Terrorism is a complex and tragically violent topic that affects every corner of the globe. Terrorist attacks may be domestic, such as those that have occurred in Oklahoma City, Iraq, or Colombia. They may also be carried out by external threats such as those that have occurred in Spain, England, and the United States. In many cases, the violence of terrorism is met with more violence in the form of retribution.Given what you've learned in this course so far, is there an ethical lens or idea that you feel, if more people truly understood, could help stop or slow the cycle of violence which plagues our world? Support your stance with one of the moral theories covered in this course.

Statistics for Categorical Data: Odds Ratios and Chi-Square This assignment focuses on categorical data. Two of the statistics most often used to test hypotheses about categorical data are odds ratios (ORs) and the chi-square. The disease-OR refers to the odds in favor of disease in the exposed group divided by the odds in favor of the unexposed group. Chi-square statistics measure the difference between the observed counts and the corresponding expected counts. The expected counts are hypothetical counts that would occur if the null hypothesis were true. Part 1: ORs A study conducted by López-Carnllo, Avila, and Dubrow (1994) investigated health hazards associated with the consumption of food local to a particular geographic area, in this case chili peppers particular to Mexico. It was a population-based case-control study in Mexico City on the relationship between chili pepper consumption and gastric cancer risk. Subjects for the study consisted of 213 incident cases and 697 controls randomly selected from the general population. Interviews produced the following information regarding chili consumption: Table 1: Chili Pepper Consumption and Gastric Cancer Risk Chili pepper consumptionCase of gastric cancerControlsYesA = 204B = 552NoC = 9D = 145 Reference: López-Carnllo, L., Avila, M. H., & Dubrow, R. (1994). Chili pepper consumption and gastric cancer in Mexico: A case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 139(3), 263–271. You do not need to use the Minitab software to complete this assignment. In a Microsoft Excel worksheet, calculate the odds of having gastric cancer. In addition, provide a written interpretation of your results in APA format. Refer to the Assignment Resources: Odds Ratio to view an example of odds ratio. The same resource is also available under lecture Testing Hypotheses. Part 2: Chi-Square Bain, Willett, Hennekens, Rosner, Belanger, and Speizer (1981) conducted a study of the association between current postmenopausal hormone use and risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), in which 88 women reporting a diagnosis of MI and 1,873 healthy control subjects were identified from a large population of married female registered nurses aged thirty to fifty-five years. To test the hypothesis that there is no association between use of postmenopausal hormones and risk of MI, chi-square statistics need to be calculated. The data are presented as follows: Table 2: Association between Postmenopausal Hormone Use and Risk of Nonfatal MI CasesControlsTotalCurrently use32825857Never use561,0481,104Total881,8731,961  Reference: Bain, C., Willett, W., Hennekens, C. H., Rosner, B., Belanger, C., & Speizer, F. E. (1981). Use of postmenopausal hormones and risk of myocardial infarction. Circulation, 64(1), 42–46.