a table that will help you organize the information found so far inthis exercise. Each of the major animal phyla is listed, along with the different scientificcharacteristics that are used to describe animals. For each of the characteristiccategories in the left hand column, use the information presented in this exercise todetermine how the characteristic applies to each of the animal phyla. This chart will beturned in as part of the lab exercise. All of the information you need to complete the chartis in the reading for this exercise. So read carefully in order to complete the chart.Activity 2: Animal Kingdom representatives.In the lab, you will find groups of organisms that represent each of the different phyla.You are going to need to do some research to figure out what animals fit into eachphylum. Your goal will be to find representatives of the different animal phyla. You canuse a textbook to do this, or you can do some research online to find the information. Foreach of the phyla named in the table, you should identify an organism that fits into thephylum.1. In the table, under the phylum name, write the full scientific name (genus andspecies) of the organism you have identified.2. Then fill in the remainder of the table on the Skill Check sheet for activity 2. In thesecond column of the table, list any characteristics of the organism that could beused to aid in identification of the organism. This means that you want to talkabout the characteristic information in Activity 1. Then describe the organism interms of obvious characteristics that you can see.3. In the third column, you may either insert a picture from online of the organism, oryou may make your own drawing of the organism based on a photo or photos youcan see online. If you paste in a photo from an online resource, you must includethe link to the website where you obtained it.Although this exercise may seem simple on the surface, you will have to spend sometime finding the information necessary to thoroughly complete it.
Risk Manager Case Study
Complete the following assignment:ScenarioYou are the risk manager for AVPRO. Your organization specializes in staffing en ...
Risk Manager Case Study
Complete the following assignment:ScenarioYou are the risk manager for AVPRO. Your organization specializes in staffing engineering and technical professionals in the aviation and aerospace industry. You are currently headquartered in Washington, D.C., but will be relocating to Houston, Texas. AVPRO’s president, George Jetson, is originally from the Houston area and has several plots of commercial land north of the city. The move will not happen for approximately 2 years, allowing for the organization to build a new facility in Houston, TX. As the risk manager, you have been asked to consult with the president prior to his meeting with the architecture group that will be designing the building. The new facility will house business operations for AVPRO and will include approximately 180 professional, office and clerical workers from AVPRO. Mr. Jetson wants to construct a 3-story joisted masonry building on the plot of land north of Houston to house the company’s personnel, to allow for some expansion, and to provide an opportunity to lease 1 floor of space to a company owned and operated by Mr. Jetson’s daughter, Judy. Judy’s company specializes in providing work opportunities to individuals with developmental disabilities, hearing impairments and vision impairments. The plan is to lease the space on the first floor to Judy’s company. Judy’s work operations do not pose significant hazards, and are considered industrial, low hazard operations, as most of the work involves basic assembly of components and does not require any tools aside from basic hand tools or use of hazardous materials.InstructionsMr. Jetson is traveling to Houston to meet with the architecture group. Prior to meeting, Mr. Jetson wants you to answer the following questions:Given our business operations at AVPRO and the operations of Judy’s company, are we permitted or allowed to build a 3-story, 17,000 ft², Type 3 Building with sprinkler protection? Can I propose this building to the architecture group? Does this meet the NFPA requirements for allowable building height and area? Be sure to explain your answer, and provide justification as to whether or not it is permitted in comparison to the applicable criteria for allowable height and area.As many of Judy’s workers have vision impairments, hearing impairments, or have developmental disabilities. Please provide a summary of the accommodations we should make to the building construction and life safety to ensure we are able to safely evacuate all workers in the event of a fire or emergency situation.Draft a block letter to his attention so that it can be emailed to him prior to his meeting. Address the letter to: Mr. George Jetson, President/AVPRO, P.O. Box 1, Washington, D.C. 20015. You will need to access the NFPA codes and resources presented in this module to answer these questions. Be sure to provide citations and references in your letter. Please see Module 2, Activity 2.3 if you need a reminder on how to format and write a letter in block format.
2 pages
Aspirin Pre Lab Answers
2. Calculate the Molar Mass of each of the compounds listed. 4. ______Theoretical yield is the total amount of product pos ...
Aspirin Pre Lab Answers
2. Calculate the Molar Mass of each of the compounds listed. 4. ______Theoretical yield is the total amount of product possible if the reaction occurs ...
Earn money selling
your Study Documents