USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN THE VEHICLE TO REDUCE THE GLOBAL WARMING PART 3 Student Name: Professors Name: Course: Date: RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES 2 There is a need for sustainable energy to power transportation and electricity generation. Globally there have been reports of increased environmental degradation, climatic changes as well as global warming. Global warming has had adverse effects on the environment and world economics. There are reports of reduced glacier cover, rising sea levels, increased flooding, and unstable weather patterns. This trends if kept unchecked would have an immense effect on the environment and world economics. Fossil fuels that have been in use for a long time have proven to be costly, polluting, and are getting depleted. Fossil fuels (Diesel & Gasoline) have been attributed to causing emission of greenhouse gases that affect the environment negatively. The greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, methane) tend to deplete the ozone layer that protects the earth from ultraviolet rays from the sun. With the thinning of the ozone layer, the ultraviolet rays penetrate to the earth causing rising global temperatures. To mitigate the rising global temperatures a shift towards the use of renewable energies especially to power cars will contribute towards reducing global warming. The use of biofuels that are environmentally friendly, emit fewer greenhouse gases compared to the fossil fuels, they are a safe alternative to fossil fuels. Experiences with the use of biofuels in Brazil and North America in the world to power machines and produce electricity will mitigate the adverse effect of fossil fuels in the world and also save the dwindling reserves of fossil fuels. The unstable oil prices and dependence on fossil fuels creates energy insecurity. Using Lifecycle Analysis of fossil fuels versus biofuels, emissions per vehicle is reduced in the use of biofuels to 63% reduction compared to fossil fuels 16% (Larson, 2006). The benefits of biofuels are they are ecological stable and sustainable; they are easily converted to biomass efficiently thereby no pollution. Japan is leading in research and development regarding looking for sustainable energy sources. There are reports of the possible use of human waste to generate RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES 3 energy. This serves two purposes, first it eliminates an environmental and social problem and secondly it is being put to productive use rather than just dump it. This waste can be sustainably used to generate power for use in the homes in lighting, household use, and also power electric cars (Mikhail et al., 2006). Greenhouse emissions gases (GHG) have been shown to contribute to environmental degradation and global warming. Studies on rising sea levels have been attributed to rising global temperatures. This has melted glaciers increased the amount of water heading towards the seas. The rising seas is a threat to low lying coastal establishments like Venice (Italy) and Rotterdam (The Netherlands). Venice has reported increased floods from few incidents in a year for most of the year. Venice was known to be a tourist town where people would go skiing. The glacier cover has disappeared due to increased global temperatures. This threat has increased investments in flood water prevention using electronic sensors for early warning systems, floodgates construction, use of dikes and large sandy banks to control flood. Houses in Venice people have been forced to inhabit floors above ground floor due to rising flood waters levels (Ahem, 2010; Day et al., 1998). Eco-innovations have made it possible to bring about energy sustainability. The use of electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles tend to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. This transformation contributes to less use of fossil fuels hence less pollution. Part of this eco-innovation is the improvement of battery capacities to power electric cars and their ability to hold power over a more extended range regarding distance covered. This will help in reducing the need to have a large number of charging centers along the highways. The increased use of electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles the capacity to tame the rising fossil fuels environmental pollution and reduce global warming. Eco-innovations are defined as any form of innovation aimed at significantly RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES 4 demonstrating progress towards sustainable development through reduction of adverse environmental impact in the use of natural resources including energy (European Commission, 2007). Hybrid Vehicles were introduced in Japan in 2007 with cars using both petrol and electric motor. The vehicle saved combustion energy to switch to the battery-driven engine when the car was stagnant; in motion the battery got charged. By 2010 Japan had over 1 million hybrid cars from 281,215 in 2007 a significant contribution to reducing fossil fuels emissions (Janvier et al., 2010). A study to compare the gaseous emissions between electric vehicles, costs and energy use pointed out that increased electric vehicles will increase the demand for electricity, infrastructure and distribution system to match new usage in powering electric cars. For this to be realized there is need to shift to sustainable electricity generation using wind power, solar energy, and gas turbines. In the past batteries to hold power was a challenge. Inability to maintain power meant having numerous recharge locations. The improvement of lithium-ion batteries has reduced the cost of the batteries from 960 Euro to less than 400 Euro. With mass production and use the prices would make electric vehicles viable for large-scale use. The innovation of higher capacity batteries has had a demand for car designs to be boasted to enable them to hold the extra battery weight. A shift of 30% to electric vehicles usage will increase global electricity demand by 3 % (Vliet, 2011 p 2300). This will create opportunities to expand household electricity infrastructure to support electric cars. The drive towards the use of electric cars demands adjustments in the electricity generation and distribution. Electric Vehicles are defined as a vehicle whose driving is powered partially or wholly through electric energy from a battery according to Richardson (2010). Richardson examined the usage of electric vehicles and the supporting infrastructure and RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES 5 reported that electric cars reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the environment making them a sustainable choice away from fossil fuels use. Richardson found out that Electric Vehicles (EV) were more efficient than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). Regarding energy efficiency EV had 60-70% efficiency compared to ICEV at 15-16 Efficiency regarding energy use. He noted that globally 60% of the energy is used in transportation and electricity generation. Electricity supply is varied due to variations in demand. Electricity is priced cheaply at night in many countries due to low demand at night. This is an opportunity to charge cars during the night. This also creates an opportunity to use wind and solar energy during the day and when most convenient. The question of electric cars being environmentally and economically beneficial can be addressed by examining the cost of the car, fuel costs and lifetime usage of the car estimated at ten years. A study was conducted to compare the conventional car using gasoline (Toyota Corolla), Hybrid vehicle (Toyota primus), Electric Vehicle (Rava 4) and a Hydrogen powered car (Honda). Car usage took at the ratio of 45:55, Highway and city driving. The results of this study indicated that the hybrid car and the electric vehicles were superior to conventional cars as well as the hydrogen-powered cars. Honda was, in fact, a very expensive choice prized at 100,000$ down from 2 million $ per unit. The hybrid cars are preferred where 50% of energy is non-renewable. This implies in cases where electricity is generated by fossil fuels; the Hybrid vehicle will help reduce GHG and thus reduce global warming. In the cases where electricity is generated using renewable sources of energy then the Electric vehicle is a better choice (Mikhail et al., 2006). The global energy consumption in public transport has been studied. Passenger cars are a source of pollution according to Holmberg and colleagues. In a study to find out the contribution RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES 6 of friction in wasting energy, Holmberg et al. (2012) found out that a third of all fossil fuels are used to overcome resistance in the engine, brakes, and tires. Taking into consideration as at 2009, there were 208,000 million liters of fossil fuel used to overcome friction driven by individual driving habits namely; acceleration, unnecessary braking, over speeding, and idle vehicle running. A shift toward the use of renewable energy would in effect reduce this wastage and global warming. The world over people moves in public vehicles and personal cars. Majority of this cars use fossil fuels. The ability of the world governments to drive innovation and shift towards renewable sources of energy will help the world manage global warming challenge. There is a need for more significant investments in research and development to develop renewable sources of energy to replace fossil fuels. For a long time, electricity has been generated using coal, hydro, diesel generators, and steam. The future demands more investment in green energy not limited to wind and solar energy. A significant challenge has been storage of wind power and solar energy this is a ripe area for research and action since its result would contribute significantly to sustainable renewable electricity production. This is a panacea to the problem of fossil fuels, and it's continued greenhouse gases emissions that negatively impact the environment. With evidence of increased usage of electric cars will increase total electricity demand. Investments in sustainable electricity sources will help reduce the demand gaps that will in future be created by a drastic shift to electric vehicles use. We have seen the causes of global warming as a direct cause of the use of fossil fuels. The ability to have either a gradual shift regarding incremental change towards the use of hybrid cars that use renewable energy will significantly reduce global warming as a first step. The use of biofuels to generate electricity and power homes is an initiative that needs to be taken up with countries with capacity and opportunities to use biological wastes like molasses, corn to produce RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES electricity instead of over-reliance on fossil fuels that are getting depleted exposing the world to energy insecurity. Another option is to consider a drastic, radical transformation of the use of electric vehicles that run on 100% electricity. This demand that the governments and the private sector make investments in mass production and consumption of electric cars as well as investment in electricity production using sustainable sources of energy. The world has vast reserves of natural gas; this is a safe and environmentally friendly place to invest for the benefit of reducing global warming and making the world an secure energy place. The fossil fuels are getting depleted without being replaced. A quick decision towards the use of renewable green energy is a positive move for the good of all. The shift to renewable energy will bring about other economic opportunities to potential investors and governments. References 7 RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES 8 Day, J.W Jr., Rismondo, A., Scranton, F., Are, D., and Cecconi, G. Relative sea level rise, and Venice Lagoon Wetlands. Journal of coastal conservation, Opulus Press, Uppsala, Sweden. 1998, 4: pp. 27-34 Jack Ahem. “Venice: Rising Water, sinking land.” people.umass.edu 2010. Larson. D. Eric. (2006). A review of Life-Cycle Analysis Studies on Liquid Biofuels Systems for Transport Sector. Energy for Sustainable Development, Vol 10 (2). Mikhail, Granovskii. , Ibrahim Dincer, Marc, A. Rosen. (2006). Economic and Environmental Comparison of Conventional, Hybrid, electric and Hydrogen fuel cells vehicles. Journal of Power Sources 159, p 1186-1193. Richardson, B. D. (2013). Electric Vehicles and Electric Grid: A Review of Modelling Approaches, Impacts, and Renewable Energy Integration. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 19, 247-254. Vliet, Van Oscar. , Anne, Sjoerd. Brouwer. , Takeshi, Kuramoshi. , Machleld, Van den Brock. , and Andre Faaij (2011). Journal of Power Sources, 196, pp. 2298-2310 BUSINESS 1 USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN THE VEHICLE TO REDUCE THE GLOBAL WARMING PART 4 Student Name: Professors Name: Course: Date: RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES 2 There is a need for sustainable energy to power transportation and electricity generation. Globally there have been reports of increased environmental degradation, climatic changes as well as global warming. Global warming has had adverse effects on the environment and world economics. There are reports of reduced glacier cover, rising sea levels, increased flooding, and unstable weather patterns. This trends if kept unchecked would have an immense effect on the environment and world economics. Fossil fuels that have been in use for long times have proven to be costly, polluting, and are getting depleted. Fossil fuels (Diesel & Gasoline) have been attributed to causing emission of greenhouse gases that affect the environment negatively. The greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, methane) tend to deplete the ozone layer that protects the earth from ultraviolet rays from the sun. With the thinning of the ozone layer, the ultraviolet rays penetrate to the earth causing rising global temperatures. To mitigate the rising global temperatures a shift towards the use of renewable energies especially to power cars will contribute towards reducing global warming. The use of biofuels that are environmentally friendly, emit fewer greenhouse gases compared to the fossil fuels, they are a safe alternative to fossil fuels. Experiences with the use of biofuels in Brazil and North America in the world to power machines and produce electricity will mitigate the adverse effect of fossil fuels in the world and also save the dwindling reserves of fossil fuels. The unstable oil prices and dependence on fossil fuels creates energy insecurity. Using Lifecycle Analysis of fossil fuels versus biofuels, emissions per vehicle is reduced in the use of biofuels to 63% reduction compared to fossil fuels 16% (Larson, 2006). The benefits of biofuels are they are ecological stable and sustainable; they are easily converted to biomass efficiently thereby no pollution. Japan is leading in research and development regarding looking for sustainable energy sources. There are reports of the possible use of human waste to generate RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES 3 energy. This serves two purposes, first it eliminates an environmental and social problem and secondly it is being put to productive use rather than just dump it. This waste can be sustainably used to generate power for use in the homes in lighting, household use, and also power electric cars (Mikhail et al., 2006). Greenhouse emissions gases (GHG) have been shown to contribute to environmental degradation and global warming. Studies on rising sea levels have been attributed to rising global temperatures. This has melted glaciers increased the amount of water heading towards the seas. The rising seas is a threat to low lying coastal establishments like Venice (Italy) and Rotterdam (The Netherlands). Venice has reported increased floods from few incidents in a year for most of the year. Venice was known to be a tourist town where people would go skiing. The glacier cover has disappeared due to increased global temperatures. This threat has increased investments in flood water prevention using electronic sensors for early warning systems, floodgates construction, use of dikes and large sandy banks to control flood. Houses in Venice people have been forced to inhabit floors above ground floor due to rising flood waters levels (Ahem, 2010; Day et al., 1998). Eco-innovations have made it possible to bring about energy sustainability. The use of electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles tend to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. This transformation contributes to less use of fossil fuels hence less pollution. Part of this eco-innovation is the improvement of battery capacities to power electric cars and their ability to hold power over a more extended range regarding distance covered. This will help in reducing the need to have a large number of charging centers along the highways. The increased use of electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles the capacity to tame the rising fossil fuels environmental pollution and reduce global warming. Eco-innovations are defined as any form of innovation aimed at significantly RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES 4 demonstrating progress towards sustainable development through reduction of adverse environmental impact in the use of natural resources including energy (European Commission, 2007). Hybrid Vehicles were introduced in Japan in 2007 with cars using both petrol and electric motor. The vehicle saved combustion energy to switch to the battery-driven engine when the car was stagnant, in motion the battery got charged. By 2010 Japan had over 1 million hybrid cars from 281,215 in 2007 a significant contribution to reducing fossil fuels emissions (Janvier et al., 2010). A study to compare the gaseous emissions between electric vehicles, costs and energy use pointed out that increased electric vehicles will increase the demand for electricity, infrastructure and distribution system to match new usage in powering electric cars. For this to be realized there is need to shift to sustainable electricity generation using wind power, solar energy, and gas turbines. In the past batteries to hold power was a challenge. Inability to maintain power meant having numerous recharge locations. The improvement of lithium-ion batteries has reduced the cost of the batteries from 960 Euro to less than 400 Euro. With mass production and use the prices would make electric vehicles viable for large-scale use. The innovation of higher capacity batteries has had a demand for car designs to be boasted to enable them to hold the extra battery weight. A shift of 30% to electric vehicles usage will increase global electricity demand by 3 % (Vliet, 2011 p 2300). This will create opportunities to expand household electricity infrastructure to support electric cars. The drive towards the use of electric cars demands adjustments in the electricity generation and distribution. Electric Vehicles are defined as a vehicle whose driving is powered partially or wholly through electric energy from a battery according to Richardson (2010). Richardson examined the usage of electric vehicles and the supporting infrastructure and RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES 5 reported that electric cars reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the environment making them a sustainable choice away from fossil fuels use. Richardson found out that Electric Vehicles (EV) were more efficient than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). Regarding energy efficiency EV had 60-70% efficiency compared to ICEV at 15-16 Efficiency regarding energy use. He noted that globally 60% of the energy is used in transportation and electricity generation. Electricity supply is varied due to variations in demand. Electricity is priced cheaply at night in many countries due to low demand at night. This is an opportunity to charge cars during the night. This also creates an opportunity to use wind and solar energy during the day and when most convenient. The question of electric cars being environmentally and economically beneficial can be addressed by examining the cost of the car, fuel costs and lifetime usage of the car estimated at ten years. A study was conducted to compare the conventional car using gasoline (Toyota Corolla), Hybrid vehicle (Toyota primus), Electric Vehicle (Rava 4) and a Hydrogen powered car (Honda). Car usage took at the ratio of 45:55, Highway and city driving. The results of this study indicated that the hybrid car and the electric vehicles were superior to conventional cars as well as the hydrogen-powered cars. Honda was, in fact, a very expensive choice prized at 100,000$ down from 2 million $ per unit. The hybrid cars are preferred where 50% of energy is non-renewable. This implies in cases where electricity is generated by fossil fuels; the Hybrid vehicle will help reduce GHG and thus reduce global warming. In the cases where electricity is generated using renewable sources of energy then the Electric vehicle is a better choice (Mikhail et al., 2006). The global energy consumption in public transport has been studied. Passenger cars are a source of pollution according to Holmberg and colleagues. In a study to find out the contribution RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES 6 of friction in wasting energy, Holmberg et al. (2012) found out that a third of all fossil fuels are used to overcome resistance in the engine, brakes, and tires. Taking into consideration as at 2009, there were 208,000 million liters of fossil fuel used to overcome friction driven by individual driving habits namely; acceleration, unnecessary braking, over speeding, and idle vehicle running. A shift toward the use of renewable energy would in effect reduce this wastage and global warming. The world over people moves in public vehicles and personal cars. Majority of this cars use fossil fuels. The ability of the world governments to drive innovation and shift towards renewable sources of energy will help the world manage global warming challenge. There is a need for more significant investments in research and development to develop renewable sources of energy to replace fossil fuels. For a long time, electricity has been generated using coal, hydro, diesel generators, and steam. The future demands more investment in green energy not limited to wind and solar energy. A significant challenge has been storage of wind power and solar energy this is a ripe area for research and action since its result would contribute significantly to sustainable renewable electricity production. This is a panacea to the problem of fossil fuels, and it's continued greenhouse gases emissions that negatively impact the environment. With evidence of increased usage of electric cars will increase total electricity demand. Investments in sustainable electricity sources will help reduce the demand gaps that will in future be created by a drastic shift to electric vehicles use. We have seen the causes of global warming as a direct cause of the use of fossil fuels. The ability to have either a gradual shift regarding incremental change towards the use of hybrid cars that use renewable energy will significantly reduce global warming as a first step. The use of biofuels to generate electricity and power homes is an initiative that needs to be taken up with countries with capacity and opportunities to use biological wastes like molasses, corn to produce RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES electricity instead of over-reliance on fossil fuels that are getting depleted exposing the world to energy insecurity. Another option is to consider a drastic, radical transformation of the use of electric vehicles that run on 100% electricity. This demand that the governments and the private sector make investments in mass production and consumption of electric cars as well as investment in electricity production using sustainable sources of energy. The world has vast reserves of natural gas; this is a safe and environmentally friendly place to invest for the benefit of reducing global warming and making the world an secure energy place. The fossil fuels are getting depleted without being replaced. A quick decision towards the use of renewable green energy is a positive move for the good of all. The shift to renewable energy will bring about other economic opportunities to potential investors and governments. 7 RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES 8 References Day, J.W Jr., Rismondo, A., Scranton, F., Are, D., and Cecconi, G. Relative sea level rise, and Venice Lagoon Wetlands. Journal of coastal conservation, Opulus Press, Uppsala, Sweden. 1998, 4: pp. 27-34 Jack Ahem. “Venice: Rising Water, sinking land.” people.umass.edu 2010. Larson. D. Eric. (2006). A review of Life-Cycle Analysis Studies on Liquid Biofuels Systems for Transport Sector. Energy for Sustainable Development, Vol 10 (2). Mikhail, Granovskii. , Ibrahim Dincer, Marc, A. Rosen. (2006). Economic and Environmental Comparison of Conventional, Hybrid, electric and Hydrogen fuel cells vehicles. Journal of Power Sources 159, p 1186-1193. Richardson, B. D. (2013). Electric Vehicles and Electric Grid: A Review of Modelling Approaches, Impacts, and Renewable Energy Integration. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 19, 247-254. Vliet, Van Oscar. , Anne, Sjoerd. Brouwer. , Takeshi, Kuramoshi. , Machleld, Van den Brock. , and Andre Faaij (2011). Journal of Power Sources, 196, pp. 2298-2310 USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN THE VEHICLE TO REDUCE THE GLOBAL WARMING PART 1 Student Name: Professors Name: Course: Date: Sustainable energy use is required to stem global warming and climatic changes that relate to the use of fossil fuels (Gasoline and Diesel). Fossil fuels are known to contribute towards global warming through the emission of greenhouse gasses (Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous oxide, and RUNNING HEADER: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 2 methane) that deplete the ozone layer, adding to increased global temperatures. This result of increased global temperatures are the sinking coastlines being experienced in Venice (Italy) and rising coastal waters in Rotterdam(The Netherlands).Transportation and energy generation sectors are the major contributors to climatic changes and global warming. A shift is required to mitigate this adverse effect on the environment. The use of electric vehicles (EV) is seen as a possible sustainable way to reduce greenhouse gases thereby controlling and reducing environmental degradation. Annotated 1 Larson. D. Eric. (2006). A review of Life-Cycle Analysis Studies on Liquid Biofuels Systems for Transport Sector. Energy for Sustainable Development, Vol 10 (2). In a study by Eric on the review of life-cycle analysis, on liquid biofuels in comparison to fossil fuel in use in the transportation sector, some factors are against the continued use of fossil fuels namely. They include, the cost of fossil fuel continues to increase, the reserves of the fossil fuels are getting depleted exposing the world to energy insecurity and lastly biofuels have proven to be an alternative to the fossil fuels, they are safer and reduce greenhouse emissions (Larson, 2006). Annotated 2 Examining the real effect of global warming, we need to look at the reduced glacier covers on previously rich glacier covered mountains in Italy, the Alps and in the tropics. Also, the increased ocean water is a threat to low lying coastlands. According to Ahem RUNNING HEADER: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 3 Jack Ahem. “Venice: Rising Water, sinking land.” people.umass.edu 2010. Studies have reported increased flooding in Venice (Italy), and the Dutch have been forced to put in place an advanced flood control technologies which include, electronic sensors and early warning systems, floodgates, higher sand barriers and the use of dikes and windmills (Ahem 2010 & Day 1998). Annotated 3 The use of electric cars and renewable energies are thus seen as a sustainable solution to the problem of transportation, greenhouse gas emissions, rising global temperatures reduction and an alternative to use of expensive fossil fuels that are getting depleted without replacement. There are several versions of electric cars namely purely electric car (plug-in electric car) and a hybrid electric car. Studies have shown that they contribute significantly to the reduction of environmental pollution. Richardson reports a comparative analysis of electric vehicles (EV), Electric hybrid vehicles (HEV) and conventional vehicles using gasoline and diesel. Richardson, B. D. (2013). Electric Vehicles and Electric Grid: A Review of Modelling Approaches, Impacts, and Renewable Energy Integration. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 19, 247-254. The use of renewable sources of energy namely winds, solar and gas turbines to generate electricity will result in reduced reliance on fossil fuels, thereby reducing carbon dioxide production and emission. The world energy demand of 60% is consumed by the transport and electricity generation sectors (Richardson, 2013). RUNNING HEADER: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 4 For sustainable use of electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles, there is need to use sustainable sources of electricity generation. The shift from the use of fossil fuels to electric powered cars will increase the use of electricity. There is need to develop a distribution system to support the charging of electric vehicles. Studies in Europe on energy use, cost, carbon Dioxide emission of electric cars, have reported that an increase of 30 % penetration of electric cars contributes to a 3% spike in electricity total demand (Vliet et al., 2011). Gas turbines can be programmed to match demand cycles. This is an efficient use of renewable energy. This is not possible with wind energy and solar energy. Attempts have to be made to increase the ability to store wind energy as well as solar power for use at a later stage; this remains a big dilemma. USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN THE VEHICLE TO REDUCE THE GLOBAL WARMING PART 2 Student Name: Professors Name: Course: Date: RUNNING HEADER: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 2 ANNOTATED OUTLINE The use of sustainable energy in the vehicle will reduce global warming. The world is faced with the burden of a growing population currently estimated by United Nations to stand at 7 billion people. The energy demand for transportation and electricity production is draining the natural resources especially fossil fuels that are not only expensive, pollute and are also getting depleted. A shift from the use of fossil fuels to biofuels and possibly electric vehicles is seen as a viable solution to the problem of global warming and climatic changes. Fossil fuels contribute to global warming and climatic changes. Research has shown that fossil fuels contribute to greenhouse gases emission. The greenhouse gases namely (Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and Carbon Monoxide) contribute to ozone layer depletion thereby contributing significantly to the rising global temperatures (Larson, 2006). Comparing biofuels greenhouse gases emission between fossil fuels (gasoline & Diesel) compared to biofuels (Ethanol) derived from corn or molasses as engine fuels Biofuels reported 63% reduction in emissions compared to fossil fuels 16%.The rising sea levels seen in the context of rising global temperatures has resulted in increased water levels. This has become an environmental threat to low lying coastal areas. This phenomenon is best exhibited by increased flooding in Venice (Italy) and the threat of flooding in Rotterdam (Netherlands) as shown by Ahem (2010) and Day (1998). There are spirited efforts to keep of seawater regarding early warning signals, floodgates, dikes and use of elevated sandy banks. The effect of Global warming has contributed to changes in climatic conditions. We have incidences of acidic rains, changing weather patterns all over the globe. There is increased flooding, longer dry spells, and reduced glacier covers (Day et al., 1998). RUNNING HEADER: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 3 Electric cars are the solution to global warming. The increased use of electric cars leading to shift from the excessive use of fossil fuels to electric driven cars will reduce global warming. Globally 90% of transportation is supported by fossil fuels (Gasoline & Diesel). A radical transformation to purely electric cars or an incremental change using hybrid cars can significantly reduce greenhouse emissions that contribute to global warming (Janvier et al., 2010). This will lead to a sustainable energy use. In another study by Richardson (2013) exploring the use of electric vehicles and the electric grid, reported that electric vehicles are a sustainable alternative to conventional vehicles (Gasoline & Diesel driven) provided the source of electricity generation is sustainable. Richardson posits that gas turbine engines are potential renewable energy sources. Electric cars are 60-70% more efficient in using energy than conventional cars estimated to have between 15-18% efficiency in energy use. In another study on the overall architecture and use energy, Holmberg et al., 2012 reported that most energy in cars is directed towards fighting friction in the car engine, brakes, tires, and combustion. In the same study globally 208,000 million liters of fossil fuel, were dispensed by cars in overcoming friction in 2009 (Holmberg et al., 2012). Electric cars will lead to increased demand for electricity, innovations in electric cars charging infrastructure and charging point’s distribution systems. The costs of electric cars are coming down due to increased investment in research and development. The use of lithium –ion Batteries has increased the range an electric battery powered car can travel thereby increasing the distance between potential charging points. This is environmental friendly development (Vliet et al., 2011).Electric cars and hybrid cars are economical and environmentally friendly. Studies comparing electric cars, hybrid cars, hydrogen-powered cars and conventional cars have recommended the use of EV and HEV due to high capacity batteries and electric motor RUNNING HEADER: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY combination convenient in both highway use and city driving at 45:55 ratios (Mikhail et al., 2006). 4 RUNNING HEADER: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 5 References Day, J.W Jr., Rismondo, A., Scranton, F., Are, D., and Cecconi, G. Relative sea level rise, and Venice Lagoon Wetlands. Journal of coastal conservation, Opulus Press, Uppsala, Sweden. 1998, 4: pp. 27-34 Jack Ahem. “Venice: Rising Water, sinking land.” people.umass.edu 2010. Mikhail, Granovskii. , Ibrahim Dincer, Marc, A. Rosen. (2006). Economic and Environmental Comparison of Conventional, Hybrid, electric and Hydrogen fuel cells vehicles. Journal of Power Sources 159, p 1186-1193. Richardson, B. D. (2013). Electric Vehicles and Electric Grid: A Review of Modelling Approaches, Impacts, and Renewable Energy Integration. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 19, 247-254. Vliet, Van Oscar. , Anne, Sjoerd. Brouwer. , Takeshi, Kuramoshi. , Machleld, Van den Brock. , and Andre Faaij (2011). Journal of Power Sources, 196, pp. 2298-2310. RUNNING HEADER: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 6 
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