USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN THE VEHICLE TO REDUCE THE GLOBAL
WARMING
PART 3
Student Name:
Professors Name:
Course:
Date:
RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES
2
There is a need for sustainable energy to power transportation and electricity generation.
Globally there have been reports of increased environmental degradation, climatic changes as
well as global warming. Global warming has had adverse effects on the environment and world
economics. There are reports of reduced glacier cover, rising sea levels, increased flooding, and
unstable weather patterns. This trends if kept unchecked would have an immense effect on the
environment and world economics. Fossil fuels that have been in use for a long time have proven
to be costly, polluting, and are getting depleted. Fossil fuels (Diesel & Gasoline) have been
attributed to causing emission of greenhouse gases that affect the environment negatively. The
greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, methane) tend to deplete the
ozone layer that protects the earth from ultraviolet rays from the sun. With the thinning of the
ozone layer, the ultraviolet rays penetrate to the earth causing rising global temperatures. To
mitigate the rising global temperatures a shift towards the use of renewable energies especially to
power cars will contribute towards reducing global warming.
The use of biofuels that are environmentally friendly, emit fewer greenhouse gases
compared to the fossil fuels, they are a safe alternative to fossil fuels. Experiences with the use of
biofuels in Brazil and North America in the world to power machines and produce electricity
will mitigate the adverse effect of fossil fuels in the world and also save the dwindling reserves
of fossil fuels. The unstable oil prices and dependence on fossil fuels creates energy insecurity.
Using Lifecycle Analysis of fossil fuels versus biofuels, emissions per vehicle is reduced in the
use of biofuels to 63% reduction compared to fossil fuels 16% (Larson, 2006). The benefits of
biofuels are they are ecological stable and sustainable; they are easily converted to biomass
efficiently thereby no pollution. Japan is leading in research and development regarding looking
for sustainable energy sources. There are reports of the possible use of human waste to generate
RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES
3
energy. This serves two purposes, first it eliminates an environmental and social problem and
secondly it is being put to productive use rather than just dump it. This waste can be sustainably
used to generate power for use in the homes in lighting, household use, and also power electric
cars (Mikhail et al., 2006).
Greenhouse emissions gases (GHG) have been shown to contribute to environmental
degradation and global warming. Studies on rising sea levels have been attributed to rising global
temperatures. This has melted glaciers increased the amount of water heading towards the seas.
The rising seas is a threat to low lying coastal establishments like Venice (Italy) and Rotterdam
(The Netherlands). Venice has reported increased floods from few incidents in a year for most of
the year. Venice was known to be a tourist town where people would go skiing. The glacier
cover has disappeared due to increased global temperatures. This threat has increased
investments in flood water prevention using electronic sensors for early warning systems,
floodgates construction, use of dikes and large sandy banks to control flood. Houses in Venice
people have been forced to inhabit floors above ground floor due to rising flood waters levels
(Ahem, 2010; Day et al., 1998).
Eco-innovations have made it possible to bring about energy sustainability. The use of
electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles tend to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. This transformation
contributes to less use of fossil fuels hence less pollution. Part of this eco-innovation is the
improvement of battery capacities to power electric cars and their ability to hold power over a
more extended range regarding distance covered. This will help in reducing the need to have a
large number of charging centers along the highways. The increased use of electric vehicles and
hybrid vehicles the capacity to tame the rising fossil fuels environmental pollution and reduce
global warming. Eco-innovations are defined as any form of innovation aimed at significantly
RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES
4
demonstrating progress towards sustainable development through reduction of adverse
environmental impact in the use of natural resources including energy (European Commission,
2007). Hybrid Vehicles were introduced in Japan in 2007 with cars using both petrol and electric
motor. The vehicle saved combustion energy to switch to the battery-driven engine when the car
was stagnant; in motion the battery got charged. By 2010 Japan had over 1 million hybrid cars
from 281,215 in 2007 a significant contribution to reducing fossil fuels emissions (Janvier et al.,
2010).
A study to compare the gaseous emissions between electric vehicles, costs and energy use
pointed out that increased electric vehicles will increase the demand for electricity, infrastructure
and distribution system to match new usage in powering electric cars. For this to be realized
there is need to shift to sustainable electricity generation using wind power, solar energy, and gas
turbines. In the past batteries to hold power was a challenge. Inability to maintain power meant
having numerous recharge locations. The improvement of lithium-ion batteries has reduced the
cost of the batteries from 960 Euro to less than 400 Euro. With mass production and use the
prices would make electric vehicles viable for large-scale use. The innovation of higher capacity
batteries has had a demand for car designs to be boasted to enable them to hold the extra battery
weight. A shift of 30% to electric vehicles usage will increase global electricity demand by 3 %
(Vliet, 2011 p 2300). This will create opportunities to expand household electricity infrastructure
to support electric cars.
The drive towards the use of electric cars demands adjustments in the electricity
generation and distribution. Electric Vehicles are defined as a vehicle whose driving is powered
partially or wholly through electric energy from a battery according to Richardson (2010).
Richardson examined the usage of electric vehicles and the supporting infrastructure and
RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES
5
reported that electric cars reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the environment making them a
sustainable choice away from fossil fuels use. Richardson found out that Electric Vehicles (EV)
were more efficient than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). Regarding energy
efficiency EV had 60-70% efficiency compared to ICEV at 15-16 Efficiency regarding energy
use. He noted that globally 60% of the energy is used in transportation and electricity generation.
Electricity supply is varied due to variations in demand. Electricity is priced cheaply at night in
many countries due to low demand at night. This is an opportunity to charge cars during the
night. This also creates an opportunity to use wind and solar energy during the day and when
most convenient.
The question of electric cars being environmentally and economically beneficial can be
addressed by examining the cost of the car, fuel costs and lifetime usage of the car estimated at
ten years. A study was conducted to compare the conventional car using gasoline (Toyota
Corolla), Hybrid vehicle (Toyota primus), Electric Vehicle (Rava 4) and a Hydrogen powered
car (Honda). Car usage took at the ratio of 45:55, Highway and city driving. The results of this
study indicated that the hybrid car and the electric vehicles were superior to conventional cars as
well as the hydrogen-powered cars. Honda was, in fact, a very expensive choice prized at
100,000$ down from 2 million $ per unit. The hybrid cars are preferred where 50% of energy is
non-renewable. This implies in cases where electricity is generated by fossil fuels; the Hybrid
vehicle will help reduce GHG and thus reduce global warming. In the cases where electricity is
generated using renewable sources of energy then the Electric vehicle is a better choice (Mikhail
et al., 2006).
The global energy consumption in public transport has been studied. Passenger cars are a
source of pollution according to Holmberg and colleagues. In a study to find out the contribution
RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES
6
of friction in wasting energy, Holmberg et al. (2012) found out that a third of all fossil fuels are
used to overcome resistance in the engine, brakes, and tires. Taking into consideration as at
2009, there were 208,000 million liters of fossil fuel used to overcome friction driven by
individual driving habits namely; acceleration, unnecessary braking, over speeding, and idle
vehicle running. A shift toward the use of renewable energy would in effect reduce this wastage
and global warming. The world over people moves in public vehicles and personal cars. Majority
of this cars use fossil fuels. The ability of the world governments to drive innovation and shift
towards renewable sources of energy will help the world manage global warming challenge.
There is a need for more significant investments in research and development to develop
renewable sources of energy to replace fossil fuels. For a long time, electricity has been
generated using coal, hydro, diesel generators, and steam. The future demands more investment
in green energy not limited to wind and solar energy. A significant challenge has been storage of
wind power and solar energy this is a ripe area for research and action since its result would
contribute significantly to sustainable renewable electricity production. This is a panacea to the
problem of fossil fuels, and it's continued greenhouse gases emissions that negatively impact the
environment. With evidence of increased usage of electric cars will increase total electricity
demand. Investments in sustainable electricity sources will help reduce the demand gaps that will
in future be created by a drastic shift to electric vehicles use.
We have seen the causes of global warming as a direct cause of the use of fossil fuels.
The ability to have either a gradual shift regarding incremental change towards the use of hybrid
cars that use renewable energy will significantly reduce global warming as a first step. The use
of biofuels to generate electricity and power homes is an initiative that needs to be taken up with
countries with capacity and opportunities to use biological wastes like molasses, corn to produce
RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES
electricity instead of over-reliance on fossil fuels that are getting depleted exposing the world to
energy insecurity. Another option is to consider a drastic, radical transformation of the use of
electric vehicles that run on 100% electricity. This demand that the governments and the private
sector make investments in mass production and consumption of electric cars as well as
investment in electricity production using sustainable sources of energy. The world has vast
reserves of natural gas; this is a safe and environmentally friendly place to invest for the benefit
of reducing global warming and making the world an secure energy place. The fossil fuels are
getting depleted without being replaced. A quick decision towards the use of renewable green
energy is a positive move for the good of all. The shift to renewable energy will bring about
other economic opportunities to potential investors and governments.
References
7
RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES
8
Day, J.W Jr., Rismondo, A., Scranton, F., Are, D., and Cecconi, G. Relative sea level rise, and
Venice Lagoon Wetlands. Journal of coastal conservation, Opulus Press, Uppsala,
Sweden. 1998, 4: pp. 27-34
Jack Ahem. “Venice: Rising Water, sinking land.” people.umass.edu 2010.
Larson. D. Eric. (2006). A review of Life-Cycle Analysis Studies on Liquid Biofuels Systems for
Transport Sector. Energy for Sustainable Development, Vol 10 (2).
Mikhail, Granovskii. , Ibrahim Dincer, Marc, A. Rosen. (2006). Economic and Environmental
Comparison of Conventional, Hybrid, electric and Hydrogen fuel cells vehicles. Journal
of Power Sources 159, p 1186-1193.
Richardson, B. D. (2013). Electric Vehicles and Electric Grid: A Review of Modelling
Approaches, Impacts, and Renewable Energy Integration. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 19, 247-254.
Vliet, Van Oscar. , Anne, Sjoerd. Brouwer. , Takeshi, Kuramoshi. , Machleld, Van den Brock. ,
and Andre Faaij (2011). Journal of Power Sources, 196, pp. 2298-2310
BUSINESS
1
USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN THE VEHICLE TO REDUCE THE GLOBAL
WARMING
PART 4
Student Name:
Professors Name:
Course:
Date:
RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES
2
There is a need for sustainable energy to power transportation and electricity generation.
Globally there have been reports of increased environmental degradation, climatic changes as
well as global warming. Global warming has had adverse effects on the environment and world
economics. There are reports of reduced glacier cover, rising sea levels, increased flooding, and
unstable weather patterns. This trends if kept unchecked would have an immense effect on the
environment and world economics. Fossil fuels that have been in use for long times have proven
to be costly, polluting, and are getting depleted. Fossil fuels (Diesel & Gasoline) have been
attributed to causing emission of greenhouse gases that affect the environment negatively. The
greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, methane) tend to deplete the
ozone layer that protects the earth from ultraviolet rays from the sun. With the thinning of the
ozone layer, the ultraviolet rays penetrate to the earth causing rising global temperatures. To
mitigate the rising global temperatures a shift towards the use of renewable energies especially to
power cars will contribute towards reducing global warming.
The use of biofuels that are environmentally friendly, emit fewer greenhouse gases
compared to the fossil fuels, they are a safe alternative to fossil fuels. Experiences with the use of
biofuels in Brazil and North America in the world to power machines and produce electricity
will mitigate the adverse effect of fossil fuels in the world and also save the dwindling reserves
of fossil fuels. The unstable oil prices and dependence on fossil fuels creates energy insecurity.
Using Lifecycle Analysis of fossil fuels versus biofuels, emissions per vehicle is reduced in the
use of biofuels to 63% reduction compared to fossil fuels 16% (Larson, 2006). The benefits of
biofuels are they are ecological stable and sustainable; they are easily converted to biomass
efficiently thereby no pollution. Japan is leading in research and development regarding looking
for sustainable energy sources. There are reports of the possible use of human waste to generate
RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES
3
energy. This serves two purposes, first it eliminates an environmental and social problem and
secondly it is being put to productive use rather than just dump it. This waste can be sustainably
used to generate power for use in the homes in lighting, household use, and also power electric
cars (Mikhail et al., 2006).
Greenhouse emissions gases (GHG) have been shown to contribute to environmental
degradation and global warming. Studies on rising sea levels have been attributed to rising global
temperatures. This has melted glaciers increased the amount of water heading towards the seas.
The rising seas is a threat to low lying coastal establishments like Venice (Italy) and Rotterdam
(The Netherlands). Venice has reported increased floods from few incidents in a year for most of
the year. Venice was known to be a tourist town where people would go skiing. The glacier
cover has disappeared due to increased global temperatures. This threat has increased
investments in flood water prevention using electronic sensors for early warning systems,
floodgates construction, use of dikes and large sandy banks to control flood. Houses in Venice
people have been forced to inhabit floors above ground floor due to rising flood waters levels
(Ahem, 2010; Day et al., 1998).
Eco-innovations have made it possible to bring about energy sustainability. The use of
electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles tend to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. This transformation
contributes to less use of fossil fuels hence less pollution. Part of this eco-innovation is the
improvement of battery capacities to power electric cars and their ability to hold power over a
more extended range regarding distance covered. This will help in reducing the need to have a
large number of charging centers along the highways. The increased use of electric vehicles and
hybrid vehicles the capacity to tame the rising fossil fuels environmental pollution and reduce
global warming. Eco-innovations are defined as any form of innovation aimed at significantly
RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES
4
demonstrating progress towards sustainable development through reduction of adverse
environmental impact in the use of natural resources including energy (European Commission,
2007). Hybrid Vehicles were introduced in Japan in 2007 with cars using both petrol and electric
motor. The vehicle saved combustion energy to switch to the battery-driven engine when the car
was stagnant, in motion the battery got charged. By 2010 Japan had over 1 million hybrid cars
from 281,215 in 2007 a significant contribution to reducing fossil fuels emissions (Janvier et al.,
2010).
A study to compare the gaseous emissions between electric vehicles, costs and energy use
pointed out that increased electric vehicles will increase the demand for electricity, infrastructure
and distribution system to match new usage in powering electric cars. For this to be realized
there is need to shift to sustainable electricity generation using wind power, solar energy, and gas
turbines. In the past batteries to hold power was a challenge. Inability to maintain power meant
having numerous recharge locations. The improvement of lithium-ion batteries has reduced the
cost of the batteries from 960 Euro to less than 400 Euro. With mass production and use the
prices would make electric vehicles viable for large-scale use. The innovation of higher capacity
batteries has had a demand for car designs to be boasted to enable them to hold the extra battery
weight. A shift of 30% to electric vehicles usage will increase global electricity demand by 3 %
(Vliet, 2011 p 2300). This will create opportunities to expand household electricity infrastructure
to support electric cars.
The drive towards the use of electric cars demands adjustments in the electricity
generation and distribution. Electric Vehicles are defined as a vehicle whose driving is powered
partially or wholly through electric energy from a battery according to Richardson (2010).
Richardson examined the usage of electric vehicles and the supporting infrastructure and
RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES
5
reported that electric cars reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the environment making them a
sustainable choice away from fossil fuels use. Richardson found out that Electric Vehicles (EV)
were more efficient than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). Regarding energy
efficiency EV had 60-70% efficiency compared to ICEV at 15-16 Efficiency regarding energy
use. He noted that globally 60% of the energy is used in transportation and electricity generation.
Electricity supply is varied due to variations in demand. Electricity is priced cheaply at night in
many countries due to low demand at night. This is an opportunity to charge cars during the
night. This also creates an opportunity to use wind and solar energy during the day and when
most convenient.
The question of electric cars being environmentally and economically beneficial can be
addressed by examining the cost of the car, fuel costs and lifetime usage of the car estimated at
ten years. A study was conducted to compare the conventional car using gasoline (Toyota
Corolla), Hybrid vehicle (Toyota primus), Electric Vehicle (Rava 4) and a Hydrogen powered
car (Honda). Car usage took at the ratio of 45:55, Highway and city driving. The results of this
study indicated that the hybrid car and the electric vehicles were superior to conventional cars as
well as the hydrogen-powered cars. Honda was, in fact, a very expensive choice prized at
100,000$ down from 2 million $ per unit. The hybrid cars are preferred where 50% of energy is
non-renewable. This implies in cases where electricity is generated by fossil fuels; the Hybrid
vehicle will help reduce GHG and thus reduce global warming. In the cases where electricity is
generated using renewable sources of energy then the Electric vehicle is a better choice (Mikhail
et al., 2006).
The global energy consumption in public transport has been studied. Passenger cars are a
source of pollution according to Holmberg and colleagues. In a study to find out the contribution
RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES
6
of friction in wasting energy, Holmberg et al. (2012) found out that a third of all fossil fuels are
used to overcome resistance in the engine, brakes, and tires. Taking into consideration as at
2009, there were 208,000 million liters of fossil fuel used to overcome friction driven by
individual driving habits namely; acceleration, unnecessary braking, over speeding, and idle
vehicle running. A shift toward the use of renewable energy would in effect reduce this wastage
and global warming. The world over people moves in public vehicles and personal cars. Majority
of this cars use fossil fuels. The ability of the world governments to drive innovation and shift
towards renewable sources of energy will help the world manage global warming challenge.
There is a need for more significant investments in research and development to develop
renewable sources of energy to replace fossil fuels. For a long time, electricity has been
generated using coal, hydro, diesel generators, and steam. The future demands more investment
in green energy not limited to wind and solar energy. A significant challenge has been storage of
wind power and solar energy this is a ripe area for research and action since its result would
contribute significantly to sustainable renewable electricity production. This is a panacea to the
problem of fossil fuels, and it's continued greenhouse gases emissions that negatively impact the
environment. With evidence of increased usage of electric cars will increase total electricity
demand. Investments in sustainable electricity sources will help reduce the demand gaps that will
in future be created by a drastic shift to electric vehicles use.
We have seen the causes of global warming as a direct cause of the use of fossil fuels.
The ability to have either a gradual shift regarding incremental change towards the use of hybrid
cars that use renewable energy will significantly reduce global warming as a first step. The use
of biofuels to generate electricity and power homes is an initiative that needs to be taken up with
countries with capacity and opportunities to use biological wastes like molasses, corn to produce
RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES
electricity instead of over-reliance on fossil fuels that are getting depleted exposing the world to
energy insecurity. Another option is to consider a drastic, radical transformation of the use of
electric vehicles that run on 100% electricity. This demand that the governments and the private
sector make investments in mass production and consumption of electric cars as well as
investment in electricity production using sustainable sources of energy. The world has vast
reserves of natural gas; this is a safe and environmentally friendly place to invest for the benefit
of reducing global warming and making the world an secure energy place. The fossil fuels are
getting depleted without being replaced. A quick decision towards the use of renewable green
energy is a positive move for the good of all. The shift to renewable energy will bring about
other economic opportunities to potential investors and governments.
7
RUNNING HEADER: USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VEHICLES
8
References
Day, J.W Jr., Rismondo, A., Scranton, F., Are, D., and Cecconi, G. Relative sea level rise, and
Venice Lagoon Wetlands. Journal of coastal conservation, Opulus Press, Uppsala,
Sweden. 1998, 4: pp. 27-34
Jack Ahem. “Venice: Rising Water, sinking land.” people.umass.edu 2010.
Larson. D. Eric. (2006). A review of Life-Cycle Analysis Studies on Liquid Biofuels Systems for
Transport Sector. Energy for Sustainable Development, Vol 10 (2).
Mikhail, Granovskii. , Ibrahim Dincer, Marc, A. Rosen. (2006). Economic and Environmental
Comparison of Conventional, Hybrid, electric and Hydrogen fuel cells vehicles. Journal
of Power Sources 159, p 1186-1193.
Richardson, B. D. (2013). Electric Vehicles and Electric Grid: A Review of Modelling
Approaches, Impacts, and Renewable Energy Integration. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 19, 247-254.
Vliet, Van Oscar. , Anne, Sjoerd. Brouwer. , Takeshi, Kuramoshi. , Machleld, Van den Brock. ,
and Andre Faaij (2011). Journal of Power Sources, 196, pp. 2298-2310
USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN THE VEHICLE TO REDUCE THE GLOBAL
WARMING
PART 1
Student Name:
Professors Name:
Course:
Date:
Sustainable energy use is required to stem global warming and climatic changes that relate to the
use of fossil fuels (Gasoline and Diesel). Fossil fuels are known to contribute towards global
warming through the emission of greenhouse gasses (Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous oxide, and
RUNNING HEADER: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
2
methane) that deplete the ozone layer, adding to increased global temperatures. This result of
increased global temperatures are the sinking coastlines being experienced in Venice (Italy) and
rising coastal waters in Rotterdam(The Netherlands).Transportation and energy generation
sectors are the major contributors to climatic changes and global warming. A shift is required to
mitigate this adverse effect on the environment. The use of electric vehicles (EV) is seen as a
possible sustainable way to reduce greenhouse gases thereby controlling and reducing
environmental degradation.
Annotated 1
Larson. D. Eric. (2006). A review of Life-Cycle Analysis Studies on Liquid Biofuels Systems for
Transport Sector. Energy for Sustainable Development, Vol 10 (2).
In a study by Eric on the review of life-cycle analysis, on liquid biofuels in comparison to fossil
fuel in use in the transportation sector, some factors are against the continued use of fossil fuels
namely. They include, the cost of fossil fuel continues to increase, the reserves of the fossil fuels
are getting depleted exposing the world to energy insecurity and lastly biofuels have proven to be
an alternative to the fossil fuels, they are safer and reduce greenhouse emissions (Larson, 2006).
Annotated 2
Examining the real effect of global warming, we need to look at the reduced glacier covers on
previously rich glacier covered mountains in Italy, the Alps and in the tropics. Also, the
increased ocean water is a threat to low lying coastlands. According to Ahem
RUNNING HEADER: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
3
Jack Ahem. “Venice: Rising Water, sinking land.” people.umass.edu 2010.
Studies have reported increased flooding in Venice (Italy), and the Dutch have been forced to put
in place an advanced flood control technologies which include, electronic sensors and early
warning systems, floodgates, higher sand barriers and the use of dikes and windmills (Ahem
2010 & Day 1998).
Annotated 3
The use of electric cars and renewable energies are thus seen as a sustainable solution to the
problem of transportation, greenhouse gas emissions, rising global temperatures reduction and an
alternative to use of expensive fossil fuels that are getting depleted without replacement. There
are several versions of electric cars namely purely electric car (plug-in electric car) and a hybrid
electric car. Studies have shown that they contribute significantly to the reduction of
environmental pollution. Richardson reports a comparative analysis of electric vehicles (EV),
Electric hybrid vehicles (HEV) and conventional vehicles using gasoline and diesel.
Richardson, B. D. (2013). Electric Vehicles and Electric Grid: A Review of Modelling
Approaches, Impacts, and Renewable Energy Integration. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 19, 247-254.
The use of renewable sources of energy namely winds, solar and gas turbines to generate
electricity will result in reduced reliance on fossil fuels, thereby reducing carbon dioxide
production and emission. The world energy demand of 60% is consumed by the transport and
electricity generation sectors (Richardson, 2013).
RUNNING HEADER: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
4
For sustainable use of electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles, there is need to use sustainable
sources of electricity generation. The shift from the use of fossil fuels to electric powered cars
will increase the use of electricity. There is need to develop a distribution system to support the
charging of electric vehicles. Studies in Europe on energy use, cost, carbon Dioxide emission of
electric cars, have reported that an increase of 30 % penetration of electric cars contributes to a
3% spike in electricity total demand (Vliet et al., 2011). Gas turbines can be programmed to
match demand cycles. This is an efficient use of renewable energy. This is not possible with
wind energy and solar energy. Attempts have to be made to increase the ability to store wind
energy as well as solar power for use at a later stage; this remains a big dilemma.
USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN THE VEHICLE TO REDUCE THE GLOBAL
WARMING
PART 2
Student Name:
Professors Name:
Course:
Date:
RUNNING HEADER: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
2
ANNOTATED OUTLINE
The use of sustainable energy in the vehicle will reduce global warming. The world is faced with
the burden of a growing population currently estimated by United Nations to stand at 7 billion
people. The energy demand for transportation and electricity production is draining the natural
resources especially fossil fuels that are not only expensive, pollute and are also getting depleted.
A shift from the use of fossil fuels to biofuels and possibly electric vehicles is seen as a viable
solution to the problem of global warming and climatic changes.
Fossil fuels contribute to global warming and climatic changes. Research has shown that fossil
fuels contribute to greenhouse gases emission. The greenhouse gases namely (Carbon Dioxide,
Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and Carbon Monoxide) contribute to ozone layer depletion thereby
contributing significantly to the rising global temperatures (Larson, 2006). Comparing biofuels
greenhouse gases emission between fossil fuels (gasoline & Diesel) compared to biofuels
(Ethanol) derived from corn or molasses as engine fuels Biofuels reported 63% reduction in
emissions compared to fossil fuels 16%.The rising sea levels seen in the context of rising global
temperatures has resulted in increased water levels. This has become an environmental threat to
low lying coastal areas. This phenomenon is best exhibited by increased flooding in Venice
(Italy) and the threat of flooding in Rotterdam (Netherlands) as shown by Ahem (2010) and Day
(1998). There are spirited efforts to keep of seawater regarding early warning signals, floodgates,
dikes and use of elevated sandy banks. The effect of Global warming has contributed to changes
in climatic conditions. We have incidences of acidic rains, changing weather patterns all over the
globe. There is increased flooding, longer dry spells, and reduced glacier covers (Day et al.,
1998).
RUNNING HEADER: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
3
Electric cars are the solution to global warming. The increased use of electric cars leading to
shift from the excessive use of fossil fuels to electric driven cars will reduce global warming.
Globally 90% of transportation is supported by fossil fuels (Gasoline & Diesel). A radical
transformation to purely electric cars or an incremental change using hybrid cars can
significantly reduce greenhouse emissions that contribute to global warming (Janvier et al.,
2010). This will lead to a sustainable energy use. In another study by Richardson (2013)
exploring the use of electric vehicles and the electric grid, reported that electric vehicles are a
sustainable alternative to conventional vehicles (Gasoline & Diesel driven) provided the source
of electricity generation is sustainable. Richardson posits that gas turbine engines are potential
renewable energy sources. Electric cars are 60-70% more efficient in using energy than
conventional cars estimated to have between 15-18% efficiency in energy use. In another study
on the overall architecture and use energy, Holmberg et al., 2012 reported that most energy in
cars is directed towards fighting friction in the car engine, brakes, tires, and combustion. In the
same study globally 208,000 million liters of fossil fuel, were dispensed by cars in overcoming
friction in 2009 (Holmberg et al., 2012).
Electric cars will lead to increased demand for electricity, innovations in electric cars charging
infrastructure and charging point’s distribution systems. The costs of electric cars are coming
down due to increased investment in research and development. The use of lithium –ion
Batteries has increased the range an electric battery powered car can travel thereby increasing the
distance between potential charging points. This is environmental friendly development (Vliet et
al., 2011).Electric cars and hybrid cars are economical and environmentally friendly. Studies
comparing electric cars, hybrid cars, hydrogen-powered cars and conventional cars have
recommended the use of EV and HEV due to high capacity batteries and electric motor
RUNNING HEADER: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
combination convenient in both highway use and city driving at 45:55 ratios (Mikhail et al.,
2006).
4
RUNNING HEADER: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
5
References
Day, J.W Jr., Rismondo, A., Scranton, F., Are, D., and Cecconi, G. Relative sea level rise, and
Venice Lagoon Wetlands. Journal of coastal conservation, Opulus Press, Uppsala,
Sweden. 1998, 4: pp. 27-34
Jack Ahem. “Venice: Rising Water, sinking land.” people.umass.edu 2010.
Mikhail, Granovskii. , Ibrahim Dincer, Marc, A. Rosen. (2006). Economic and Environmental
Comparison of Conventional, Hybrid, electric and Hydrogen fuel cells vehicles. Journal
of Power Sources 159, p 1186-1193.
Richardson, B. D. (2013). Electric Vehicles and Electric Grid: A Review of Modelling
Approaches, Impacts, and Renewable Energy Integration. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 19, 247-254.
Vliet, Van Oscar. , Anne, Sjoerd. Brouwer. , Takeshi, Kuramoshi. , Machleld, Van den Brock. ,
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RUNNING HEADER: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
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