Developing a Standardized Dental Sterile Processing Protocol

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I need help creating a power point presentation from a synthesis paper. Please see the attachments below for a copy of the paper from which to generate the power point presentations, as well as the grading rubric. Please utilize the criteria in the rubric. Thanks.

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Running Head: STANDARDIZED DENTAL STERILE PROCESSING PROTOCOL Developing a Standardized Dental Sterile Processing Protocol Name Instructor’s Name Institutional Affiliation Course Code Date 1 STANDARDIZED DENTAL STERILE PROCESSING PROTOCOL ABSTRACT The government and other agencies mandate dental practitioners to have a standard dental processing protocol. It specifically outlines the requirements necessary for the transportation, cleaning, sterilization, drying and storage of instruments equipment used in the practice. Poor sterilization processes expose patients to new infections. An analysis of St. Paul’s Medical Center indicated that the facility was not at par with the standard protocol. This project is aimed at creating dental sterile processing protocol at the facility. It will offer recommendations on what the facility needs to do in order to improve its sterilization process. The project recommends that the facility trains its staff, redesigns its workflow area and ensure that there is someone in charge of overseeing processes and taking account of inventory. KEY WORDS: Instruments and Equipment, Sterilization. Sterilization Process, Quality, Standards, Legal and Regulatory, Efficiency 2 STANDARDIZED DENTAL STERILE PROCESSING PROTOCOL Developing a Standardized Dental Sterile Processing Protocol Introduction Patients place high expectations on health facilities to ensure that they are reliable and offer high quality services. Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a qualitative and proactive method of ascertaining whether there are any defects. It helps dental practitioners to anticipate what might go wrong. FMEA reviews steps in the process, what actually could fail, why the failure would occur and the possible consequences of the failure. In a bid to determine the compliance of standards, the Joint Commission Leadership standard stipulated that St. Paul Medical Center carries out risk of failure and harm in processes evaluation. This evaluation is done in order to ensure that medical facilities detect risky processes so that intervention measures are created before they occur. A recent FMEA analysis confirmed that the facility did not have standardized sterile processing of dental equipment protocol. This research paper will critically explore the methods and techniques St. Paul Medical Center will use to develop a customary dental sterile processing protocol. Background Sterilization refers to an infection process that kills pathogens in various surfaces. Dentists face a challenge in improving patient safety while at the same time attending to a huge demographic of patients. A standardized dental sterile protocol involves comprehending the foundations of infection control and therefore creating infection control procedures systems that ensures sterilization is done effectively. This includes having well trained staff in sterilization processes and ensuring that they stay abreast with various infectious diseases and how they can be managed. Various infectious diseases can be ingested or inhaled through 3 STANDARDIZED DENTAL STERILE PROCESSING PROTOCOL direct contact meaning that it can be passed from one person to another. The infectious diseases can also be from indirect contact with not properly sterilized equipment or nondecontaminated surfaces. Standardized dental sterile processing protocol has to be done because dental care is a profession whose scope is highly susceptible to pathogens (Rutala, Weber, 2013). The result is that the pathogens might be transferred to patients making them acquire infections that were non-existent before. St. Paul’s Medical Center was found to be non-compliant with legal and regulatory frameworks that deal with sterilization process. This project will therefore recommend strategic interventions that will ensure that sterilizations process so as to mitigate chances of patients being infected from occurring. Literature Review Sterilization of dental instruments is vital in eliminating pathogens from dental instruments. The sterilization of dental instruments should follow particular protocol so as to ensure that the outcome of dental processes is of impeccable quality. It also ensures that the instruments and equipment are handled with extreme precaution and are accounted for. Precaution must be taken by dental care practitioners in cleaning and sterilizing equipment in order to ensure they do not negatively affect the outcome of procedures. The standard effective infection control practices include cleaning used instruments, packaging and transporting instruments, disposal for instruments that cannot be re-used, sterilization and storage. Sterilization is an essential step in eliminating the potential of contamination of dental care instruments and equipment. It helps in ensuring that non-disposable instruments can be reused without cross-infecting other individuals. For sterilization to be effective, it is critical that medical health facilities select the method of sterilization that suits the equipment to be used. Dental health practitioners 4 STANDARDIZED DENTAL STERILE PROCESSING PROTOCOL sometimes use sterilization methods that can be corrosive to the equipment. The decontamination process is meant to render harmful microbial life powerless. This ensures that instruments are safe for future handling especially for the reusable instruments. Steps in the decontamination process includes transportation, mode of dressing, sorting and differentiating from those that need disposal and those that a reusable, soaking, washing, inspecting and storing. Organizational Culture It is evident that St. Paul’s Medical Center failed to meet standard protocol requirements due to space constraints associated with an ever increasing demand for dental care services. The laboratory area was forced to share space with the sterilization room; an aspect that made it more prone to cross contamination. The sterilizing equipment was limited and so the staff was forced to overload the sterilizers. The facility began to lose its capability to sterilize its equipment effectively due to the prevalent challenges. The increase in demand for dental care services was adding more to the problem an aspect which put a strain on the efficiency of sterilization processes. The number of patients waiting in line increased due to the lack of sterilizing equipment and overlap in procedures. After the FMEA analysis, the medical facility realized that it had to completely overhaul the way it carried out its sterilization process. St. Paul’s Medical Center does not have specific individuals in charge of the transportation, cleaning, sterilization and storage of critical and non-critical equipment. The lack of someone being in charge of these processes leads to inconsistencies in the sterilization process. The inconsistencies affect the quality of dental health care as it leads to overlapping of the process. The overlaps occur due to lack of protocol and due to lack of proper supervision. Care is therefore not taken to ensure whether the equipment is cleaned, sterilized 5 STANDARDIZED DENTAL STERILE PROCESSING PROTOCOL and dried well. Without the presence of a person in charge, the audit process is poor meaning that the medical facility is incapable of determining equipment that needs repair replacement or disposal. The persons in charge of the sterilization process are not aware as to why certain procedures are adopted. This is a sign of incompetency as it shows that the staff is not welltrained to handle the sterilization process (Hughes, 2008). It shows that the staff underreports details regarding the latest findings in standards to be met, equipment need and changes to be adopted. The findings at St. Paul’s Medical Center confirmed that there was poor communication processes at the facility. The company was unable to address patient safety due to miscommunication regarding safety protocol. The medical facility realized that in order to be successful, it had to change as outlined below. Instrument and Equipment Processing Requirements It is vital that dental practitioners sterilize instruments and equipment by ensuring that it decontaminates surfaces that patients cannot directly observe. This is because improper sterilization is capable of causing grievous harm to both patient and practitioner. The result is that it will negatively affect the quality of the outcome of the process. The system to be developed should follow existing standards and recommendations, should consider the nature of the workflow, the equipment used and the supportive materials so as to determine the nature of protocol to be developed (Alfa, 2013). It will discourage shortcuts in the sterilization process that might lead to the creation of errors. In order to achieve efficiency in the sterilization process, the medical facility should train its staff so that they are competent to handle arising issues. It should employ one person preferably a chief nurse to oversee the transportation, cleaning, sterilization, drying and storage of equipment. The chief nurse should ensure that staffs under him/her have a checklist on the state of equipment. They should be held responsible for ensuring that 6 STANDARDIZED DENTAL STERILE PROCESSING PROTOCOL equipments and instruments are decontaminated and sterilized according to legal and regulatory standards. It should regularly take stock of equipment so as to determine the stock that needs repair and maintenance. Regulatory and Government Agencies involved in Healthcare Sterilization Processes The Occupational Safety and Health administration agency outlines how healthcare workers are can reduce exposure to pathogens. This is stipulated under the Bloopborne Pathogens rule. Although it does not explain how pathogens are to be handled, it stipulates how to use personal protective equipment. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the equipment to be used in sterilization of equipment. The Medical Device and Radiological Health Branch controls manufacture of medical products used in instrument processing. It mandates manufacturers confirm that they meet specific standards in ensuring that their devices are effective in the sterilization process. The Centers for Disease and Prevention Control (CDC) is responsible for the creation of evidence based recommendations for sterilization processes. The CDC outlines guidelines that ensure that individuals adhere to disinfection and sterilization procedures in medical centers. Health care facilities especially dental facilities are required by CDC to ensure that they strictly follow the infection control requirements of CDC. The regulations outlined by CDC include the minimum expected standard in ensuring that the sterilization process is successful. Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) is an organization that advocates for safety standards while using medical instruments and equipment. AAMI is responsible for guaranteeing compliance, boosting safety measures and ensuring that medical facilities adopt stringent protocols. AAMI gives a comprehensive guideline as to the standards of practice in the sterilization of dental care instruments and equipment. Objectives 7 STANDARDIZED DENTAL STERILE PROCESSING PROTOCOL The objective of this research paper is to create strategies that will ensure that dental sterile processing protocol is effective and devoid of errors. The strategies are meant to improve the efficiency and efficacy in sterilization processes. It will examine the quality practices that need to be adopted so as to meet Failure Modes and Effects Analysis standards. It will explore the strategies that need to be implement, the training that employees should undertake and technological improvements that have to be adopted in order to improve outcomes. Research Questions 1. What are the strategies that need to be adopted so as to ensure that St. Paul’s Medical Center meets the standardized dental sterilization process as stipulated by the law? 2. What are some of the recommendations that the medical facilities should adopt so as to guarantee quality in its processes? Protocol Development Implementation of Strategies Protocol is critical in ensuring that instruments and equipment are de-contaminated in an efficient manner so as to eradicate chances of putting patients and dental practitioners in harm’s way. Protocol should always strive to ensure that it gives sequential procedures in the sterilization process. They should be consistent with the procedures outlined by regulatory and government agencies guidelines involved in healthcare sterilization processes. Preparation: The first step in this procedure is to ensure that the practitioners sort out equipment depending on how they are used. They should then sort them depending on their capability to endure the nature of the sterilization process. It should also check to ascertain whether there are available resources necessary for the process. The instruments can be 8 STANDARDIZED DENTAL STERILE PROCESSING PROTOCOL divided into critical, semi-critical and non-critical instruments. Critical instruments are those instruments that come into contact with the bone or the bloodstream. Semi-critical instruments are those instruments that come into contact with the mucous membrane. In comparison to critical instruments, semi-critical instruments are incapable of penetrating soft tissues (Cuny, Bednarsh, 2006). They do not come into contact with the bone or the bloodstream. Non-critical instrument come into contact with the skin. In dental care, most instruments are categorized in the critical and semi-critical sector. This is because dental health care is a profession that mostly revolves around coming into contact with the bone or the bloodstream. They instruments used mostly fall under Single-use disposable (SUD) products meaning that they should never be used on more than a single patient. The other category dental care instruments fall under is that of instruments that are capable of surviving extreme temperatures. Instrument Processing Area and Work Flow: The instrument processing area should to ensure that they strictly follow the infection control requirements of CDC. The procedure should include the disposal of sharp objects, its transportation and subsequent disposal of wasted especially for Single-use disposable products. The protocol development should ensure that it then sorts the instruments critical and semi-critical that are highly capable of surviving extreme temperatures. The next step is to clean the instruments, sterilize them, and allow them to dry then proceed to store in a dry protected area. The work area should be designed in a manner that promotes one-directional work flow. This is done so as to ensure that chances of overlapping of the sterilization process are limited because overlapping of processes can increase cross contamination (Rutala, Weber, 2008). The work area should be able to accommodate designate different areas that will facilitate efficient sterilization, cleaning, transportation and storage. 9 STANDARDIZED DENTAL STERILE PROCESSING PROTOCOL OSHA stipulates that instruments should be first sorted and put in rigid puncture proof containers before transporting them the sterilization area. The personnel handling the transportation process should wear heavy-duty utility gloves during the process of receiving, sorting and cleaning the equipment. Receiving, Sorting and Cleaning the Equipment: For instruments that cannot be cleaned immediately, it is vital that to prevent the drying of debris. This is done by ensuring presoaking them or using an enzymatic spray. They can be externally wiped or cleaned using ultrasonic baths or instrument disinfectors. The next procedure is to visually examine the instruments to ascertain whether there is any debris in the instruments. The visual inspection helps to ascertain whether the equipment is damaged. If damaged, the equipment should be disposed but if not, the equipment should be cleaned, dried and stored in an appropriate manner. Preparation and Packaging: Dental practitioners should package goods and services in a manner that ensures that strictly adheres to the infection control requirements of CDC. The packaging material should be able to withstand the sterilization process and should remain intact during and after the sterilization process. The material should be strong and should not be susceptible to infectious pathogens. The loading process should be done with caution so as to ensure that the instruments and equipment are not damaged during the process. Storage: The storage should be done in a manner that ensures the equipment is constantly dry. If not handled with caution, dental equipment has a huge shelf life. They are capable of remaining sterile if not compromised. In order to maintain their sterility, they should be stored in dry compartments. They can only be removed from the sterilizer once they have been completely sterilized. Storage should then be done once the equipment is totally dry and should be stored in areas devoid of moisture. 10 STANDARDIZED DENTAL STERILE PROCESSING PROTOCOL Sterilization Methods to Be Adopted The various sterilization methods include autoclaving, dry heat sterilization and chemical vapor sterilization. Steam sterilizations occur when distilled water is steamed at extremely high temperatures then pressurized to kill pathogens. The main disadvantage of steam sterilization is that it might corrode the equipment and might subsequently lead to the rapid depreciation of the equipment. In order for steam sterilization to achieve efficacy, the air in the chambers must be eliminated. Gravity enforcement enclaves use gravity to eliminate air in the chambers. Air trapped in chambers limits the performance of autoclaving and steam sterilization. Dynamic air removal methods uses electronically controlled valves to displace air from the base of the chamber. Chemiclaves uses water free chemicals to sterilize dental instruments. Unlike steam sterilization, chemiclaves do not expose instruments to corrosion. Dry heat sterilizers are applicable for highly heat resistant chemicals since they operate in extremely high temperatures (Schneider, 2013). Dry heat sterilizers take longer to sterilize but its merit is that it does not need time to dry since it does not use wet sterilization methods. The disadvantage of dry heat sterilization is that it is not applicable for equipment made from plastic. Role of the Chief Nurse The chief nurse should be in charge of inspecting instruments and equipment in order to ascertain whether they have been cleaned and sterilized well. The chief nurse should lay out the legislation on the procedures to collect, prepare and organize instruments scheduled for dental practices. He or she should ensure that nurses under them catalogue surgical tools after usage so as to ascertain whether they are to be disposed or whether they are to be reused. If they are to be reused, the nurses should know what method of sterilizing is appropriate for them. The nurses report to the chief nurse on the quality of equipment and 11 STANDARDIZED DENTAL STERILE PROCESSING PROTOCOL whether they need replacement. He or she is responsible for equipment set up so as to ensure that they are not exposed to harmful pathogens. He or she should provide guidelines that need to be followed in handling and sterilizing dental care equipment since they are very sensitive equipment. Evaluation of Project Implementation and Effectiveness It is evident that a dental practice can be negatively impacted by poor workflow and work areas during the process of sterilization. Developing the workflow and work area can take a minimum of three months to complete. St. Paul’s Medical Center only requires confirming availability of additional space within the building. In order to ensure that the project is done in a timely manner, the facility should incorporate team work. It is vital that the center invests in sterilization equipment that is capable of effectively sterilizing all instruments depending on how they respond to various sterilization processes. This will benefit the center as it will minimize chances of overlapping of the process as it makes the equipment susceptible to cross contamination. In order to improve efficacy, the project recommends that the sterilization area should be located in the middle of the facility near where the practice is as opposed to having it at the back of the building. This eases the time spent for transportation of equipment from the area of practice to the surgical room. The room should be laid out in a wide area so as to make sorting of equipment less difficult. It also ensures that the equipment do not combine as a combination will facilitate inter-transfer of pathogens. The result of adopting the recommendations outlined above is that it will increase the level of organization at the facility and reduce work stress for the person(s) in charge of the sterilization process. It will also ensure that new technology that meets legal and regulatory standards are adopted. 12 STANDARDIZED DENTAL STERILE PROCESSING PROTOCOL The outcome of a well-designed workflow area is that staff is less frustrated and are more capable of following protocol in the sterilization process. Remodeling and or rebuilding new work areas guarantees orderly and sequential processes. It ensures a logical flow of sterilization from the time the equipment reaches the sterilization room to the time it gets cleaned and sterilized. It ensures that tasks are well coordinated in a bid to boost efficiency necessary for the safety of both patients and dental care practitioners. Conclusion In summary, it is vital to carry out an analysis of the organizational culture of a dental care practice especially the sterilization process. It exposes the problems at the facility and how detrimental they can be to the outcome of the quality of care. It helps ascertain the areas that need to be addressed before they cause grievous harm to both patients and dental care practitioners. Some of the areas that need to be given top most priority are the design of the workflow areas. It helps determine the orderliness of the workflow area and how equipment should be handled from the time they are transported from the operatory area to the time they are sterilized. It is imperative that the person(s) in charge of the process of sterilization are well trained and equipped to do so in accordance with standards set by legal and regulatory entities. Protocol should be strictly adhered to in the process of sterilization. 13 STANDARDIZED DENTAL STERILE PROCESSING PROTOCOL References Alfa, M. J. (2013). Monitoring and improving the effectiveness of cleaning medical and surgical devices. American journal of infection control, 41(5), S56-S59. Eve Cuny, R. D. A., & Helene Bednarsh, R. D. H. Instrument Sterilization in Dentistry. Hughes, C. (2008). Sterilization: would your facility pass a standards audit?. AORN journal, 87(1), 176-186. Rutala, W. A., & Weber, D. J. (2008). Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities, 2008. Rutala, W. A., & Weber, D. J. (2013). Disinfection and sterilization: an overview. American journal of infection control, 41(5), S2-S5. Schneider, P. M. (2013). New technologies and trends in sterilization and disinfection. American journal of infection control, 41(5), S81-S86. US Food and Drug Administration. US Dept of Health and Human Services. Medical devices reprocessed single-use devices; requirements for submission of validation data. Federal Register, 71, 55729-55737. 14 Synthesis Project Guidelines Fall 2017 The synthesis project is a comprehensive project for an organization. This can be a quality management project or a change project. The project will include statement of the problem, findings and application, goals and objectives, overview of the organizational culture (including organizational, environmental, epidemiological, and any other culture-related issues), implementation, identification of the role of the nurse leader, evaluation of project, and appropriate references. The project will be presented in written format through a major paper. Synthesis Project: Presentation The presentation will be evaluated on how well the 3 criteria of content, power point presentation, and process evaluation are addressed. In addition, the presentation should be creative and well organized to initiate discussion. See grading rubric below for details of the requirements. Synthesis Project: Presentation Grading Rubric CONTENT EVALUATION (120 points) CRITERIA EXEMPLARY Project Project & objectives description are completely clearly and accurately described. (18-20 points) Literature review Literature review is clear, accurate, and current. (22-24 points) Organizational Culture Implementation strategies Role of the Chief Nurse Executive Culture is completely clearly and accurately described. (18-20 points) Strategies are clear and specific. (22-24 points) Role description is clear and specific. (1416 points) Evaluations are clear and specific. (14-16 points) Evaluation of project implementation & effectiveness POWERPOINT EVALUATION (68 points) CRITERIA EXEMPLARY Power point Presentation appearance generates enthusiasm and stimulates interest. (14 points) Clipart and Supplements and illustrations enhances content. (14 points) Presentation Colors, font sizes, and format formatting are pleasant in appearance and provide easy reading. (14 points) References & Sources are cited Reference List accurately throughout COMPETENT Project description is partially accurate and/or partially complete. (7 – 8 points) DEVELOPING Project description is not accurate and/or not complete. (5 – 6 points) UNSATIFACTORY Project is not addressed. (0 – 4 points) Literature review is usually clear, accurate, and current. (8 – 10 points) Literature review is sometimes vague, sometimes accurate, or not current. (5 – 7 points) Culture is not accurate and/or not complete. (5 – 6 points) Strategies are vague or not focused. (5 – 7 points) Role description is vague or not focused. (3 – 4 points) Evaluations are vague or not focused. (3 – 4 points) Literature review is not present. (0 – 4 points) DEVELOPING Some slides are not clear or have inaccurate details. (710 points) Detracts from content. (7-10 points) Detracts from content. (7-10 points) UNSATIFACTORY Poorly developed presentation. (0 – 6 points) Sources are minimally cited Not present in presentation Culture is partially accurate and/or partially complete. (8 – 8 points) Strategies are usually clear and specific. (8 – 10 points) Role description is usually clear and specific. (5 – 6 points) Evaluations are usually clear and specific. (5 – 6 points) COMPETENT Presentation is clear with accurate details. (11-13 points) Present. (11-13 points) Colors, font sizes, and formatting are appropriate. They could be improved with attention to readability. (11-13 points) Sources are usually cited throughout Culture is not addressed. (0 – 4 points) Strategies are not evident. (0 – 4 points) Role description is not evident. (0 – 2 points) Evaluations are not evident. (0 – 2 points) Not present. (0 – 6 points) Colors, font sizes, and formatting make reading difficult. (0 – 6 points) presentation & in a reference list. (14 points) All slides are mechanically (punctuation, spelling, capitalization) & grammatically correct. (12 points) PROCESS EVALUATION (12 points) CRITERIA EXEMPLARY APA format References are cited correctly in APA 6th. (6 points) Slides are usually mechanically & grammatically correct. (9-11 points) throughout presentation and/or in a reference list. (710 points) Slides are sometimes mechanically & grammatically correct. (6-8 points) COMPETENT References, are usually cited correctly in APA 6th. (4-5 points) DEVELOPING References are poorly cited. (2-3 points) Length of presentation Length is 45 slides or more. (4-5 points) Length is 34 slides or less. (2-3 points) Grammar & Spelling Length is 35 to 45 slides. (6 points) TOTAL POINTS – 200 points possible presentation and/or in a reference list. (11-13 points) and/or no reference list. (0 – 6 points) UNSATIFACTORY APA format is not used for presentation. (0-1 points) Presentation is incomplete. (0-1 points) Many slides are not mechanically & grammatically correct. (0-5 points)
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1

STANDARDIZED DENTAL STERILE PROCESSING PROTOCOL
❖ This project is aimed at creating dental sterile processing protocol at the facility.
❖ The objective of this research paper is to create strategies that will ensure that dental

sterile processing protocol is effective and devoid of errors.
❖ It will examine the quality practices that need to be adapted to meet Failure Modes and

Effects Analysis standards.
❖ It will explore the strategies that need to be implemented, the training that employees

should undertake and technological improvements that have to be adopted to improve

outcomes.
❖ It will offer recommendations on what the facility needs to do to improve its sterilization

process.

2

STANDARDIZED DENTAL STERILE PROCESSING PROTOCOL
The government and other agencies mandate dental practitioners to
have a standard dental processing protocol. It specifically outlines the
requirements necessary for the following;
❖ Transportation
❖ Cleaning
❖ Sterilization

❖ Drying
❖ Storage of instruments equipment used in practice.

3

STANDARDIZED DENTAL STERILE PROCESSING PROTOCOL
➢ Poor sterilization processes expose patients to new

infections. An analysis of St. Paul’s Medical Center
indicated that the facility was not at par with the
standard protocol.

4

Introduction
❖ Patients place high expectations on health facilities to ensure

that they are reliable and offer high-quality services.
❖ Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a qualitative and

proactive method of ascertaining whether there are any defects.
❖ It helps dental practitioners to anticipate what might go wrong.

5

FMEA reviews steps in the process, what actually could fail, why the failure
would occur and the possible consequences of the failure. In a bid to determine
the compliance of standards, the Joint Commission Leadership standard
stipulated that St. Paul Medical Center carries out the risk of failure and harm
in processes evaluation. This evaluation is done to ensure that medical facilities
detect risky processes, so that intervention measures are created before they
occur. A recent FMEA analysis confirmed that the facility did not have

standardized sterile processing of dental equipment protocol.

6

Background
❖ Sterilization refers to an infection process that kills pathogens on various

surfaces.
❖ Dentists face a challenge in improving patient safety while at the same time

attending to a huge demographic of patients.
❖ A standardized dental sterile protocol involves comprehending the foundations

of infection control and therefore creating infection control procedures
systems that ensure sterilization is done effectively.
❖ It includes having well-trained staff in sterilization processes and ensuring that

they stay abreast of various infectious diseases and how they can be managed.

7

Background
Standardized dental sterile processing protocol has to be done
because dental care is a profession whose scope is highly
susceptible to pathogens (Rutala, Weber, 2013). The result is that
the pathogens might be transferred to patients making them

acquire infections that were non-existent before. St. Paul’s Medical
Center was found to be non-compliant with legal and regulatory
frameworks that deal with sterilization process.

8

Literature Review
❖ Sterilization of dental instruments is vital in eliminating pathogens from

dental instruments.
❖ The sterilization of dental instruments should follow particular protocol to

ensure that the outcome of dental processes is of impeccable quality.
❖ It also ensures that...


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