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pH Scale by the Method of Successive Dilutions Paper
http://chemcollective.org/vlab/100
Objective:
It is fairly common knowledge that neutral water has a pH of 7, acids have ...
pH Scale by the Method of Successive Dilutions Paper
http://chemcollective.org/vlab/100
Objective:
It is fairly common knowledge that neutral water has a pH of 7, acids have a pH <7 and bases have a pH>7, but few people understand this in terms of the actual hydronium ion concentration. Our objective is to develop an understanding of logarithmic scales by developing a pH scale
Background:
The pH scale describes the hydronium ion concentration in aqueous systems
pH = -log[H3O+]
[H3O+] = 10-pH = 1/10pH
The Method of Successive Dilutions is an experimental technique for preparing a series of solutions of different concentrations from one volume of stock solution.
Lets look at a series of half dilutions.
With the virtual lab fill 5 flasks with a constant amount of water (less than half the volume of the flask), for simplicity, we will use 20 ml, but any amount will do.
*Virtual Lab Tip* - Right Click on each flask and label it
Now add the same amount of stock 1M HCl to the first flask (20 mL), and note that the concentration has been diluted in half, [H3O+] = 0.500M or 1/2 (1/21) the original molarity.
From this flask transfer 20 mL to the second flask and note the it has been diluted in half again,[H3O+]= 0.250M or is one fourth (1/22) the concentration of the original stock solution. ( one screenshot here)
Repeating this procedure with the remaining 3 flasks gives:
3rd dilution: [H3O+] = 0.12500 or 1/8 (1/23) the original stock molarity (one screenshot here)
4th dilution: [H3O+] = 0.06250 or 1/16 (1/24) the original stock molarity (one screenshot here)
5th dilution: [H3O+] = 0.03125 or 1/32 (1/25) the original stock solution. (one screenshot here)
Lets look at this in more detail:
[H3O+] = 2-n = 1/2n
Where n is the number of successive dilutions and by using a dilution factor of one to two, you have come up with a log base 2 scale.
Question: Would changing the volume of the original stock solution and the incremental dilution volumes to a new constant value effect the successive concentrations. Say by starting with 10 mL and transferring 10 mL increments? If you say yes, repeat the above with 10 mL increments and explain. ANSWER THIS QUESTION IN COMPLETE SENTENCES. NO PLAGIARISM. IF YOU DO ANY EXPERIMENTS FOR THIS QUESTION, PLEASE SCREENSHOT THE RESULTS.
1 page
newton's law
Newton’s first law of motion is inertia. The activity I did to demonstrate inertia was the “Elbow Room” activity. Th ...
newton's law
Newton’s first law of motion is inertia. The activity I did to demonstrate inertia was the “Elbow Room” activity. The goal of this activity was to try to catch the penny after releasing the support from our elbow.
4 pages
Soil Erosion
Define overgrazing, over cultivation, and deforestation. Include ideas on what people can do differently to reduce the imp ...
Soil Erosion
Define overgrazing, over cultivation, and deforestation. Include ideas on what people can do differently to reduce the impact of these three practices ...
6 pages
Thinking Like A Nurse
"Thinking Like a Nurse: A Research-Based Model of Clinical Judgment in Nursing" by "Thinking Like a Nurse: A Research-Base ...
Thinking Like A Nurse
"Thinking Like a Nurse: A Research-Based Model of Clinical Judgment in Nursing" by "Thinking Like a Nurse: A Research-Based Model of Clinical Judgment ...
NURS 6521 WU Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Discussion
Comparing and Contrasting Pharmacologic Options for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Psychological disorders, ...
NURS 6521 WU Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Discussion
Comparing and Contrasting Pharmacologic Options for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Psychological disorders, such as depression, bipolar, and anxiety disorders can present several complications for patients of all ages. These disorders affect patients physically and emotionally, potentially impacting judgment, school and/or job performance, and relationships with family and friends. Since these disorders have many drastic effects on patients’ lives, it is important for advanced practice nurses to effectively manage patient care. With patient factors and medical history in mind, it is the advanced practice nurse’s responsibility to ensure the safe and effective diagnosis, treatment, and education of patients with psychological disorders.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder is a psychological condition that affects 6.1 million Americans, or 3.1% of the US Population. Despite several treatment options, only 43.2% of those suffering from GAD receive treatment. This week you will review several different classes of medication used in the treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. You will examine potential impacts of pharmacotherapeutics used in the treatment of GAD. Please focus your assignment on FDA approved indications when referring to different medication classes used in the treatment of GAD.
To Prepare
Review the Resources for this module and consider the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Reflect on your experiences, observations, and/or clinical practices from the last 5 years and think about how pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors altered his or her anticipated response to a drug.
Consider factors that might have influenced the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes, such as genetics (including pharmacogenetics), gender, ethnicity, age, behavior, and/or possible pathophysiological changes due to disease.
Think about a personalized plan of care based on these influencing factors and patient history with GAD.
Post a discussion of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics related to anxiolytic medications used to treat GAD. In your discussion, utilizing the discussion highlights, compare and contrast different treatment options that can be used.
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Most Popular Content
pH Scale by the Method of Successive Dilutions Paper
http://chemcollective.org/vlab/100
Objective:
It is fairly common knowledge that neutral water has a pH of 7, acids have ...
pH Scale by the Method of Successive Dilutions Paper
http://chemcollective.org/vlab/100
Objective:
It is fairly common knowledge that neutral water has a pH of 7, acids have a pH <7 and bases have a pH>7, but few people understand this in terms of the actual hydronium ion concentration. Our objective is to develop an understanding of logarithmic scales by developing a pH scale
Background:
The pH scale describes the hydronium ion concentration in aqueous systems
pH = -log[H3O+]
[H3O+] = 10-pH = 1/10pH
The Method of Successive Dilutions is an experimental technique for preparing a series of solutions of different concentrations from one volume of stock solution.
Lets look at a series of half dilutions.
With the virtual lab fill 5 flasks with a constant amount of water (less than half the volume of the flask), for simplicity, we will use 20 ml, but any amount will do.
*Virtual Lab Tip* - Right Click on each flask and label it
Now add the same amount of stock 1M HCl to the first flask (20 mL), and note that the concentration has been diluted in half, [H3O+] = 0.500M or 1/2 (1/21) the original molarity.
From this flask transfer 20 mL to the second flask and note the it has been diluted in half again,[H3O+]= 0.250M or is one fourth (1/22) the concentration of the original stock solution. ( one screenshot here)
Repeating this procedure with the remaining 3 flasks gives:
3rd dilution: [H3O+] = 0.12500 or 1/8 (1/23) the original stock molarity (one screenshot here)
4th dilution: [H3O+] = 0.06250 or 1/16 (1/24) the original stock molarity (one screenshot here)
5th dilution: [H3O+] = 0.03125 or 1/32 (1/25) the original stock solution. (one screenshot here)
Lets look at this in more detail:
[H3O+] = 2-n = 1/2n
Where n is the number of successive dilutions and by using a dilution factor of one to two, you have come up with a log base 2 scale.
Question: Would changing the volume of the original stock solution and the incremental dilution volumes to a new constant value effect the successive concentrations. Say by starting with 10 mL and transferring 10 mL increments? If you say yes, repeat the above with 10 mL increments and explain. ANSWER THIS QUESTION IN COMPLETE SENTENCES. NO PLAGIARISM. IF YOU DO ANY EXPERIMENTS FOR THIS QUESTION, PLEASE SCREENSHOT THE RESULTS.
1 page
newton's law
Newton’s first law of motion is inertia. The activity I did to demonstrate inertia was the “Elbow Room” activity. Th ...
newton's law
Newton’s first law of motion is inertia. The activity I did to demonstrate inertia was the “Elbow Room” activity. The goal of this activity was to try to catch the penny after releasing the support from our elbow.
4 pages
Soil Erosion
Define overgrazing, over cultivation, and deforestation. Include ideas on what people can do differently to reduce the imp ...
Soil Erosion
Define overgrazing, over cultivation, and deforestation. Include ideas on what people can do differently to reduce the impact of these three practices ...
6 pages
Thinking Like A Nurse
"Thinking Like a Nurse: A Research-Based Model of Clinical Judgment in Nursing" by "Thinking Like a Nurse: A Research-Base ...
Thinking Like A Nurse
"Thinking Like a Nurse: A Research-Based Model of Clinical Judgment in Nursing" by "Thinking Like a Nurse: A Research-Based Model of Clinical Judgment ...
NURS 6521 WU Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Discussion
Comparing and Contrasting Pharmacologic Options for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Psychological disorders, ...
NURS 6521 WU Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Discussion
Comparing and Contrasting Pharmacologic Options for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Psychological disorders, such as depression, bipolar, and anxiety disorders can present several complications for patients of all ages. These disorders affect patients physically and emotionally, potentially impacting judgment, school and/or job performance, and relationships with family and friends. Since these disorders have many drastic effects on patients’ lives, it is important for advanced practice nurses to effectively manage patient care. With patient factors and medical history in mind, it is the advanced practice nurse’s responsibility to ensure the safe and effective diagnosis, treatment, and education of patients with psychological disorders.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder is a psychological condition that affects 6.1 million Americans, or 3.1% of the US Population. Despite several treatment options, only 43.2% of those suffering from GAD receive treatment. This week you will review several different classes of medication used in the treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. You will examine potential impacts of pharmacotherapeutics used in the treatment of GAD. Please focus your assignment on FDA approved indications when referring to different medication classes used in the treatment of GAD.
To Prepare
Review the Resources for this module and consider the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Reflect on your experiences, observations, and/or clinical practices from the last 5 years and think about how pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors altered his or her anticipated response to a drug.
Consider factors that might have influenced the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes, such as genetics (including pharmacogenetics), gender, ethnicity, age, behavior, and/or possible pathophysiological changes due to disease.
Think about a personalized plan of care based on these influencing factors and patient history with GAD.
Post a discussion of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics related to anxiolytic medications used to treat GAD. In your discussion, utilizing the discussion highlights, compare and contrast different treatment options that can be used.
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