Option #2: World Populations There are 195 sovereign countries in the world today that are officially recognized. One can choose to look at many types of data coming from these countries, as there is a plethora of existing information. For this assignment, you will be looking at populations of cities within Italy at four different points in time (depending on when a census was taken). The data for these cities can be found in the file named Populations. Use all of the data points for each of the years given, but note that not every city has a population for each census.Prepare a report (see below) using the numerical methods of descriptive statistics presented in this module to show how the populations of the cities vary over the years (growth rates). Be sure to include the following three (3) items in your report: Compute descriptive statistics for each of the years along with an explanation of what the descriptive statistics tell us about the different years. Are the cities continually growing or is there a decrease in the number of people? The descriptive statistics will include the mean, mode, range, standard deviation, and the five-number summary (minimum, first quartile (Q1), median (Q2), third quartile (Q3), and maximum). Determine which cities, if any, should be considered outliers in each of the years. If there are any outliers in any year, list them and state for which year each one is an outlier. Use the z-score method to determine outliers for this question showing the z-score calculations for each city and year in your spreadsheet. Determine the correlation coefficient between the first year and each of the other years. Provide an explanation of these relationships. Show your calculations for each correlation coefficient within the spreadsheet. Requirements: Your paper should be 2-3 pages in length (not counting the title page and references page) and cite and integrate at least one credible outside source. The CSU Global Library is a great place to find resources. Your textbook is a credible resource. Include a title page, introduction, body, conclusion, and a reference page. The introduction should describe or summarize the topic or problem. It might discuss the general applications of the topic or it might introduce the unique terminology associated with the topic. The body of your paper should address the questions posed in the problem. Explain how you approached and answered the question or solved the problem, and, for each question, show all steps involved. Be sure this is in paragraph format, not numbered answers like a homework assignment. The conclusion should summarize your thoughts about what you have determined from your analysis in completing the assignment. Nothing new should be introduced in the conclusion that was not previously discussed in the body paragraphs. Include any tables of data or calculations, calculated values, and/or graphs referenced in the paper. (Note: The minimum required length excludes any tables or graphs.) Document formatting, citations, and style should conform to the CSU Global Guide to Writing and APA Requirements (Links to an external site.). A short summary containing much that you need to know about paper formatting, citations, and references is contained in the Template Paper (Links to an external site.). In addition, information in the CSU Global Writing Center (Links to an external site.) has many helpful areas (Writing Tips, Template & Examples/Papers & Essays, Figures and Tables, and others). NOTE: You MUST submit your Excel file with your report. This will allow you to qualify for consideration for partial credit if any errors are found in your report.

Question 1A sample of nurses with affiliation to private hospitals (affiliation = 0) and to university hospitals (affiliation = 1) was asked to rate their confidence in making the right decisions based on their level of ongoing inservice professional development. Use a Mann-Whitney U-test to determine if the distribution of confidence in each group is the same. The file is the first tab in “nonparametric.xlsx.” Be sure to always write the null and alternate hypotheses, so that the decision is made in the correct direction. Also, conduct all as two-tailed tests at α = 0.05.Question 2In the previous item, we used the Mann-Whitney test rather than an independent t-test. Why might we Mann-Whitney rather than the t-test?Question 3 In the third tab of the same file (nonparametric_sheets.xslx), there are data for the selling prices of homes in a ZIP code and the square footage of those homes. Use the Spearman rank correlation to determine if there is a significant correlation between the home price and the square footage.A table of Spearman rank significance values is located in the file. Question 4Why did we not just use the Pearson correlation for the previous item? That is, what is the Pearson correlation influenced by that the Spearman is not?Question 5A restaurant wondered if there was a difference in the number of refills of soda ordered by those aged 18-24 (age = 0) and those aged 13-17 (age = 1). Use the Mann-Whitney U-test to determine if the distribution of soda refills is significantly different for the two groups.Question 6An organization was attempting to determine whether there was congruence between the rating of their hiring personnel in rating new employees during their interview presentations. The file “Spearman 2” to determine the Spearman rank correlation between the judges’ ratings.Question 7The following data were collected related to the number of visits to a suburban health clinic. Month Visits January 1610 February 1585 March 1649 April 1590 May 1540 June 1397 July 1410 August 1350 September 1495 October 1564 November 1602 December 1655 The null hypothesis is that the number of visits is uniformly distributed throughout the year. Use a chi-square goodness-of-fit test to determine whether the null hypothesis should be rejected at α = 0.05. Interpret the results.Question 8There are 8 job codes in a large hospital system. The table below indicates the number of grievances filed by members of the union by job code. Are the number of grievances uniformly distributed at α = 0.05? Job Code Grievances 1 19 2 17 3 14 4 18 5 19 6 21 7 18 8 18 Interpret this for hospital leadership.Question 9A research firm was interested in knowing whether income level and location of service for procedures were independent. The following data were provided. Clinic Hospital Private <$30,000 85 16 6 $30,000 to $49,999 102 27 13 $50,000 to $99,999 36 22 15 > $99,999 15 23 25 Use a chi-square test of independence to determine whether income level and service location are independent. Test the null hypothesis the service location is independent of income at α = 0.01.Question 10Is the preferred beverage ordered at lunch independent of the age bracket in a hospital cafeteria? Test the null that is independent at α = 0.05. Coffee/Tea Soft Drink Other 21-34 26 95 18 35-55 41 40 20 >55 24 13 32

Statistical Reasoning in Public Health