Research Paper must be developed using one of the methodologies listed here.

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The Final Research Paper must be developed using one of the methodologies listed here.

  • Analyze: Synthesis of Concepts, Theories, and Practices in Social Justice Administration.
  • Analyzing the Social Justice Role of the Police in Society
  • Analyzing the Social Justice Role of the Courts in Society
  • Analyzing the Social Justice Role of Institutional Corrections and Community Corrections in Society
  • Ethical Considerations and Special Challenges in Social Justice Administration
  • Synthesis of Concepts, Theories, and Practices in Social Justice Administration
    • Focused Topic Area.
    • Case Study.
    • Legal Analysis on a Focused Topic Area.

In that final Research Paper: Incorporate those following

  1. Identify and describe major classical and contemporary criminology theories that attempt to explain delinquent and criminal behavior.
  1. Identify, compare and contrast various historical perspectives on criminal justice in America comprising the components of law enforcement, courts, corrections, and the juvenile justice system.
  1. Analyze data and information and draw critical conclusions from that analysis.
  1. Identify and demonstrate understanding and effective application of principles, techniques and skills necessary for specialization in a Track.
  1. Demonstrate the ability to communicate effectively both orally and in writing on a variety of topics related to criminal justice

Final Research Paper Due (Pick one of the three options) and see the full requirements in the Assignment Map:

Final Research Paper Demonstrate those:

  1. An understanding of the organizational structure of our current social justice system including law enforcement, corrections, courts, probation, and social service agencies.
  1. Knowledge of how to initiate and maintain programs designed to ease the communication, work distribution, and cooperative output for any of the agencies that comprise the social justice system (e.g. unions for police officers, administration policy for prison officials, etc.).
  1. The ability to do scholarly research. Students will locate, identify, and use peer-reviewed printed and electronic periodical, as well as printed and electronic books.

Final Research Paper (Final Paper)

Instructions: Final Research Paper must be at least ten (10) pages in length in addition to a Title Page, Abstract, Table of Contents, and Reference Page.

The Final Research Paper must include at least twenty (20) or more Academic References/sources.

Reference

REQUIRED Links

Peak, Kenneth J. (2016) Justice Administration (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education - Prentice Hall

Textbook Web link: https://www.pearson.com/us/higher-education/program/Peak-Justice-Administration-Police-Courts-and-Corrections-Management-8th-Edition/PGM153598.html

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The Final Research Paper must be developed using one of the methodologies listed here. a) Analyze: Synthesis of Concepts, Theories, and Practices in Social Justice Administration. b) Analyzing the Social Justice Role of the Police in Society c) Analyzing the Social Justice Role of the Courts in Society d) Analyzing the Social Justice Role of Institutional Corrections and Community Corrections in Society e) Ethical Considerations and Special Challenges in Social Justice Administration f) Synthesis of Concepts, Theories, and Practices in Social Justice Administration In that final Research Paper: Incorporate those following 1. Identify and describe major classical and contemporary criminology theories that attempt to explain delinquent and criminal behavior. 2. Identify, compare and contrast various historical perspectives on criminal justice in America comprising the components of law enforcement, courts, corrections, and the juvenile justice system. 3. Analyze data and information and draw critical conclusions from that analysis. 4. Identify and demonstrate understanding and effective application of principles, techniques and skills necessary for specialization in a Track. 5. Demonstrate the ability to communicate effectively both orally and in writing on a variety of topics related to criminal justice Final Research Paper Due (Pick one of the three options) and see the full requirements in the Assignment Map: a. Focused Topic Area. b. Case Study. c. Legal Analysis on a Focused Topic Area. Final Research Paper Demonstrate those: 1. An understanding of the organizational structure of our current social justice system including law enforcement, corrections, courts, probation, and social service agencies. 2. Knowledge of how to initiate and maintain programs designed to ease the communication, work distribution, and cooperative output for any of the agencies that comprise the social justice system (e.g. unions for police officers, administration policy for prison officials, etc.). 3. The ability to do scholarly research. Students will locate, identify, and use peerreviewed printed and electronic periodical, as well as printed and electronic books. Final Research Paper (Final Paper) Instructions: Final Research Paper must be at least ten (10) pages in length in addition to a Title Page, Abstract, Table of Contents, and Reference Page. The Final Research Paper must include at least twenty (20) or more Academic References/sources. Reference REQUIRED Links Peak, Kenneth J. (2016) Justice Administration (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education - Prentice Hall Textbook Web link: https://www.pearson.com/us/higher-education/program/PeakJustice-Administration-Police-Courts-and-Corrections-Management-8thEdition/PGM153598.html Running Head: THE POLICE 1 This paper is an guideline if you read this paper and the other attachment I sent to carefully it will be easy for you to write the final paper without missing anything. Please follow all those instructions. Instructions: Final Research Paper must be at least ten (10) pages in length in addition to a Title Page, Abstract, Table of Contents, and Reference Page. The Final Research Paper must include at least twenty (20) or more Academic References/sources. THE POLICE 2 The Final Research Paper must be developed using one of the methodologies listed here. (First Point) a) Analyze: Synthesis of Concepts, Theories, and Practices in Social Justice Administration. Social justice administration comprises of the integration of police, courts, and corrections with the aim of ensuring fairness and justice prevails in the society and in the administration of justice. These components of the social justice systems have similar goals of ensuring order prevails in the society. Although the components have related goals they operate independently to meet their goals and often compete for resources (Peak, 2016). The classical and contemporary theories are used as the basis of the functioning of these systems. b) Analyzing the Social Justice Role of the Police in Society The police play a fundamental role in the criminal justice system. The police are a critical division of law enforcement that has the obligation of crime prevention as well as apprehension of law breakers (Barlow & Barlow, 2000). In general, police officers examine as well as prevent crimes from taking place. The social justice roles and responsibilities of police include: Enforcing laws, Prevention of crime, Responding to emergency, as well as providing support services to the society. c) Analyzing the Social Justice Role of the Courts in Society The courts have the social responsibility of ensuring that order is preserved in the society. The courts have the obligation of system checks as well as balance and ensuring that stability as well as balance prevails in the criminal justice systems. The courts interpret laws and ensure that these THE POLICE 3 laws are upheld by the society. Further, the operate with other agencies in the criminal justice system to ensure that all law breakers are brought to justice to prevent further deviance behavior in the society (Peak, 2016). d) Analyzing the Social Justice Role of Institutional Corrections and Community Corrections in Society The institutional and community corrections facilities have the obligation of attaining public safety through efficiently managing offenders to ensure recidivism is reduced in the society. The correction facilities ensure that offenders are successfully integrated in the society after completing their term. e) Ethical Considerations and Special Challenges in Social Justice Administration There are numerous challenges and ethical considerations that affect the social justice administration. These challenges and considerations include: civil liability, labor relations, accountability, and rights of employees in criminal justice system, financial administration, AIDS, as well as the future. These issues directly affect the administration of social justice (Peak, 2016). f) Synthesis of Concepts, Theories, and Practices in Social Justice Administration Focused Topic Area Identifying focus topic area involves identifying an area in the justice system to focus on in my paper such as the major departments within the social justice systems include the police, courts, as well as corrections. THE POLICE 4 Case Study Case study involves examination of the justice system or an area in justice system to determine how this area or the social justice system operates at whole. Legal Analysis on a Focused Topic Area Legal analysis of focused area involves application of legal concepts and techniques in the analysis of the chosen area. In that final Research Paper: Incorporate those following (Second Point) 1. Identify and describe major classical and contemporary criminology theories that attempt to explain delinquent and criminal behavior. There are numerous classical and contemporary criminology theories that attempt to explain delinquency in the society. The major theories include: rational choice theory. This theory identifies that people attempt to maximize pleasure while minimizing pain. The theory holds that crime has some sense of desirability for some people that are not seen by other people. And as a result, people weigh between the pleasures derived from an act against the pain derived from committing the act (Akers, 2013). When pain surpasses pleasure, people avoid engaging in such acts and vice versa. The Deterrence focuses on the connection between punishment and the individual or group behavior. The deterrence theory advocates for the use of punishment as a way of deterring the individual as well as other people from engaging in criminal activities (Peak, 2016). The positivist school of theory identifies that the empirical study of crime is essential in understanding delinquent behavior. This theory identifies that the environment also plays a THE POLICE 5 fundamental role in crime behavior and as a result, its study should be incorporated in empirical study of crime (Akers, 2013). The labeling theory is a vital theoretical perspective in the criminology context. According to this theory, deviance is a result of labeling rather than inherent trait. According to the theory, the personal aspects of an individual such as aspects in his life and traits are secondary once the person is labeled as deviant. The labeling of an individual alters the individual characters and traits of the person to fit the traits labeled (Akers, 2013). 2. Identify, compare and contrast various historical perspectives on criminal justice in America comprising the components of law enforcement, courts, corrections, and the juvenile justice system. The criminal justice system in America was initially founded on a rehabilitative perspective. The system was intended to rehabilitate criminals into better members of the society. Initially, the justice system helped law breakers gain skills to enable them become better members of the society. Mental disorders were also treated as they were believed to be the leading causes of criminology in the country (Schmalleger et al., 2014). This has been the grounds of the justice system until the recently when the justice system was transformed from a rehabilitative perspective to punishment for the offenders. In the 1970’s in response to the increased crime rates, the justice system was altered to respond to increased crime rates. The police are expected to arrest and detail all law breakers whereas the courts have to use more severe punishments as way of discouraging the criminals from offending again. The modern perspective entails deterrence, as a way of keeping the offenders away from the society and using harsh sentencing to discourage the offenders from engaging in similar activities (Peak, 2016). In the case of police, excessive use of force when dealing with criminals has been adopted as a way of preventing the criminals from escaping. THE POLICE 6 3. Analyze data and information and draw critical conclusions from that analysis. The social justice system plays an important role in the society. The social agencies are responsible for ensuring order prevails in the society. Further the agencies should also ensure that they maintain their credibility with the society. The social justice agencies require the cooperation of the society in the administration of justice in the society. As a result, the agencies should strike to ensure good relationships exist with the society (Peak, 2016). Further, the decision of one of the agencies within the justice system significantly affects other agencies. Hence, the agencies should operate in unison and ensure harmony and efficient sharing of information to boost the overall effectiveness of the system. 4. Identify and demonstrate understanding and effective application of principles, techniques and skills necessary for specialization in a Track. In order to effectively complete my final paper, I will employ the principles and concepts covered in the coursework and relate them to the functioning of the justice system and its impacts to the society. In order to effectively apply principles and technique, I will employ numerous sources in my paper to ensure I choose a topic of importance that can have positive impacts to our current justice system. 5. Demonstrate the ability to communicate effectively both orally and in writing on a variety of topics related to criminal justice When writing about criminal justice, it is important to incorporate the various terms and concepts related to the topic. Incorporation of these topics will demonstrate prowess in the topic and will enable effective communication of the topic under study. In that final Research Paper: Incorporate those following (Second Point) THE POLICE 7 Final Research Paper Demonstrate those:(Fourth Point) 1. An understanding of the organizational structure of our current social justice system including law enforcement, corrections, courts, probation, and social service agencies. Social justice agencies comprises of all local, state, as well as federal agencies that basically address the problem of crime in the society. The agencies deal with processing of offenders and are related as the choices of one agency affects the other agencies. The framework of the social justice systems is granted by the judicial, legislative, as well as executive branches of the government (Peak, 2016). The primary components of the justice system entail the police, courts, as well as correctional facilities that operate to prevent crime through the apprehension, trial, as well as punishing of law breakers. 2. Knowledge of how to initiate and maintain programs designed to ease the communication, work distribution, and cooperative output for any of the agencies that comprise the social justice system (e.g. unions for police officers, administration policy for prison officials, etc.). Initialization and implementation of programs in the agencies should ensure the program meets the obligations and goals of the agency. In other words, when implementing programs in the social justice agencies, numerous factors should be taken into consideration such as the impacts of the program to the efficiency of the agency. The program should also align with the objectives of the agency. 1. The ability to do scholarly research. Students will locate, identify, and use peerreviewed printed and electronic periodical, as well as printed and electronic books THE POLICE 8 The primary reference I used in my paper is Peak, Kenneth J. (2016) Justice Administration (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education - Prentice Hall Textbook retrieved from: Web link: https://www.pearson.com/us/higher-education/program/Peak-Justice-AdministrationPolice-Courts-and-Corrections-Management-8th-Edition/PGM153598.html In addition to this source, I identified three other scholarly articles and book that will help with my research. The information contained in the scholarly materials will significantly help me in writing a good research paper. THE POLICE References Akers, R. L. (2013). Criminological theories: Introduction and evaluation. Routledge. Peak, Kenneth J. (2016) Justice Administration (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education - Prentice Hall Textbook retrieved from: Web link: https://www.pearson.com/us/higher-education/program/Peak-JusticeAdministration-Police-Courts-and-Corrections-Management-8thEdition/PGM153598.html Barlow, D. E., & Barlow, M. H. (2000). Police in a multicultural society: An American story. Waveland PressInc. Schmalleger, F., Donaldson, S., Kashiwahara, K., Koppal, T., Chase, S., Brown, A., ... & Marash, D. (2014). Criminal justice today. Prentice Hall. 9
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Running Head: SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY

Social Justice Role of the Police in Society
Author’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date

1

SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY

2

Contents
Social Justice Role of the Police in Society ............................................................................................... 3
Abstract........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Types of police ............................................................................................................................................. 4
Roles of Police.............................................................................................................................................. 5
Criminal theories explaining Delinquency and Criminal behavior........................................................ 7
US Criminal Justice System as a unitary authority ............................................................................... 10
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 11

SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY

3

Social Justice Role of the Police in Society
Abstract
The paper is addressing the role of the US police in the administration of social justice.
The US police have a long history in the US and its establishment is dated back to the colonial
America. Since its establishment the police has transformed and today it is a professional body.
However, the paper would also address how the police work with the US criminal justice system,
because the police alone is unable to administer any justice without the courts and corrections
facilities. Besides, the paper would also explain using criminology theories to why people
commit crime and what role the community has in helping the police build a society with
minimal crime rates.
The police is a central component of a justice system and it has a long history. In the US
the history of police is dated back to the colonial period. According to the article of (Waxman,
2017), during the colonial America, policing was informal and it was profit-motivated, funded
privately and people were employment on part-time basis. Also, the police was organized in
form of night watch. In towns generally people were hired to offer security, as people engaged in
prostitution or gambling. Most importantly, it is documented that in 1636 Boston had police, and
later New York received its first police in 1658, while Philadelphia created it in 1700. Also,
significant to underscore is that at the initial stage of introduction of policing, it was informal,
and it was organized in terms of watchmen, who to some large extent were ineffective.
Further reference to Waxman, (2017) article indicates that the rapid urbanization in
America rendered the night-watch system ineffective. Resultantly, people were hired on full-time
basis to offer security during the day and also during the night. Ideally, the US police started in
an informal way, and later as civilization picked up in America after the colonial master left, the

SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY

4

police was formalized. Hence, the police in United States can be described to be as old as the
US, despite being a unit that was introduced during the colonial America. However, today the
police play a crucial role in the administration of justice, and it is one of the sub-systems of the
justice system. The police is therefore an inseparable unit of the justice system.

Types of police
It is already apparent that police office offer security to property and life, and that is the
reason the colonial masters required them to protect them during gambling and prostitution. The
police have a role to protect people against elements that can cause property loss and life. Social
justice requires that other people respect the lives and properties of others. It is on this premise
that the police operate to ensure that those who endanger life or even cause property loss are
arrested and subjected to the courts system for administration of justice (Greene, 2014). With the
role of protecting property, life and administration justice, the US has divided its police to
several units to make them more effective and efficient. Due to the plethora roles played by the
police in any working democracy, and also dictatorships, a police officer cannot play a multiple
of roles. As a result the US has several units of the police.
Federal police is run, managed and controlled by the federal government. This type of the
police has a federal authority to perform various roles, especially at federal level. The major role
of the federal police is to enforce federal laws and other regulations across the US states (Greene,
2014). FBI is an example of the federal police and they operate in all states and their funding
directly comes from the federal government.

SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY

5

State -The state type of police is under the state governments, and they enforce the laws
of the state government. The state police patrol and carry out investigations in their state and
therefore their roles are confined usually to a state.
County police-they exist in metropolitan counties, but most fundamentally they have
countywide jurisdiction to carry out their roles. The sheriff’s department is one example, but in
some counties there are not county police.
Roles of Police
In the administration of justice police are tasked with investigation. Cops have to carry
out investigations before they hand over a suspect to the courts system. When a suspect is
arrested, definitely they have to be handed over to the courts system, where the case can be heard
and determined (Greene, 2014). However, the hearing and determination of the case is heavily
dependent on the investigations carried out. Fortunately, the US FBI is professional in the sense
that they have enough expertise to conduct thorough investigation into any nature of crime. It is
the evidence presented to the courts that will then determine the fate of a case. In the
investigation also the police are restrained from filing false evidence, because that will be an
injustice to the suspect.
Arresting offender or lawbreakers is a major role for the police in the administration of
justice. For justice to be served or administered, then an arrest should be made. If the arrest is
made, with the evidence available to the police they will have to take such suspect to court
(Raschig, 2017). There are lawbreakers everyday in the United State whether on the roads or
even robberies, and also those offenders or criminals are not supposed to roam in the society
freely. It is the duty of the police to make sure that the rogues members of the society are
arrested to the keep other members of the public safe (Wolfe, & Nix, 2016). Hence, arresting is

SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY

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another key role for the police and it is the one that initiates one’s journey in the criminal justice
system.
Community involvement is another key role of the police. Justice is not just served by
arresting people and taking them to court for prosecution. The police get in touch with the
community and engage in service delivery like they have to talk the community programs (Gill,
et al, 2014). They have to work the community to see what is ailing it and report to other law
enforcement agencies for a corrective action to be taken. The police commit themselves to
deliver speeches in schools and other social place where they educate people on their civic duties
and avoid situations that can get them on the wrong way of the law. Furthermore, the police
educate communities on handling emergency situation to prevent crime from happening. In
addition, the police work with communities to prevent drug use in the community. Ideally, the
justice system requires that the police work closely with the community, because criminal
elements come from communities. When cops work with communities they teach values that can
be important to parents’ role in upbringing their children. Therefore, to gain support from the
community in terms of law enforcement the police have to work closely with its members and
engage in community programs that will help the citizens know the value of complying with the
laws.
Tugend, (2016) in his article in New York Times notes that the role of police is causing
jitters in some communities, because there is a feeling that the police are no longer administering
justice. According to the feeling of poorer areas especially dominated by African-Americans the
police are brutal and they treat them inhumanely. Also, the shooting of the police and other
African Americans have made the role of police in the justice system appear meaningless and
undefined. But generally, the wrong perception that the poli...


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