Read the article “Differential effects of a body image exposure session on smoking urge between physically active and sedentary female smokers,”and identify the research questions and/or hypotheses as they are stated. Consider the following questions: What are the variables (sample sizes, population, treatments, etc.)? What are the inferential statistics used in this article? Were the proper steps of hypothesis testing followed? Write a two- to three-page paper presenting the information listed below. Include a title page and reference page in APA style. Cite any references made to the article within the body of the paper in APA style. Your paper should begin with an introductory paragraph (including a thesis statement) and end with a concluding paragraph summarizing the major points made in the body of the paper and reaffirming the thesis. When writing the article critique, your paper must: 1. Determine what question(s) the authors are trying to answer by doing this research 2. Determine the hypothesis being tested and the concepts that were applied in this process. 3. Evaluate the article and critique the statistical analysis employed in the study. o Would you have included more and/or different variables? Explain your answer. 4. Examine the assumptions and limitations of the statistical study. o What would you have done differently in this case? Why? 5. Identify how the authors applied statistical testing to the problem. 6. Interpret the findings of the author(s) using statistical concepts. You may access the Critical Thinking Community (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. website for tips on how to formulate your thoughts and discussion of these questions in a logical and meaningful manner. Writing the Article Critique The Assignment: 1. Must be two to three double-spaced pages in length (excluding title and reference pages), and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. 2. Must include a title page with the following: a. Title of paper b. Student’s name c. Course name and number d. Instructor’s name e. Date submitted Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2013, Vol. 27, No. 1, 322–327 © 2012 American Psychological Association 0893-164X/13/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0031367 BRIEF REPORT This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. Differential Effects of a Body Image Exposure Session on Smoking Urge Between Physically Active and Sedentary Female Smokers Uma S. Nair and Bradley N. Collins Melissa A. Napolitano Temple University The George Washington University Smoking is often used as a maladaptive weight control strategy among female smokers. Many of the perceived benefits accrued from smoking, including enhanced mood, reduced anxiety, and weight control, can also be achieved through physical activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a novel behavioral task (body-image exposure) that was designed to elicit body image and weight concerns on urge to smoke among 18 –24 year old female smokers who vary in levels of physical activity. Using a cue-reactivity paradigm, 16 sedentary (SE) and 21 physically active (PA) female smokers (ⱖ5 cigarettes/day for past 6 months) were exposed to a pilot tested body-image exposure session. Self-reported urge and latency to first puff were obtained before and after exposure session. Paired sample t tests showed significant increases in self-reported urge (p ⬍ .01) and quicker latency to first puff (p ⬍ .01) at posttest for the entire sample compared with pretest. Results of partial correlation (controlling for body mass index [BMI], nicotine dependence, withdrawal, and depressive symptoms) showed that increased time engaging in vigorous intensity physical activity was associated with lower self-reported urge to smoke at post (r ⫽ ⫺0.44; p ⫽ .01) but not with latency to first puff (r ⫽ ⫺.10; p ⫽ .62). These results suggest that among weight-concerned female smokers, physical activity may attenuate smoking urges in a context where weight concerns are increased. Future research should continue to explore effects of physical activity on reactivity to body image and smoking cues and variability in smoking cue-reactivity related to physical activity. Keywords: urge to smoke, physical activity, women, weight concerns Brandon, 2008), suggesting that body image dissatisfaction and weight concerns are motivators for smoking in women and that smoking may attenuate weight concerns. Physical activity is a healthy, effective behavior for managing weight and weight concerns. It also may reduce nicotine urges and other withdrawal symptoms during smoking cessation (Taylor, Ussher, & Faulkner, 2007; Ussher, Taylor, & Faulkner, 2012). Both lab studies and intervention trials have demonstrated positive acute effects of different exercise intensities on reduction of smoking urges (e.g., Bock, Marcus, King, Borrelli, & Roberts, 1999; Marcus et al., 1999; Taylor, Katomeri, & Ussher, 2005). It is less clear whether physical activity relates to positive long-term smoking outcomes (e.g., Marcus et al., 2003) because of methodological variations in length, type, and timing of physical activity sessions and adherence to protocols across studies (Ussher et al., 2012). Despite these inconsistencies, current knowledge points to potential behavioral mechanisms that may explain how physical activity influences smoking behavior. Within associative learning and expectancy theories (Bolles, 1972; Brandon, Herzog, Irvin, & Gwaltney, 2004), similar outcome expectancies that are related to weight control, weight concern, and body dissatisfaction may precede physical activity and smoking. Expectancies are anticipated reinforcement one learns to expect following a specific behavior. For example, people learn that smoking (or exercising) will reduce their weight concerns, or guilt about overeating. Both behaviors are maintained, in part, by A burgeoning literature suggests that women smokers have greater difficulty quitting smoking and face many unique tobaccorelated risks to their reproductive and sexual health compared to men (Collins & Nair, in press; Perkins & Scott, 2008). This evidence warrants ongoing research to better understand behavioral mechanisms underlying smoking among women. Body and weight concerns are primary factors related to smoking and difficulty quitting among women (Collins, Nair, Hovell, & AudrainMcGovern, 2009; Perkins, 2001). In general, women smokers have greater body image dissatisfaction and weight concerns than men (King, Matacin, Marcus, Bock, & Tripolone, 2000), refrain from quitting to avoid weight gain (Pomerleau, Zucker, & Stewart, 2001), and have greater attrition from smoking cessation programs (Copeland, Martin, Geiselman, Rash, & Kendzor, 2006). Lab studies that elicit increased weight concerns imply causal associations with increased urge to smoke (Lopez, Drobes, Thompson, & This article was published Online First December 31, 2012. Uma S. Nair and Bradley N. Collins, Department of Public Health, Temple University; Melissa A. Napolitano, Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Uma S. Nair, Department of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122. E-mail: uma.nair@temple.edu 322 This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND URGE TO SMOKE processes of positive and negative reinforcement (e.g., AudrainMcGovern, Rodriguez, & Moss, 2003; Byrne & Byrne, 1993), with each behavior associated with immediate positive consequences (e.g., pleasurable pharmacologic drug effects, release of endorphins during exercise), as well as the reduction of aversive stimuli (e.g., unpleasant mood or stress). Thus, physical activity could be viewed as an alternate reinforcer to smoking, particularly with respect to weight concerns. The purpose of this study was to assess effects of physical activity versus sedentary behavior on smoking urge response following a body image challenge with weight-concerned female smokers. The primary hypothesis was that after the body image manipulation, sedentary smokers would demonstrate greater selfreported urge to smoke and a shorter latency to first puff on a posttest cigarette compared with physically active smokers. 323 2 hour nico
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