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Running Head: SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY Social Justice Role of the Police in Society Author’s Name Institutional Affiliation Date 1 SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY 2 Contents Social Justice Role of the Police in Society ............................................................................................... 2 Abstract........................................................................................................................................................ 2 Types of police ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Roles of Police.............................................................................................................................................. 4 Criminal theories explaining Delinquency and Criminal behavior........................................................ 6 US Criminal Justice System as a unitary authority ................................................................................. 9 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 10 Social Justice Role of the Police in Society Abstract The paper is addressing the role of the US police in the administration of social justice. The US police have a long history in the US and its establishment is dated back to the colonial America. Since its establishment the police has transformed and today it is a professional body. However, the paper would also address how the police work with the US criminal justice system, because the police alone is unable to administer any justice without the courts and corrections facilities. Besides, the paper would also explain using criminology theories to why people commit crime and what role the community has in helping the police build a society with minimal crime rates. The police is a central component of a justice system and it has a long history. In the US the history of police is dated back to the colonial period. According to the article of (Waxman, 2017), during the colonial America, policing was informal and it was profit-motivated, funded privately and people were employment on part-time basis. Also, the police was organized in form of night watch. In towns generally people were hired to offer security, as people engaged in SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY 3 prostitution or gambling. Most importantly, it is documented that in 1636 Boston had police, and later New York received its first police in 1658, while Philadelphia created it in 1700. Also, significant to underscore is that at the initial stage of introduction of policing, it was informal, and it was organized in terms of watchmen, who to some large extent were ineffective. Further reference to Waxman, (2017) article indicates that the rapid urbanization in America rendered the night-watch system ineffective. Resultantly, people were hired on full-time basis to offer security during the day and also during the night. Ideally, the US police started in an informal way, and later as civilization picked up in America after the colonial master left, the police was formalized. Hence, the police in United States can be described to be as old as the US, despite being a unit that was introduced during the colonial America. However, today the police play a crucial role in the administration of justice, and it is one of the sub-systems of the justice system. The police is therefore an inseparable unit of the justice system. Types of police It is already apparent that police office offer security to property and life, and that is the reason the colonial masters required them to protect them during gambling and prostitution. The police have a role to protect people against elements that can cause property loss and life. Social justice requires that other people respect the lives and properties of others. It is on this premise that the police operate to ensure that those who endanger life or even cause property loss are arrested and subjected to the courts system for administration of justice (Greene, 2014). With the role of protecting property, life and administration justice, the US has divided its police to several units to make them more effective and efficient. Due to the plethora roles played by the SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY 4 police in any working democracy, and also dictatorships, a police officer cannot play a multiple of roles. As a result the US has several units of the police. Federal police is run, managed and controlled by the federal government. This type of the police has a federal authority to perform various roles, especially at federal level. The major role of the federal police is to enforce federal laws and other regulations across the US states (Greene, 2014). FBI is an example of the federal police and they operate in all states and their funding directly comes from the federal government. State -The state type of police is under the state governments, and they enforce the laws of the state government. The state police patrol and carry out investigations in their state and therefore their roles are confined usually to a state. County police-they exist in metropolitan counties, but most fundamentally they have countywide jurisdiction to carry out their roles. The sheriff’s department is one example, but in some counties there are not county police. Roles of Police In the administration of justice police are tasked with investigation. Cops have to carry out investigations before they hand over a suspect to the courts system. When a suspect is arrested, definitely they have to be handed over to the courts system, where the case can be heard and determined (Greene, 2014). However, the hearing and determination of the case is heavily dependent on the investigations carried out. Fortunately, the US FBI is professional in the sense that they have enough expertise to conduct thorough investigation into any nature of crime. It is the evidence presented to the courts that will then determine the fate of a case. In the SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY 5 investigation also the police are restrained from filing false evidence, because that will be an injustice to the suspect. Arresting offender or lawbreakers is a major role for the police in the administration of justice. For justice to be served or administered, then an arrest should be made. If the arrest is made, with the evidence available to the police they will have to take such suspect to court (Raschig, 2017). There are lawbreakers everyday in the United State whether on the roads or even robberies, and also those offenders or criminals are not supposed to roam in the society freely. It is the duty of the police to make sure that the rogues members of the society are arrested to the keep other members of the public safe (Wolfe, & Nix, 2016). Hence, arresting is another key role for the police and it is the one that initiates one’s journey in the criminal justice system. Community involvement is another key role of the police. Justice is not just served by arresting people and taking them to court for prosecution. The police get in touch with the community and engage in service delivery like they have to talk the community programs (Gill, et al, 2014). They have to work the community to see what is ailing it and report to other law enforcement agencies for a corrective action to be taken. The police commit themselves to deliver speeches in schools and other social place where they educate people on their civic duties and avoid situations that can get them on the wrong way of the law. Furthermore, the police educate communities on handling emergency situation to prevent crime from happening. In addition, the police work with communities to prevent drug use in the community. Ideally, the justice system requires that the police work closely with the community, because criminal elements come from communities. When cops work with communities they teach values that can be important to parents’ role in upbringing their children. Therefore, to gain support from the SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY 6 community in terms of law enforcement the police have to work closely with its members and engage in community programs that will help the citizens know the value of complying with the laws. Tugend, (2016) in his article in New York Times notes that the role of police is causing jitters in some communities, because there is a feeling that the police are no longer administering justice. According to the feeling of poorer areas especially dominated by African-Americans the police are brutal and they treat them inhumanely. Also, the shooting of the police and other African Americans have made the role of police in the justice system appear meaningless and undefined. But generally, the wrong perception that the police is an enemy of some communities and obstruct justice does not necessarily mean that the whole police system is rotten. Police brutality is just one of the wrong sides of the police that is being corrected with the police ranks so that police can be seen as the people justly and fairly serve the community. Criminal theories explaining Delinquency and Criminal behavior General Strain theory- The theory was developed by Robert K. Merton, where he argues that the society exerts some pressure on people to achieve some goals accepted in the society. For instance, the American Dream is something that every American dreams of, but again it is not an easy ride to realize the dream. Hence, some people would resolve to engage in criminal activities in pursuit of this dream to meet the expectations of the society. Eriksson, et al, (2017) and Gao, et al, (2016), note that the theory makes sense and they have investigate the relationship between the social pressure and criminal behavior. In their research Gao, et al, (2016), sampled 1,163 adolescents from some four middle schools in China to study the relationship between the adolescent maltreatment to delinquency within the parameters of general strain theory. The author used to models, one they Agnew’s integrated SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY 7 model of GST, which assesses some mediating effects of state of anger, depression, delinquent peer affiliation and social control to establish the relation between delinquency and maltreatment (Ngo, & Paternoster, 2014).The second model of their research is associated with the state of anger to delinquent peer affiliation and state of depression to social control (Gao, et al, 2016). In their findings, Gao, et al, (2016) noted that there is a close link between maltreatment and delinquent behavior. As teachers, they engage in some mediating social control which then to some extent the adolescent find difficult to comply with as a result they will end up committing a crime. The most important aspect of the research is that despite the social control or pressure that is put on adolescents or even adults can lead to some delinquent or generally criminal behavior. The police is then required to understand that when members of the society feel subjected to some pressure or situations they will commit crime. Cases of killings and robbery in poor neighborhoods have been reported in the US and that in some instances it is the social pressure to look for wealth other needs that prompt people to terrorize other citizens. Hence, the police knowing very well the impact of the society on its members is collaborating with communities so that to deflate the social pressure that can prompt some people from committing crime (Crawford,& Evans, 2017). From the general strain theory what is clear is that the pressure people get from others radicalize or motivate them into committing crime. Based on this theory, it now makes sense when someone talks the need for community involvement by the police (Crawford,& Evans, 2017). If the police are able to build strong relationships with the communities, they stand a significant chance reducing the social pressure that can push people into committing crimes that end up endangering the lives of other members of the society. SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY 8 From the sociological approaches or theories, it is understandable that crime is influenced by sociological factors. According to Eck, & Weisburd, (2015), criminologists are today interested in places, like streets, or buildings to investigate social influence on criminal behavior. This confirms that crime and delinquency is a sociological issues. A sociological factor like poverty according to researchers can influence some members of the society to commit crime when pursing some illegal means to get something can extricate them from poverty. For instance, if people are poor they are likely to engage in robbery with violence, or they can engage in drug trafficking as well as drug abuse. According to researchers supporting the sociological approach of looking at criminal behaviors, even ethnicity can influence some illegal activities. For instance, if African-Americans feel discriminated against or targeted, they can retaliate, obviously using illegal means. The sociological approaches can be described from the perspective of social learning theory. According to the theory, people learn from their family members or environment. This implies that if one is raised in a crime-prone area, they would grow knowing that committing crime is their way of life. Fox, et.al, (2016) investigated gendered stalking victimization and found out that criminal behavior can be learnt. In summary, Akers, (2013) write that criminal behavior is or can be learnt and hence parents ought to take their responsibility carefully so that to prevent their children from interactions or dangerous environment where they can learn criminal behavior. Biological theories of criminality argue that crime constitute people DNA make-up. Thus, criminal behavior hereditary, but they also argue that brain damage can trigger one to commit a crime. The psychological theories of crime like personality theory, argue that sociopaths, anti-social personalities and psychopaths are likely to commit crime. Furthermore, SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY 9 the classical theory in crime argues that people commit crime for free will and this opposes theories that postulate that crime is learnt, or inherited, and claims that people commit crime out of their own will (Taylor,et al, 2013). In a nutshell, police are required to consider various theories to understand the prevalence of some crimes. From the theories, it is clear that police need to work with communities directly to fight crime, because these criminal behaviors emanate from the environment. US Criminal Justice System as a unitary authority The police system was forced earlier than the US court system. However, before the court system can still be traced to the colonial America, because there was a system of resolving conflicts, although religion was mostly used to punish people (Neubauer, & Fradella, 2015). Any person who could violate some Christian teaching could be punished. Most critical is that the biblical teaching was used to determine the kind of punishment a person could receive. But, later when the congress convened, after establishment of the constitution district courts were se through the Judiciary Act of 1789. The act allowed the establishment of the Supreme Court and other lower courts. Nevertheless, the correction system of the US was later established when the judiciary was properly constituted. However, punishment could still be meted out on offenders (McConville, 2015). As mentioned earlier that the biblical teachings operated like the courts, because they were the ones that could determine whether one was wrong or not. Those that were found wrong could be punished by whipping, subjecting one to hard labor and other forms of inhumane punishments. However, in the early 18th century the prison system developed in the US. In a nutshell, the US correction system, police and courts system developed tremendously in the 1700s and since then they have been unitary or interdependent. However, it is the police that SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY 10 make the criminal justice system function, because if they do not arrest people and prosecute them, then the courts system or corrections systems cannot overstep their mandate to start arresting people (Demleitner, 2015). However, the police alone cannot function in the current use criminal justice system, because they require each other for social justice to be administered. Conclusion It is crystal clear that the police play a fundamental role in administration of justice. It is the police that arrest, investigate and prepare evidence for admission in the court of law, and it is on that basis that the police seem to come first in the justice system (Neubauer, & Fradella, 2015). Nevertheless, the arrest is not just the spur-of-the moment thing, but there should some knowledge that a certain individual is a criminal or a suspect for the arrest to be effected. If one is arrested, the police would have to hold them up, and they compile evidence for the person or suspect to appear in court. Throughout the case the police will work with the lawyers or with the court until the completion of a case. If the judges in their final verdict find the suspect guilty, depending on the crime committed they would be sentenced to a jail term. After the verdict is issued, the corrections system will then hold a criminal for a certain term depending on their jail term. Nonetheless, not all people that are arrested by the police will end up in court, because some issues can be resolved out of court or by the police. Fundamentally, the police today despite complaints of being militarized and brutal it remains professional in its work. Again, they do not just wait for people to commit crime to arrest them, but they work with communities to prevent crimes in order to build a united and a free-crime community (Braga, & Weisburd, 2015). The US invests in its police service and has rolled out some community programs that build relationships between communities and police, so that they work together to keep the country safe. Ideally, the police is supposed to be friendly SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY 11 to the communities and thus community-police relationship should be enhanced by all means, for it to function effectively and justly if a society wants social justice. SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY 12 References B. Waxman, O. (2017). How the U.S. Got Its Police Force. Time. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from http://time.com/4779112/police-history-origins/ Prenzler, T., & Sarre, R. (2015). The police (Doctoral dissertation, Pearson). Tugend, A. (2016). Defining the Role of the Police in the Community. Nytimes.com. Retrieved 16 November 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/21/us/defining-the-role-of-the-policein-the-community.html Eriksson, L., & Broidy, L. (2017). Strain Theory and Crime. In The Palgrave Handbook of Australian and New Zealand Criminology, Crime and Justice (pp. 543-556). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Gao, Y., Wong, D. S., & Yu, Y. (2016). Maltreatment and delinquency in China: Examining and extending the intervening process of general strain theory. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 60(1), 38-61. Retrieved from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0306624X14547495 Ngo, F. T., & Paternoster, R. (2014). Contemporaneous and lagged effects of life domains and substance use: a test of Agnew's general theory of crime and delinquency. Journal of criminology, 2014. Eck, J. E., & Weisburd, D. L. (2015). Crime places in crime theory. Fox, K. A., Nobles, M. R., & Fisher, B. S. (2016). A multi-theoretical framework to assess gendered stalking victimization: The utility of self-control, social learning, and control balance theories. Justice Quarterly, 33(2), 319-347. SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY 13 Akers, R. L. (2013). Criminological theories: Introduction and evaluation. Routledge. Taylor, I., Walton, P., & Young, J. (2013). The new criminology: For a social theory of deviance. Routledge. Neubauer, D. W., & Fradella, H. F. (2015). America's courts and the criminal justice system. Cengage Learning. McConville, S. (2015). A history of English prison administration (Vol. 6). Routledge. Demleitner, N. V. (2015). Alternative Visions for the Federal Criminal Justice and Corrections System: Is True Change Possible?. Federal Sentencing Reporter. Neubauer, D. W., & Fradella, H. F. (2015). America's courts and the criminal justice system. Cengage Learning. Braga, A. A., & Weisburd, D. L. (2015). Police innovation and crime prevention: Lessons learned from police research over the past 20 years. Gill, C., Weisburd, D., Telep, C. W., Vitter, Z., & Bennett, T. (2014). Community-oriented policing to reduce crime, disorder and fear and increase satisfaction and legitimacy among citizens: a systematic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10(4), 399-428. Raschig, M. (2017). Triggering change: police homicides, community healing, and the emergent eventfulness of the new civil rights. Cultural anthropology, 32(3), 399-423. Wolfe, S. E., & Nix, J. (2016). The alleged “Ferguson Effect” and police willingness to engage in community partnership. Law and human behavior, 40(1), 1. Crawford, A., & Evans, K. (2017). Crime prevention and community safety (pp. 797-824). Oxford University Press. SOCIAL JUSTICE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY 14 Greene, J. R. (2014). New directions in policing: Balancing prediction and meaning in police research. Justice quarterly, 31(2), 193-228.
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Attached.

Social Justice Role of
the Police in Society
AUTHOR’S NAME
INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION
DATE

Introduction
 The

police is a central component of a justice system
and it has a long history.

 The

police was established and has gradually evolved
into a professional body that is very vital to any
society.

 The

police take part in propagating the American
Justice system.

 Their

support system include the courts and correction
facilities.

History of policing in US


In the US the history of police is dated back to the colonial period. According to
the article of (Waxman, 2017), during the colonial America, policing was informal
and it was profit-motivated, funded privately and people were employment on
part-time basis.



Also, the police was organized in form of night watch. In towns generally people
were hired to offer security, as people engaged in prostitution or gambling.



Most importantly, it is documented that in 1636 Boston had police, and later New
York received its first police in 1658, while Philadelphia created it in 1700.



Also, significant to underscore is that at the initial stage of introduction of
policing, it was informal, and it was organized in terms of watchmen, who to some
large extent were ineffective.

Types of Police


There are three major types of police:


Federal Police



State Police



County Police


Federal Police



Federal police is run, managed and controlled by the federal government.



This type of the police has a federal authority to perform various roles, especially at
federal level.



The major role of the federal police is to enforce federal laws and other regulations
across the US states (Greene, 2014).



FBI is an example of the federal police and they operate in all states and their funding
directly comes from the federal government.

Types of Police (Continuation)
 State

Police
 Usually confined and only mandate to one given
state.
 The are managed and controlled by the state
government.
 They enforce the laws of that given state.
 They are less superior compared to the Federal
Police.

Types of Police (Continuation)


County Police



They include the sheriffs’ departments within counties.



They are more like county council officers.






County police handle smaller types of cases but hand over higher clearance criminal cases
to the higher police departments.
Their mandate is the lowest.
There are also private police who operate as security contractors. Their mandate is limited to
their contracts.

Roles of Police


The primary role of police is security and protection.


Investigation



Cops have to carry out investig...


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