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Read the professor comments and fix the mistakes.

Feedback to Learner: You will need to add subsections and reorganize your arguments so they are clear. Also, please define important terms so the reader understands the ethical terms you are using. I have made comments in your paper to help you organize the paper for the final draft. Please refer to my announcement on how to access the comments I made directly on your paper. Way to go! Really excellent work -Prof BolarRead the professor comments and fix the mistakes.


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The introduction may include: 1. An introduction to the topic of the paper. Auditing major is a program that equips accountants and other individuals with the skills to conduct internal and external appraisal on operations and finances of an organization to promote resource allocation and planning, safeguard assets, and ensure adherence to laws and regulations. With auditing skills, an accountant will have advanced knowledge in sampling, risk and control, audit tools and techniques, environmental auditing, audit tools and techniques, audit function and planning, ethical and professional standards, and information technology. 2. A good definition of the career. An auditor ensures that organizations maintain financial records that are accurate and honest. They protect against fraud in businesses by verifying records and statements to identify discrepancies and to ensure that proper accounting methods were used. Auditors work for the state governments, the IRS, private organizations and accountings. When working as employees or contractors, they are regarded as internal auditors. Those that work for or with government agencies are external auditors. It is mandatory for publicly traded companies to be reviewed by external auditors or independent auditors. Auditors have a crucial role in the success of an organization where potential investors receive assurance of a company’s financial representation and worth for them to make informed decisions. The body paragraphs may include: 1. The most important features of the career. Auditing career is largely defined by whether one is an internal or external auditor. Internal auditors work as in-house employees within accounting departments of companies and charity organizations. They also work for auditing firms that are contracted by client organizations. When working in private sector, auditors help identify ineffective processes and enhance business efficiency. Besides focusing on the books of accounts, internal auditors review the growth, environmental sustainability, ethics, and reputation of a company. On the other hand, external auditors work in National Audit Office or in private accounting firms such as Delloite and KPMG. Their role is to conduct audits in government institutions as well as public companies. They may also be involving is auditing of private organization that do business with government institutions. The role of external auditors is crucial in ascertaining efficiency and effectiveness in use of public funds. 2. The nature of the job and a list of the responsibilities. The job of an auditor is primarily that of ensuring the financial information of companies is valid and legal. The job may also entail advisory roles on cost efficiencies and risk minimization that a company can adopt. Within the accounting departments, an auditors job is to ensure accurate processing and recording of the money moving in and out of the organization. Some of the key responsibilities of an auditor include: • Preparation of financial statements, commentaries and reports • Collection, examination, and analysis of spreadsheet data • Ensuring compliance with policies, legislations, and procedures on financial practices • Evaluation of financial and accounting control systems of an organization • Identifying and ineffective processes and recommending changes that will improve those processes • Determination of a company’s financial risk levels • Coordinating with a company’s management and providing findings and recommendations • Ascertaining the accuracy and reliability of the financial records and reports • Guaranteeing the safety of a firm’s assets 3. The minimum qualification required for the purpose. The qualifications that must be attained for one to be an auditor vary depending on the whether one serves as an internal or external auditor. To be an external auditor, one has to be identified by a professional accounting body as a chartered accountant. When qualified by the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA), one can also work also work as an external auditor. There is a three-year scheme for graduates working for the National Audit Office which gives one professional accounting qualification to work as an external auditor. In most cases, one can achieve qualification in three to five years of work and study facilitated by employers. Conversely, internal auditors do not require such qualifications as accountants to practice. With degrees in economics, Information Technology, and accountancy, graduates can work as internal auditors. Even individuals with degrees in other disciplines can work as internal auditors. The path to a professional auditing career can be pursued variedly by both university graduates as well as school levers depending on whether the aim is to be internal or external auditors. On-the-job training of school levers can also culminate in a professional auditor. 4. The challenges involved in pursuing the career. Pursuit of an auditing career often faces a number of challenges. One of the challenges is the registration process. There are several lengthy phases involved in the registration of an auditor meant to ensure best professional qualities. This is presents a challenge that often discourages most people interested in joining the profession. The increased pressure for compliance has negated the need for audit quality and professional judgment. Over emphasis on the audit process than the outcome makes it difficult for auditors to conduct auditing objectively. The other challenge with the career is work-life balance given the demanding nature of the job. With most young professionals placing significant value on social and personal achievements, it becomes increasingly difficult to achieve career growth without compromising on work-life balance. 5. A discussion of how easy or how difficult it is to find placement in the sector. At 11 percent, the growth in employment of accountants and auditors between 2014 and 2024 is higher than the collective average of all occupations. The increasing demand for auditors is occasioned by the economic growth, changing in regulations, complexity of tax environments, and increased globalization. Stricter regulations in the financial sector, demand for accounting As the economy grows and more companies go public, the job prospects of auditors will be continue to get better. Professional qualifications such as Certified Public Accountants (CPA) and master’s degree in auditing make it easier to find placement. Although it is easier for entrylevel auditors to find placement, there is bound to be stiff competition in large prestigious firms. 6. The amount of hours you will need to dedicate and the salary you can expect. Auditors usually work fulltime for over 40 hours a week. It is the typical 9 to 5 hours office hours from Monday to Friday. Overtime are expected at certain times of the year such as the end of a financial year when most tax audits are done. As per the median pay of 2016, an auditor earns $32.76 per hours which is $68,150 per year (bls.gov). 7. The possibilities for growth in the career sector. There are significant possibilities of auditing career advancement. A public accountant who is just beginning will take 1 to 2 years progress to other positions of more responsibilities. Senior positions would be reached in a few years. One may become a supervisor or manager; take internal auditing or executive positions in private organizations; or open a public accounting firm. Junior internal auditors can also advance to be management accountants, chief cost accountants, financial vice presidents, controllers, or even corporation presidents. Internal auditors, management accountants, and public accountants can also switch between different aspects of accounting and auditing. Internal auditors may switch to management accounting, management accountants may switch to internal auditing, and public accountants may switch internal auditing or management accounting. Switching to public accounting is however very uncommon among internal auditors and management accountants. 8. An explanation of why that particular career looks more appealing to you than the rest. A career in auditing is more attractive than other professions because of its good job prospects and the potential for future industry growth. There are also several roles I can play with an auditing degree ranging from internal auditing, public auditing, and management accounts. There are also possibilities advancing my career up the corporate ladder. Besides these beneficial aspects of the profession, I have always had an interest oversight and quality assurance occupations. 9. Your skills which complement the career responsibilities. Besides the necessary professional qualifications, there are skills that complement the auditing career. I have nurtured several skills that I believe will enhance my capacity to deliver auditing responsibilities. Some of these skills include: • Self-motivation, self-belief and resolve • Ability to balance between work and study • Keen attention to details • Exceptional analytical skills • Strong math aptitude • Ability to work under pressure and meet deadlines • Ability to work as part of a team and individually 10. Your shortcomings which might come in the way of your career and how you plan to tackle those situations. There are other skills that are crucial for success in the auditing career that I yet to develop fully. I will need to grow my communication and interpersonal skills. To achieve this, I will take up classes such as Toastmaster that will help improve my presentation skills and other business communication skills like report writing. I will also need to increase my prowess in IT. Accounting practices are increasingly computer-based, which requires similar approaches during auditing. The conclusion may include: 1. A summary of the most relevant points. 2. A reinstatement of the thesis stated in the introduction. 3. A concluding statement which effectively winds up the discussion.
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Running head: CONSENT AND CONFIDENTIALITY

Consent and Confidentiality in Medical Research
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation

1

CONSENT AND CONFIDENTIALITY

2

Consent and Confidentiality in Medical Research
Introduction
Autonomy and privacy are arguably the most fundamental rights of every human being.
Autonomy is the freedom from external influence while privacy is the freedom from public
attention (Lowrance, 2012). Any research activities involving people should always uphold these
rights. Medical research is a sober endeavor geared towards advancement of the medical
practice. It has contributed significantly to the level of efficiency that has been achieved in the
medical practice. Although animals can be used in medical experiments that will be applied to
humans, there are instances where there has to be human subjects for certain health conditions to
be studied effectively. In addition, generalization of medical discoveries to the public requires
prior testing on sample population. Although due care is taken to ensure that the subjects suffer
minimum harm, there is never a guarantee that the participants will be unharmed (Lowrance,
2012). This is why obtaining consent from the participants is important. When participants are
led to understand the risks involved in a medical experiment before they take part in it, they will
be able to handle any outcome. Obtaining informed consent from the participants is essentially
upholding their autonomy. Informed consent refers to granting of permission with full
knowledge of the consequences (Tyldum, 2012). Even though medical research is mostly
intended to benefit the public, most participants never want their involvement in the research to
be made public. In order to protect their privacy, it is important that their identities are kept
confidential when publishing the outcome of the research (Lowrance, 2012). Most lobby groups
that have campaigned against use of humans in medical research have cited violation of
individual autonomy and privacy of the participants (Joffe, 2012). The main et...


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