10-page critical review of the drug treatment Critical review PSY 630

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Ovab2010

Humanities

PSY 630

ashford university

Description

OKay I need this done no later than 2pm on Monday NOV 6TH

Please do not take this assignment if you do not have any knowledge in this area.

Critical Review The review will use peer-reviewed sources is A MUST

The final assignment for this class will be a 10-page critical review of the drug treatment for a psychiatric disorder (broadly defined to include psychological and neurological disorders as well). The review will use peer-reviewed sources to evaluate the current drug treatment modalities for the selected disorder and determine the adequacy of those treatments. The paper will be evaluated on the inclusion of the following information:

Introduction
Evaluate the disorder in terms of symptomatic and behavioral presentation. Include the time, course, and progression of the disorder. Evaluate and explain special features of the disease epidemiology.

Theory
Evaluate the predominant theory or theories regarding the biological basis of the disorder. Explain the disorder in terms of pertinent neurotransmitter and receptor theories and describe the pertinent evidence of their involvement. Analyze the neurotransmitter systems in terms of the involved receptors and the use receptor agonists and antagonists in the treatment of the disorder receptor. Include information on the anatomic changes to the central nervous system as appropriate to the topic.

Treatment
Evaluate drug therapies for treating the disorder based on the current understanding of the biological basis of the disorder and the corresponding behavioral effects of the disorder. Explain pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in relation to the disorder and corresponding drug treatment. Describe any side effects and adverse effects of the drug treatment and their biological basis, including issues related to contraindications, interactions, drug metabolism, and elimination. In addition, explain risks, benefits, and ethical implications for high-risk and exceptional treatment conditions.

Conclusion
Summarize theories of psychiatric disease as they relate to principles of drug action within the chosen topic. Evaluate advantages and disadvantages of the current theory of the disorder and its treatment and evaluate any controversies regarding ethical and/or risk-benefits perspectives associated with the current treatment. Describe possible areas for future research.

Attention Students: The Masters of Arts in Psychology program is utilizing the Pathbrite portfolio tool as a repository for student scholarly work in the form of signature assignments completed within the program. After receiving feedback for this Critical Review, please implement any changes recommended by the instructor, go to Pathbrite (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. and upload the revised Critical Review to the portfolio. (Use the Pathbrite Quick-Start Guide (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. to create an account if you do not already have one.) The upload of signature assignments will take place after completing each course. Be certain to upload revised signature assignments throughout the program as the portfolio and its contents will be used in other courses and may be used by individual students as a professional resource tool. See the Pathbrite (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. website for information and further instructions on using this portfolio tool.

Writing the Critical Review
The paper:

  • Must be 10 to 12 double-spaced pages in length (not including title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
  • Must include a separate title page with the following:
    • Title of paper
    • Student’s name
    • Course name and number
    • Instructor’s name
    • Date submitted
  • Must use at least five peer-reviewed sources in addition to the course text.
  • Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
  • Must include a separate reference page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

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Explanation & Answer

Attached.

Running head: PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

1

Schizophrenia
Name
Institution
Date

Running head: PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

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Introduction
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects a person’s ability to feel, behave and think
clearly. In most cases, the person has a problem maintaining good psychological coordination
with his or her environment. This condition can last for years or lifelong. This is attributed to the
fact that the disease can be treated but not cured. A person that has schizophrenia may feel that
he or she has reduced interactions with his or her environment, this results in a feeling of lost
touch with reality, therefore, inability to respond accordingly to the surroundings. This makes the
person lose interest in a lot of things. Schizophrenia also makes a person feel less connected to
his or her feelings (Weinberger & Harrison, 2010). The disorder is also related to loss of
concentration, delusions, and hallucinations. The disease manifests in various symptoms. These
symptoms may be positive, negative or cognitive. Positive signs are the ones that people
typically not experience in most times. This means that positive symptoms are less frequent in
schizophrenic people. These include hallucinations, delusions, strange thinking and hearing of
voices. On the other hand, negative symptoms are described by health professionals to be the
typical and frequent manifestations of schizophrenia. Negative symptoms are related to the
reduction of emotional connections and responses to events or people. These symptoms are also
associated with loss of relationships in the thinking processes that ordinary people experience in
their lives. An example of a negative trait is lack of motivation. Cognitive symptoms are subtle
for some patients. In some patients, the cognitive symptoms are severe and may result in reduced
brain development for the patient and inability to make right decisions relating to the person.
These symptoms include failure to pay attention and problems with working his or her memory,
most times associated with forgetting faster. The person is also unable to use the information to

Running head: PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

3

make decisions even when the data was acquired not long ago before the actual decision making.
Various people having the disorder may experience the symptoms gradually or suddenly. This
depends on the person’s mental and cognitive ability to fight the disease. Schizophrenia patients
have been seen to be more anxious, angry and suspicious of other people even when there is no
reason to be (Weinberger & Harrison, 2010). These behaviors are at most times directed to
people who may have different perceptions and ideas that are different from the patients.
These symptoms have a significant effect on the affected persons’ health. In most cases,
these symptoms are disruptive and profoundly affect the way a person presents himself or herself
to others. These activities include the way the person handles relationships, his or her career
and the way the person carries out himself or herself (Weinberger & Harrison, 2010). Health
researchers have found out that the most comfortable and most convenient way to manage some
of these symptoms is to do cognitive behavior therapy or share the coping tips with other people
having schizophrenia. These help the person to control the symptoms of schizophrenia. In the
diagnosis of the disorder, health practitioners may confuse the disease with other diseases like
schizoid personality disorder and schizotypal personality disorder.
The symptoms of schizophrenia usually start manifesting at16 to 30 years. In sporadic cases,
children may also be diagnosed with the disorder. The disorder is caused by various risk factors
which present themselves directly or indirectly to the person’s environment. Research has shown
that the disease is caused by a group of elements and not one specific. Due to the fact, the
schizophrenia is a mental disorder; chemicals such as dopamine which are responsible for the
carrying of messages between brain cells are relatable (Szasz, 1988). Too much dopamine in the
neural system of a person has been associated with the development of schizophrenia. At the

Running head: PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

4

moment, it is unclear whether everyone with schizophrenia has too much dopamine or not. For
this reason, there is the inability to understand how dopamine causes schizophrenia. But at the
same time, treatments for schizophrenia such as neuroleptic drugs target dopamine in the neural
system. Stressful events also, cause schizophrenia. Some of the life-changing events may trigger
manifestations of schizophrenia. Such activities include homelessness, the death of a close
person, physical abuse and living in poverty (Szasz, 1988). Schizophrenia can also be inherited.
Research has shown that some families are more prone to the disorder due to inheritance. This is
evidence for a genetic link to the disease. This indicates that the possession of individual genes
increases chances of having the disorder. Current research procedures have shown links between
brain damage and schizophrenia. At the moment, more research is direct into causes such as
viruses, allergies, diet and hormonal imbalances.
The distribution of the disorder has been found to be relatively same between males and
females. Schizophrenia diagnoses are mainly of people aged between 16-31 years. Men tend to
be diagnosed with the disorder at a slighter younger age than their female counterparts (Mueser
& Jeste, 2011). Some studies conducted suggest that staying in cities affects the development of
schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia has been discovered to start in young adults aged 16-18. It lasts almost
through the whole lifetime of the person. During this time, the person can only manage
occasional recovery from the disorder. At the onset of the getting the disease, severe symptoms
manifest and there is very high mental deterioration of the person suffering from the disorder. As
it progresses, the mature years of the person are more inclined to be benign. The symptoms
reduce but still the effect on the mental status of the patient is defined to be severe. In simple

Running head: PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

5

terms, the person having schizophrenia has regular episodes of psychosis. For this reason,
schizophrenia can be described as a disease that is seen most dominant in the childbearing years.
At the same time, the elderly still experience the symptoms of the disorder. Although this is the
most common concept, there are some cases where the relationship between schizophrenia and
aging differ (Szasz, 1988). Some studies have shown that aging has a positive effect on the
treatment of the disorder whereby the more a person grows older, the better his or her mental
stability. At the same time, the same relationship would be the opposite in some cases, in that;
there is more psychological deterioration with the increase of age.
Schizophrenia was first discovered using modern imaging technologies. This was done using the
computerized axial tomography scanning. This scanning was structural, in that, the structure of
brain was studied to find any flaws in the normal functioning. Later on, magnetic resonance
scanning and imaging technologies were developed for the digitization of schizophrenia. This
study of disorder using these techniques have shown the increase in the cerebral ventricles incase
the person has the illness. This has been backed up by several other st...


Anonymous
Just what I was looking for! Super helpful.

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