2013 CASEL guide Effective Social and Emotional Learning Programs Preschool and Elementary School Edition CASEL (Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning) CASEL is dedicated to advancing the science and practice of school-based social and emotional learning (SEL). CASEL’s mission is to make social and emotional learning an integral part of education from preschool through high school. Copyright © 2012 Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning All rights reserved. Editorial assistance and design: KSA-Plus Communications, Inc. Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................ 3 Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 1: About This Guide ........................................................................................................ 6 Chapter 2: Overview of Social and Emotional Learning ........................................................... 9 Chapter 3: Review Methods ........................................................................................................ 15 Chapter 4: Rating Framework and Ratings of CASEL SELect Programs .............................. 19 ● SEL Programs for Preschool: Rating Tables 1 and 2 ● SEL Programs for Elementary School (K-5): Rating Tables 3 and 4 Chapter 5: Guidelines for Selecting Evidence-Based SEL Programs ................................... 31 Chapter 6: Summary and Future Directions ............................................................................. 38 Appendix A: Program Descriptions ............................................................................................... 42 Appendix B: References ................................................................................................................ 66 Appendix C: Program Evaluation References ............................................................................. 70 1 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Acknowledgments CASEL takes pride in collaborating with colleagues to advance academic, social, and emotional learning. The 2013 CASEL Guide: Effective Social and Emotional Learning Programs—Preschool and Elementary School Edition is a prime example of such collaboration. We are extremely grateful to NoVo Foundation and the 1440 Foundation for their generous support of this effort. Robert Sherman and Pamela McVeagh-Lally at NoVo, and Dinabandhu and Ila Sarley at 1440, serve as outstanding thought partners and critical friends for this project and CASEL’s work overall. We want to express our sincere appreciation to the CASEL Board of Directors: Tim Shriver (Chairman), Ann Nerad (Vice Chairman), Stephen Arnold, Jennifer Buffett, Carl Cohn, Linda Darling-Hammond, Mark Greenberg, and Joan Lombardi. They provide the leadership, commitment, constructive critiques, and enthusiasm that drive our work. A team of colleagues at CASEL and the University of Illinois at Chicago Social and Emotional Learning Research Group produced this guide. Special thanks go to the review team: Jessy Newman, Sophia Solar, John Payton, Peter Ji, Adena Meyer, Kay Ragozzino, Nicole Paterson, and Claire Christensen. Linda Dusenbury served as project director and supported the writing team that included Celene Domitrovich, Joe Durlak, Paul Goren, and Roger Weissberg. CASEL’s Vice President for Practice and Knowledge Use Libia Gil provided invaluable commentary on the report. The team of consultants who work on CASEL’s eight-district Collaborating Districts Initiative reviewed and commented on a preliminary draft of the Guide. Hank Resnik served as the Guide’s editor. The report was designed and produced by KSA-Plus Communications under the leadership of Adam KernanSchloss and with the assistance of CASEL Vice President for External Affairs Jason Cascarino. We remain grateful to the developers of the programs featured in this Guide for their submissions and their responsiveness to our requests for materials and background information. We salute the program providers’ efforts to bring academic, social, and emotional learning into classrooms and schools at scale. The 2013 CASEL Guide and its previous version, Safe and Sound: An Educational Leader’s Guide to Evidence-Based Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) Programs (CASEL, 2003), have been inspired by the late Mary Utne O’Brien. Mary’s commitment to improving the lives of all children through the development of academic, social, and emotional skills and competencies is remembered and modeled daily at CASEL. We dedicate this Guide to her passion and spirit. Roger P. Weissberg, CASEL President and CEO Paul Goren, CASEL Vice President for Research and Knowledge Use Celene Domitrovich, CASEL Director of Research Linda Dusenbury, Project Director 3 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Executive Summary Social and emotional learning (SEL) involves the processes through which children and adults acquire and effectively apply the knowledge, attitudes, and skills necessary to understand and manage emotions, set and achieve positive goals, feel and show empathy for others, establish and maintain positive relationships, and make responsible decisions. Effective SEL programming begins in preschool and continues through high school. The Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL) strives to advance SEL science, evidence-based practice, and policy. In an ideal world, CASEL would see every school in the nation providing evidence-based SEL programming to all students in preschool through high school. The 2013 CASEL Guide: Effective Social and Emotional Learning Programs—Preschool and Elementary School Edition provides a systematic framework for evaluating the quality of classroom-based SEL programs. It uses this framework to rate and identify well-designed, evidence-based SEL programs with potential for broad dissemination to schools across the United States. The primary goal of the Guide is to give educators information for selecting and implementing SEL programs in their districts and schools. It also documents the significant advances the SEL field has made in the past decade, establishes new and more rigorous standards for SEL program adoption, and provides suggestions for next steps for SEL research and practice. Although many worthwhile programs are currently available, to be included in the 2013 CASEL Guide and designated as CASEL SELect, programs had to: ●● Be well-designed classroom-based programs that systematically promote students’ social and emotional competence, provide opportunities for practice, and offer multi-year programming. ●● Deliver high-quality training and other implementation supports, including initial training and ongoing support to ensure sound implementation. ●● Be evidence-based with at least one carefully conducted evaluation that documents positive impacts on student behavior and/or academic performance. CASEL began the tradition of identifying SELect programs in 2003, when it released Safe and Sound: An Educational Leader’s Guide to Evidence-Based Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) Programs (CASEL, 2003). This ground-breaking document offered an overview of the SEL field and reviewed widely available SEL programs for kindergarten through twelfth grade. The current Guide builds on the tradition of Safe and Sound but goes much further in capturing the significant advances of the field of SEL. We now know that SEL programs are one of the most successful interventions to promote the positive development of students. Research findings from 213 controlled studies indicate that SEL programming improves students’ academic achievement and positive social behavior while reducing their conduct problems and emotional distress (Durlak, Weissberg, Dymnicki, Taylor, & Schellinger, 2011). We also have a better understanding of factors that can make SEL programs more effective, which program approaches are most successful, and what it takes to achieve effective program implementation. The 2013 CASEL Guide provides information on 23 SELect programs. Four programs target preschool-age children, 16 are designed to be used with children in elementary school (K-5), and three serve both preschool and elementary. These programs vary in the approach they take to promoting students’ social and emotional skills, but all have documented impact on students’ behavior and/or academic performance. Traditionally, most SEL programs have used explicit lessons to teach students social and emotional skills. This was the most common approach of the SELect programs included in the 2013 Guide. This Guide also identified several evidence-based SEL programs that provide teachers with academic content while simultaneously promoting SEL. Other programs emphasize using teacher instructional and classroom management practices to create classroom environments that foster social, emotional, and academic competence. The CASEL Guide summarizes objective information about the characteristics of these nationally available, multi-year programs in a clear, easy-to-read “consumer report” format. CASEL considers the characteristics that are reviewed 4 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) especially important for high-quality programming. They include the grade range that each program targets, whether the program offers students the opportunity to practice skills that are taught, and the settings (classroom, school, family, community) in which the program promotes and reinforces the target skills. Information about professional development and implementation support is also provided, along with details about the findings of the programs’ evaluation studies. If your district or school is just beginning to explore SEL, the Guide will help in your planning and selection of strong, evidence-based programs that serve your students’ needs. If you are seeking to deepen SEL practice you have already begun, the Guide will help you reflect on and augment your efforts. The Guide is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 presents an overview of the field of social and emotional learning and recent developments in SEL-related research, practice, and policy. Chapter 2 introduces the underpinnings of a major new systemic district and school-wide SEL initiative CASEL has launched to take SEL to scale. Chapter 3 describes the methodology we used to review and select the 23 programs included in this Guide. The heart of Chapter 4 is a set of four tables that provide a consumer-guide approach to summarizing the 23 programs. For each program level (preschool and elementary school) we offer a set of two tables. One summarizes the program characteristics; the other presents an overview of the program’s evaluation findings. The chapter provides explanations of each of the tables’ individual components so that readers understand how to use the ratings. Finally, the chapter links to individual program descriptions in Appendix A that provide useful information for narrowing down the selection process to a few top choices. Chapter 5 presents a process to help users of this Guide understand the context for selecting evidence-based SEL programs, making optimal use of the Guide in choosing programs to investigate implementation in their districts and individual schools. Chapter 6 summarizes the key issues to consider in the process of selecting and implementing evidence-based SEL programs and suggests future directions for SEL research, practice, and policy. CASEL believes that using high-quality evidence-based programs is critically important in fostering students’ social and emotional development. While all of the CASEL SELect programs met our criteria, the outcomes of each program varied. Most demonstrated impacts on students’ behavior, with outcomes such as positive social behavior and the reduction of conduct problems. Only some showed effects on emotional distress and academic performance. Given the current emphasis on accountability for academic performance and the priorities of federal funding agencies, researchers are more likely to include assessments of academic outcomes in the future when evaluating SEL programs. CASEL looks forward to including more SEL programs that document these outcomes in future versions of the Guide. CASEL endorses the use of evidence-based SEL programs in the context of systemic district-wide and school-wide approaches (Devaney, O’Brien, Resnik, Keister, and Weissberg, 2006; CASEL, 2013). This starts with choosing the right program and includes integrating SEL programs with all of the school’s activities and identifying strategies for monitoring how programs are used to ensure high quality. From our experience, the quality of program implementation is also a function of how prepared schools are when they adopt an SEL program, the extent to which all staff members are involved in that decision, and whether or not there is real commitment to training and implementation support. When districts and schools support high-quality program implementation, the impact of SEL programs is significantly strengthened (Durlak et al., 2011). This Guide is only the first document presenting the findings of CASEL’s extensive review of evidence-based programs for preschool through twelfth grade. A second Guide with SEL programs for middle and high schools will be published in 2013. Both guides will be available primarily on CASEL’s website (casel.org), with all chapters downloadable as PDF files. Electronic publication enables CASEL to provide updates at least annually, and thus to include additional programs as they become eligible. 5 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Chapter 1: About This Guide The 2013 CASEL Guide: Effective Social and Emotional Learning Programs—Preschool and Elementary School Edition has four goals: ●● To provide a systematic framework for evaluating the quality of classroom-based social and emotional learning (SEL) programs; ●● To apply this framework to rate and identify well-designed, evidence-based SEL programs with potential for broad dissemination to schools across the United States; ●● To share best-practice guidelines for district and school teams on how to select and implement SEL programs; and ●● To offer recommendations for future priorities to advance SEL research, practice, and policy. Social and emotional learning involves the processes through which children and adults acquire and effectively apply the knowledge, attitudes, and skills necessary to understand and manage emotions, set and achieve positive goals, feel and show empathy for others, establish and maintain positive relationships, and make responsible decisions. These intrapersonal and interpersonal competencies can be taught and measured, and research shows that students with these skills do better in school and in life (National Research Council, 2009, 2012; Durlak, Weissberg, Dymnicki, Taylor, & Schellinger, 2011; Goleman, 2005; Greenberg et al., 2003). The Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL) strives to advance SEL science, evidencebased practice, and policy. Our current major focus involves a national Collaborating Districts Initiative to establish preschool through high school SEL programming in schools throughout the United States. We strongly recommend that schools use evidence-based classroom SEL programs as a core component of their efforts to promote students’ social, emotional, and academic learning. When implemented well, these programs have a documented record of significantly improving school climate as well as students’ behavior and academic performance. Many SEL programs are available to schools, but not all of them have been carefully evaluated to determine their quality and impact. This Guide highlights effective programs—we call them “CASEL SELect”—and provides information for educators on how to select and implement them. CASEL views this Guide as a valuable resource for educational leaders and teams aspiring to implement researchbased approaches to promote students’ social-emotional development and academic performance. The Guide will also be helpful to program developers who seek to improve their SEL programs, researchers who evaluate SEL programs, and policymakers who want to encourage the use of best educational practices. CASEL published its first review of SEL programs almost ten years ago. Many advances in SEL research, practice, and policy have occurred since the publication of Safe and Sound: An Educational Leader’s Guide to Evidence-Based Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) Programs (CASEL, 2003). For example: ●● A growing body of research links SEL to improved attitudes about school, prosocial behavior, and academic achievement, and reductions in aggression, mental health problems, and substance use (Durlak et al., 2011; Greenberg et al., 2003; Zins, Weissberg, Wang, & Walberg, 2004). ●● There is increased interest in going beyond classroom-based implementation of one SEL program to coordinated, systemic school-wide and district-wide SEL programming (Devaney, O’Brien, Resnik, Keister, & Weissberg, 2006; CASEL, 2013). ●● A scan of 50 states indicates that many states have established preschool through high school student learning standards that emphasize social and emotional competence (Dusenbury, Zadrazil, Mart, & Weissberg, 2011). Also, federal legislation—most notably, the Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning Act (HR 2437, 2011) has been introduced with bipartisan support. 6 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Given the evolution of the field and growing national interest in SEL, this is an opportune time to update a review of evidence-based programs. As was the case with Safe and Sound, we recommend programs as “CASEL SELect” if they: ●● Are well-designed classroom-based programs that systematically promote students’ social and emotional competence, provide opportunities for practice, and offer multi-year programming. ●● Deliver high-quality training and other implementation supports, including initial training and ongoing support to ensure sound implementation. ●● Are evidence-based with at least one carefully conducted evaluation that documents positive impacts on student behavior and/or academic performance. Because of the advances in SEL research and practice over the past few years, the current CASEL Guide differs in several ways from Safe and Sound. Most notably, the current Guide is more selective and the criteria for inclusion are more rigorous than they were in the previous review. ●● Our criteria for characterizing programs as “evidence-based” are more stringent. We recommend programs that document improved student behavior only if their research included a comparison group in addition to pretest and posttest measurement of behavior. ●● We have broadened the types of programs included in the current review to include lesson-based programs that provide explicit SEL skill instruction, teacher instructional practices and pedagogy, and programs that fully integrate SEL with academic content in specific core content areas. ●● In the previous review we included programs for grades K-12. The current Guide expands our coverage to include preschool approaches. There is increasing recognition of the importance of preschool education to support child development and school readiness (Denham & Weissberg, 2004; Magnuson & Shager, 2010). In fact, all 50 states have preschool social and emotional development student learning standards (Dusenbury et al., 2011). Early childhood education is now a clear priority in federal goals and legislation (e.g., Race to the Top Early Learning Challenge, 2012) as well as state education policies (Dusenbury et al., 2011), and preschool education has expanded in the past decade. ●● This Guide and any future ones will be more developmentally focused. Thus, we are separating the reviews of preschool, elementary, middle, and high school programming. The current Guide focuses on preschool and elementary (K-5) programs. The review of middle and high school programming will be released in 2013. ●● This Guide will be revised and updated continually. Moreover, key elements of the Guide and future versions will be formatted specifically for presentation on CASEL’s website. Our intention is to make the CASEL reviews as accessible, up-to-date, and user-friendly as possible. In summary, this Guide provides educators with objective information about nationally available multi-year programs for general education classrooms. It summarizes findings in a clear, easy-to-read “consumer report” format, along with brief narrative descriptions of each program. If your district or school is just beginning work in this area, the Guide will help in your planning and selection of strong, evidence-based programs that serve your students’ needs. If you are seeking to deepen practice you have already begun, the Guide will help you reflect on and augment your efforts. Five chapters follow this introduction. Chapter 2 provides an overview of SEL. It also briefly describes the CASEL theories of action for district, school, and classroom programming that promote students’ social and emotional learning. Chapter 3 summarizes the methods and rating system for the current review and highlights how they build from CASEL’s previous review (CASEL, 2003). Chapter 4 presents tables with our program review findings—first for preschool and then for elementary school. Chapter 5 offers guidelines to educators for selecting and implementing evidence-based SEL programs. This includes suggestions for how district and school teams can use information 7 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) from the Guide and identify the best programs for their context. Chapter 6 describes major overall findings from the Guide and shares recommendations for improving future SEL research, practice, and policy. Appendix A provides more detailed descriptions of each SELect program and a summary of its ratings. Other appendices include citations for the evaluation reports our staff reviewed to assess the research base for the SELect programs and the references cited throughout this document. 8 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Chapter 2: Overview of Social and Emotional Learning An Introduction to Social and Emotional Learning Social and emotional learning involves the processes of developing social and emotional competencies in children. SEL programming is based on the understanding that the best learning emerges in the context of supportive relationships that make learning challenging, engaging, and meaningful; social and emotional skills are critical to being a good student, citizen, and worker; and many different risky behaviors (e.g., drug use, violence, bullying, and dropout) can be prevented or reduced when multi-year, integrated efforts develop students’ social and emotional skills. This is best done through effective classroom instruction, student engagement in positive activities in and out of the classroom, and broad parent and community involvement in program planning, implementation, and evaluation (Bond & Hauf, 2004; Hawkins, Smith, & Catalano, 2004; Nation et al., 2003; Weare & Nind, 2011). Effective SEL programming begins in preschool and continues through high school. CASEL has identified five interrelated sets of cognitive, affective, and behavioral competencies (see Figure 1). The definitions of the five competency clusters for students are: ●● Self-awareness: The ability to accurately recognize one’s emotions and thoughts and their influence on behavior. This includes accurately assessing one’s strengths and limitations and possessing a well-grounded sense of confidence and optimism. ●● Self-management: The ability to regulate one’s emotions, thoughts, and behaviors effectively in different situations. This includes managing stress, controlling impulses, motivating oneself, and setting and working toward achieving personal and academic goals. ●● Social awareness: The ability to take the perspective of and empathize with others from diverse backgrounds and cultures, to understand social and ethical norms for behavior, and to recognize family, school, and community resources and supports. ●● Relationship skills: The ability to establish and maintain healthy and rewarding relationships with diverse individuals and groups. This includes communicating clearly, listening actively, cooperating, resisting inappropriate social pressure, negotiating conflict constructively, and seeking and offering help when needed. ●● Responsible decision making: The ability to make constructive and respectful choices about personal behavior and social interactions based on consideration of ethical standards, safety concerns, social norms, the realistic evaluation of consequences of various actions, and the well-being of self and others. Figure 1. The Five Social and Emotional Learning Core Competencies Self-Management Social Awareness Self-Awareness Social & Emotional Learning Responsible Decision Making Relationship Skills 9 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) As shown in Figure 2, the short-term goals of SEL programs are to: (1) promote students’ self-awareness, selfmanagement, social-awareness, relationship, and responsible decision-making skills; and (2) improve student attitudes and beliefs about self, others, and school. These, in turn, provide a foundation for better adjustment and academic performance as reflected in more positive social behaviors and peer relationships, fewer conduct problems, less emotional distress, and improved grades and test scores (Durlak et al., 2011; Greenberg et al., 2003). There is a growing awareness in the U.S. among educators and policymakers about the importance of social and emotional development for successful student performance in preschool and elementary school (Camilli, Vargas, Ryan, & Barnett, 2010; Denham & Weissberg, 2004; National Association for the Education of Young Children, 2009; NAESP Foundation Task Force on Early Learning, 2011; National Research Council, 2012; National School Readiness Indicators Initiative, 2005). The five sets of SEL competencies are important from very early in life but are especially relevant as children begin to spend time with adults outside the home and to socialize with peers. Social and emotional skills play a role in determining how well-equipped children will be to meet the demands of the classroom. They also help determine whether students are able to engage fully in learning and benefit from instruction (Campbell & von Stauffenberg, 2008; Denham, Brown, & Domitrovich, 2010). Figure 2. Outcomes Associated with the Five Competencies SEL Approaches ●● Explicit SEL Skills Instruction ●● ●● Integration with Academic Curriculum Areas Teacher Instructional Practices Positive Social Behavior SEL Skill Acquisition: Five Competence Areas Fewer Conduct Problems Improved Attitudes about Self, Others, and Schools Less Emotional Distress Academic Success The promotion of students’ social and emotional learning. Educators, parents, and policymakers who recognize that the core SEL competencies are necessary for effective life functioning also know these skills can be taught. Extensive research demonstrates that school-based SEL programs can promote and enhance students’ connection to school, positive behavior, and academic achievement (Durlak et al., 2011). Classroom teachers can help students develop social and emotional competencies by directly teaching these skills, by using engaging curriculum materials, and by implementing specific instructional and classroom-management practices (Cohen, 2006; Durlak et al., 2011; January, Casey, & Paulson, 2011; Kress & Elias, 2006; Weare & Nind, 2011; Zins et al., 2004). Some SEL programs teach social and emotional skills directly. Occasionally programs address topics such as substance abuse prevention, violence prevention, health promotion, and character education. Other SEL approaches have specific curricular and instructional components that foster safe, caring, engaging, and participatory learning environments that build student attachment to school, motivation to learn, and academic achievement (Zins et al., 2004). Recent research has established that the quality of teacher-student interactions and the instructional practices that take place within the classroom are two important predictors of student academic performance and social adjustment (Hamre & Pianta, 2007; Mashburn & Pianta, 2006). Teacher-focused SEL programs train teachers to be more emotionally supportive of their students or to use positive discipline practices to respond to students’ needs. These strategies also enhance student skill development (Allen, Pianta, Gregory, Mikami, & Lun, 2011). 10 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) As students learn social and emotional skills, it is important that they have opportunities to practice and apply the skills in actual situations and be recognized for using these skills across a variety of settings (Bond & Hauf, 2004; Hawkins et al., 2004; Nation et al., 2003; Weare & Nind, 2011). Given the importance of practice for skill mastery and the influence of adults and peers outside of the school, it is also important to coordinate classroom instruction in social and emotional development with school, family, and community activities (Albright & Weissberg, 2009; Nation et al., 2003; Weare & Nind, 2011). Genuine school-family partnerships involve the promotion of two-way communication between teachers and families and the participation of family members in students’ education both at home and in school. This ensures consistency in the messages students receive and the practices they experience across multiple settings. The success of evidence-based SEL programs and school-wide programming depends on high-quality implementation. Just selecting a strong program is not enough. Implementation and support for the program are critically important. When districts and schools support high-quality program implementation, program impact is strengthened (Durlak et al., 2011). This is why CASEL advocates the use of evidence-based SEL programs within the context of “school-wide” and “district-wide” approaches (Devaney et al., 2006; CASEL, 2013). Poor program implementation can undermine a program’s success and the extent to which it has an impact on student outcomes (Greenberg, Domitrovich, Graczyk, & Zins, 2005; Durlak & Dupree, 2008; Durlak et al., 2011; Elias, 2006). School-wide factors such as discipline policies, structures, and procedures influence children’s development directly (Bear, 2010) and influence the implementation process of evidence-based programs. Given these factors, it is important for school administrators to support the effective implementation of SEL programs and to model the SEL language and practices established in the classroom. Administrators also need to endorse the use of SEL practices throughout the school building, and provide the necessary professional development (Elias, O’Brien, & Weissberg, 2006; Kam, Greenberg, & Walls, 2003). Regardless of the approach, many SEL programs incorporate school-wide practices that are designed to promote more positive and supportive relationships among teachers, students, and families and/or practices that facilitate integration and support to extend the impact of social and emotional learning programs beyond the classroom. Social and emotional learning can serve as an organizing principle for coordinating all of a school’s academic, youth development, and prevention activities (Shriver & Weissberg, 1996). It provides a common language and coordinating framework for communicating not just about SEL but about a wide range of programs and teaching approaches that schools normally provide (Elias et al., 1997; Devaney et al., 2006). When systemic social, emotional, and academic learning becomes the overarching framework for a district or school, the result is an organization whose integrated programming activities are greater than the sum of its parts. The next two sections briefly present CASEL’s theories of action for how central office and school teams can guide the design, implementation, monitoring, and continuous improvement of systemic district-wide or school-wide SEL programming (CASEL, 2013). CASEL’s District Theory of Action for Systemic SEL As schools face the challenge of preparing students to participate in a complex, global community and workforce, the pressures for educational improvement continue to mount, and the need for systemic education reform becomes an increasing priority. As a result, many school districts are taking a more active role in improving educational outcomes for all students and making important decisions about what gets funded, implemented, and supported. Based on strong scientific evidence about the impact of social and emotional factors on students’ academic learning and school success, CASEL believes that developing the capacity to support high-quality, evidence-based SEL must be an essential part of districts’ improvement efforts. 11 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) CASEL has created a theory of action that guides the efforts of district leaders to plan and implement systemic SEL. The district theory of action includes the following activities: ●● Engage stakeholders in SEL planning and implementation. Communicate with and engage stakeholders in ongoing SEL planning, implementation, evaluation, and continuous improvement. This involves clarifying how SEL relates to other key initiatives with the goal of creating integration, coherence, and efficiency. ●● Assess SEL-related resources and needs. Assess the districts’ SEL-related programs, practices, and policies and the needs of students, families, and practitioners. The systematic assessment of resources and needs allows a district to build on existing strengths, create links among previously isolated programs and practices, and plan for meeting identified needs. ●● Develop SEL vision and long-term plan. Create a clear vision, a long-term plan, and resources that prioritize the social, emotional, and academic success of all students. This conveys a commitment to the goals of SEL and provides a roadmap to orient all stakeholders in pursuing those goals. ●● Develop SEL learning standards and assessments. Establish high-quality SEL learning standards to specify what students should know and be able to do in the social and emotional domain at each grade level. SEL standards establish a basis for assessing students’ mastery of essential competencies, documenting their development over time, and planning for delivery of differentiated supports. ●● Adopt evidence-based SEL programs. Maintain a focus on supporting teaching and learning practices that promote SEL. Selecting evidence-based SEL programs and implementing them effectively is crucial for improving instructional support for SEL. Evidence-based SEL programs provide practitioners with clear research-based guidance on practices that support SEL skill development. They also establish a common language for discussion of SEL competencies and provide resources for building a school and classroom climate that fosters SEL. ●● Design and implement effective professional development systems and supports. In addition to guidance provided by learning standards and programs, practitioners need support to enact changes in instruction that enhance students’ social and emotional development. This requires districts to build systems to provide ongoing, job-embedded professional development for district and school administrators, teachers, and other school personnel that integrates SEL with academic learning. ●● Adults model social-emotional competence. District leaders are responsible for establishing shared values, norms, and expectations consistent with SEL. Part of this process involves developing expertise in SEL as well as modeling social and emotional competence with other adults and students. These capacities will allow district leaders to embody the changes they hope to inspire throughout the district. ●● Monitor SEL implementation processes and student outcomes. As districts implement SEL, it is essential that they develop systems for monitoring processes and outcomes over time. At the district level, formal data on school climate, student social and emotional competence, and teachers’ implementation of evidence-based programs can be combined with informal reports from coaches, school leaders, and other key informants to provide a comprehensive picture of SEL in the district, guide school improvement plans, and improve district support for SEL. The 2013 Guide was designed to support this process. It can help district planning teams as they plan to integrate and implement SEL programs in their settings by providing information on selecting and implementing evidencebased SEL programs, professional development for staff who carry out the programming, and tools for monitoring the implementation of programs and their impact on students’ behavior. 12 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) CASEL’s School Theory of Action for Systemic SEL In addition to the district theory of action, CASEL has created a parallel theory of action to guide school personnel responsible for SEL programming and implementation. CASEL’s school theory of action highlights the following school activities: ●● Establish a shared SEL vision with all stakeholders. Using the district’s SEL vision as a guide, the school convenes stakeholders to establish a clear SEL vision that aligns with the district’s vision and includes social, emotional, and academic success for all students. ●● Conduct an SEL-related resource and needs inventory. The school thoroughly examines ongoing activities and assesses the needs of students, families, and staff. This allows the school to build on existing program strengths, to eliminate ineffective programs, to link programs when appropriate, and to plan to meet identified needs. ●● Develop an implementation plan. The school develops a multi-year implementation plan for SEL that outlines how the vision will be attained, including monitoring progress over time. ●● Provide ongoing professional development. With training and coaching, schools build internal capacity to provide SEL-related professional development to staff. ●● Adopt evidence-based SEL programs. Schools select and implement one or more evidence-based SEL programs that provide staff with research-based guidance on classroom, school, and family practices that support SEL skill development and help establish coordinated programming and a common language related to SEL. ●● Integrate school-wide policies and activities to foster the social, emotional, and academic learning of all students. The school integrates evidence-based SEL programs and practices with student-centered instruction, curriculum, and assessments that are standards-based. Also, with support from central office staff, school leaders clarify how SEL relates to other key initiatives in the district or school, such as the Common Core State Standards, with the goal of creating seamless integration, coherence, and efficiency. ●● Use data to improve practice. School leaders and staff use data on school climate, student social and emotional competence, and implementation of evidence-based programs to start a cycle of inquiry to enhance practice, guide school-improvement plans, and inform the district of needed supports for SEL. The Desired Outcomes of District and School Implementation of Systemic SEL District and school systemic SEL programming aligned with evidence-based SEL classroom programs aspires to enhance the learning experiences and outcomes for all students. It enables educators and family members to partner in creating positive relationships and a climate where each student feels connected, cared about, and physically and emotionally safe. It also establishes high expectations that support the belief that all children can learn with appropriate supports. Educators use teaching and learning strategies that are student-centered, culturally and linguistically relevant, and varied with tasks matched to the needs, interests, and developmental characteristics of students. Teachers provide explicit SEL instruction on core competencies aligned with SEL standards as well as opportunities to apply SEL skills in the context of academic instruction and daily interactions. Ongoing SEL-related school and classroom activities foster active student voice in decision making, problem solving, and engagement for lifelong learning. Positive student outcomes will include improved social-emotional skills across the five competencies, enhanced self-esteem and connection to school, better classroom behavior, reduced conduct problems and aggression, less emotional distress, and improved academic performance. 13 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Next Steps in Identifying and Selecting Evidence-based SEL Programs A core element of systemic district-wide and school-wide SEL programming involves the selection and implementation of evidence-based programs. In chapter 3 we describe our framework for identifying high-quality SEL programs and the methods we used in our review. In chapter 4 we rate nationally available evidence-based SEL programs according to their research base, program design, and supports for implementation. Chapter 5 outlines some of the processes district and school teams can use to select SEL programs for their individual contexts. 14 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Chapter 3: Review Methods History of Program Reviews at CASEL CASEL shared its first program review in 2003 with the publication of Safe and Sound: An Educational Leader’s Guide to Evidence-Based Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) Programs (CASEL, 2003). In addition to demonstrating how SEL programs contribute to the main mission of our nation’s schools, this publication summarized the current status of outcome research on SEL programs. It provided educators with practical information on the features of different programs that could help them select a program most relevant and suited for their particular needs. The guide presented information on 80 different programs and was, at the time, the most comprehensive research and practical survey of SEL programs available. The response to Safe and Sound was enthusiastic. The guide has been downloaded from the CASEL website more than 100,000 times since its release. It stimulated the adoption of evidence-based SEL programs in schools across the country. During the decade since the dissemination of Safe and Sound, several major advances have occurred in SEL research, practice, and policy that warranted updating the review. Many more research studies, including program evaluations, have become more rigorous, which increases the confidence one can place in their findings. New approaches to fostering academic, social, and emotional learning have been developed, some of which emphasize traditional explicit instruction, while others focus on pedagogy or deeper integration of SEL within academic curricula. There is also better information about the outcomes one might expect from programs offered at different grade levels. This Guide incorporates these new developments. Because of the major accomplishments of SEL research over the past few years, the 2013 CASEL Guide is different from the 2003 guide in several ways. To begin, the current Guide is more selective and the criteria for inclusion are more rigorous than they were in Safe and Sound. Other important distinctions include: ●● In Safe and Sound we identified 80 social and emotional learning programs that met our design criteria. These programs were included whether or not they had been evaluated. Of these 80 programs, we identified 22 “SELect” SEL programs that met a higher standard for evidence of effectiveness. In this review, our criteria for inclusion as “evidence-based” are more stringent. In the 2003 review SELect programs were not required to include a comparison group. However, the evidence base for SEL programs has grown dramatically and become increasingly rigorous in the last decade (e.g., Durlak et al., 2011). In this Guide, the evaluations of CASEL SELect programs had to include a control group in addition to pretest and posttest measurement of behavior. ●● We have broadened the types of programs included in the current Guide. The primary focus of Safe and Sound was lesson-based programs that provided explicit skill instruction in SEL. In this Guide, CASEL SELect programs include those that address teacher instructional practices and pedagogy and programs that fully integrate social and emotional learning with academic content in specific core content areas. ●● We expanded our coverage to include preschool approaches because, as noted in the introduction, the importance of preschool education to support child development and school readiness is increasingly recognized. There is also now a stronger evidence base for SEL programming at the preschool level (Denham & Burton, 2003; Camilli et al., 2011). ●● In the previous review we included programs for kindergarten through twelfth grade without distinguishing among programs for students from different age groups. Our new reviews are more developmentally focused, which is why we are separating the reviews of programs for preschool, elementary, middle, and high school. This Guide focuses on preschool and elementary (K-5) programs. The review of secondary school programming will be released in 2013. 15 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Inclusion Criteria for SELect Programs For this Guide we adopted rigorous criteria derived from a research-based framework. We refer to evidence-based SEL programs that meet these criteria as “SELect.” Specifically, SELect programs are well-designed classroom-based programs that target all five areas of social and emotional competence, provide opportunities for practice, and offer multi-year programming; offer training and other implementation support, including initial training and ongoing support to ensure high-quality implementation; and are evidence-based with at least one carefully conducted evaluation that included a comparison group and pre and post measures that documented a positive impact on academic performance or other important student behaviors, including increased prosocial behavior, reduced conduct problems, and/or reduced emotional distress. Well-designed and classroom-based. The first criterion for inclusion as a CASEL SELect program is that it must be well-designed and classroom-based. For the purpose of this Guide, a well-designed program is defined as addressing all five of the CASEL competencies, providing opportunities for practice, and being structured in a way that allows for skill development to occur over multiple years. As described in the introduction, child development research and theory suggest that the five social and emotional competencies are the building blocks of academic achievement and social adjustment (Elias, 2006; Durlak et al., 2011; Greenberg et al., 2003; Nation et al., 2003; Payton, Graczyk, Wardlaw, Bloodworth, Tompsett, & Weissberg, 2000; Zins et al., 2004). Research has also shown that effective programs provide repeated opportunities to practice new skills and behaviors within the program structure and beyond to real-life situations (Durlak et al., 2011; Durlak, Weissberg, & Pachan, 2010; Hawkins et al., 2004). Durlak and colleagues (2010; 2011) provide compelling evidence that SEL programs promote better student outcomes when program implementers follow “SAFE” procedures: they use a Sequenced step-by-step training approach; they emphasize Active forms of learning that require students to practice new skills; they Focus specific time and attention on skill development; and they are Explicit in defining the social and emotional skills they are attempting to promote. Providing opportunities to practice within classroom lessons is important, but actual opportunities to practice in real-life situations are likely to have even more impact (Cohen, 2006; Nation et al., 2003; Weare & Nind, 2011). All of the programs in this Guide offer opportunities to practice. We also rated the extent to which opportunities for practice are available in real-life situations. Finally, research has demonstrated that the most effective programming is multi-year and ideally preschool through grade 12 (Greenberg et al., 2003; Nation et al., 2003). CASEL SELect preschool programs are designed to be implemented in one or two years. Because elementary education is multi-year (K-5), CASEL SELect programs at the elementary level provide classroom instruction across multiple grades. In fact, many elementary school SELect programs cover all grade levels from kindergarten through fifth grade. Training and other implementation support. Research has demonstrated that the effectiveness of well-designed programs depends on high-quality implementation (Aber, Brown, & Jones, 2003; Abbot, O’Donnell, Hawkins, Hill, Kosterman, & Catalano, 1998; Battistich, Schaps, Watson, & Solomon, 1996; Durlak et al., 2011; Greenberg, Domitrovich, Graczyk, & Zins, 2005). Training is an important strategy for enhancing quality of implementation (Botvin, Baker, Dusenbury, et al., 1990; Ringwalt et al., 2002; Ross, Luepker, Nelson, Saavedra, & Hubbard, 1991; Tappe et al., 1995). Teachers who receive an initial training to support a particular program are more likely to teach all of the lessons in that particular program. They will use the methods prescribed by the program more effectively than teachers who do not receive training. 16 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Although initial training is important, research has also demonstrated that ongoing training and support beyond an initial training (Rohrbach, Gunning, Sun, & Sussman, 2010), along with coaching and/or follow-up training, enhances both the quality of teaching and student performance (Domitrovich et al., 2011; Rimm-Kaufman, Wanless, Patton, & Deutsch, 2011). Another key criterion for inclusion as a CASEL SELect program, therefore, is the ability of the program to provide training for school personnel to support high-quality implementation. We included only programs for which there was a standard, replicable training format and a United States-based team of trainers who conducted trainings in the past year. Other support for implementation includes materials such as standardized manuals, lesson plans, and needed supplies, as well as services such as technical assistance, ongoing consultation, and feedback once the program begins. Programs were required to have manuals for implementation. In addition, we assessed the extent to which they provided services beyond initial training, such as coaching and/or follow-up training. Evidence of effectiveness. There is now good evidence regarding the effectiveness of SEL programs (Diekstra, 2008; Durlak et al., 2011; Weare & Nind, 2011; Zins et al., 2004). Empirical research is essential for determining the efficacy of programs and practices that promote SEL. How a study is conducted determines the level of confidence one can have in the findings. Although randomized controlled studies provide the highest level of confidence, other types of studies can also offer evidence of effectiveness. For example, well-controlled studies that use a comparison group and include reliable assessments of key outcomes before and after a program address many of the factors that can threaten the validity of the findings. As such, these two design features—a comparison group, and pre and post measurement—were required to qualify as a CASEL SELect program, and we included both randomized and quasiexperimental studies that contained these features. Outcome studies that met these criteria had to have sufficient clarity and no serious threats to validity. The CASEL Guide also required an evaluation of each SELect program in a school setting with a preschool or elementary grade population (up to fifth grade). Outcomes had to be documented on student social or academic behavior and not just on measures of attitudes or perceptions. Group comparisons on outcomes had to be statistically significant at the p < .05 level, meaning that the probability was less than one chance in 20 that the results happened by chance—an acceptable level of significance in most research studies. The Review Process The review process began by establishing our inclusion and exclusion criteria. We then used several methods to identify potentially relevant classroom-based programs designed for use with a universal population of students. In early 2009 we put out an initial call for nominations and identified potentially relevant programs. During 2011 and early 2012, we made additional outreach efforts to program developers and researchers. At the same time we examined CASEL’s original program review, Safe and Sound, and other major literature reviews, national reports, and key publications. We also searched national databases including but not limited to: ●● The What Works Clearinghouse, administered by The Institute of Educational Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education (http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/); ●● The National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices, administered by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), a branch of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (http://nrepp.samhsa.gov); and ●● Blueprints for Violence Prevention Model and Promising Programs, administered by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence at the University of Colorado (http://www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/). 17 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) All programs identified for possible inclusion were then examined in several different ways by teams of trained coders. If the program was classroom-based and designed for use with a universal population of students, we requested from program developers copies of all available published and unpublished outcome evaluations that would meet our criteria. Coders examined every outcome evaluation submitted by each program. We also conducted an e-mail survey completed by program developers or their designated staff about the training they offered for program implementation. We supplemented these surveys through phone contact, if necessary, to clarify answers to certain questions. Our final list consisted of 23 SELect programs. When evaluations met our inclusion criteria and training and other support for implementation were available, we asked the programs to send us their materials. Graduate-level coders with extensive education and experience in social and emotional learning reviewed all program materials. The coders received more than 40 hours of training in the coding system from senior SEL researchers involved in the CASEL Guide development process. For each review, coders scanned the complete set of program materials provided by the developers in order to familiarize themselves with the overall organization and content of the program. Coders then completed an intensive content analysis of sample years of each program. In most cases this involved review of the preschool materials, first-grade materials, and fourth-grade materials, depending on whether those were found to be representative of the program as a whole. Additional grades were reviewed as necessary. Before the coders worked independently, they had to be at least 85% in agreement on all rating elements for a subset (20%) of the programs. Reliability was monitored throughout the process to maintain the same level of agreement (85%) on the remaining programs. Any disagreements in coding were eventually resolved through discussion among the raters and supervising staff. To avoid conflicts of interest, no one having any financial relationship to any program was involved in reviewing the programs or in discussions about programs. Additional information on our program ratings and a copy of our coding manuals are available on request. The CASEL Guide will be ongoing and continuously updated. We will provide updates via the CASEL website to incorporate any revisions to SELect programs and conduct a full review of new approaches every year. In the future we hope to be able to examine new programs and present information on their characteristics in even more detail (e.g., programs focused on increasing cultural and linguistic sensitivity). We welcome nominations from anyone who is aware of a program that might meet our criteria. As we have a continuous submission and review process, please contact info@casel.org to nominate new programs to be reviewed for possible inclusion in the Guide. 18 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Chapter 4: Rating Framework and Ratings of CASEL SELect Programs This chapter describes the framework we used to evaluate the programs we reviewed and the ratings assigned to each. Tables 1 and 2 rate preschool programs. Tables 3 and 4 rate elementary school (K-5) programs. Tables 1 and 3 present “Program Design and Implementation Support” ratings. Tables 2 and 4 show “Evidence of Effectiveness” ratings. A few programs provide lessons for both preschool and elementary school students. For these programs, placement in just one set of tables or both was determined based on whether they conducted research studies documenting behavioral impacts in social or academic domains with preschool and/or elementary school students. The tables incorporate a standard set of symbols. An empty circle indicates a minimal level of a particular element. A half circle indicates an adequate level, and a full circle indicates the element can be found extensively in the program. Each of the levels is explained in greater detail in the following descriptions. Symbol Definition ○ Minimal ◐ Adequate • Extensive For some elements we use a check mark (✔) to indicate whether the element is present in the program or not. The content of the ratings is based only on a review of the preschool and/or elementary school materials even though some programs have materials available for students beyond fifth grade. Description of Program Design and Implementation Support Tables Tables 1 and 3 list programs in alphabetical order focused on program design and implementation support. These tables provide information about seven topics: (1) grade range covered, (2) availability of a grade-by-grade sequence, (3) average number of sessions per year, (4) classroom approaches to teaching SEL, (5) opportunities to practice SEL skills, (6) contexts that promote and reinforce SEL, and (7) assessment tools for monitoring implementation and student behavior. ●● Grade range covered. For each program we list the grade levels for which there are classroom lesson plans and training materials. In some cases this includes middle and high school. However, the ratings in this Guide are based on a review of only the preschool and/or elementary school materials. ●● Grade-by-grade sequence. Ideally, every student should receive planned, ongoing, systematic SEL education every year from preschool through elementary school. Some programs provide guidance and lesson plans for preschool through grade 5 while others only target a subset of grades or involve repetition if the materials are used in multiple grades. A check mark for this element indicates when the materials allow for sequenced programming for each grade level across the grade range covered. If this element is blank, we provide additional information about grade levels covered in the program description in Appendix A. ●● Average number of sessions per year. The program design table indicates the average number of sessions each year, where ”session” is defined as a set of activities designed to take place in a single time period. Programs vary in terms of the amount of class time they provide or require, ranging from 8 to 140 sessions annually. Some programs do not have a defined set of lessons, and instead enhance teacher practices and methods generally. For those approaches, number of sessions or length is not applicable, since the program is designed to change the overall climate and culture through ongoing classroom instruction. These programs receive a “not applicable” (n/a) rating for this element. ●● Classroom approaches to teaching SEL. We rated three primary research-based approaches to the classroombased promotion of SEL. 1. Explicit SEL skills instruction. Some programs provide explicit lesson plans with content and instruction designed specifically to promote social and emotional skills. These lessons typically focus on teaching skills that can be broadly applied to a variety of situations such as making friends, working cooperatively with others, coping with 19 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) stress, making decisions about potentially risky behaviors, and resolving interpersonal conflicts. Such programs may also include positive youth development efforts in domains such as health, citizenship, or character development or strategies to prevent problem behavior such as violence, substance use, or bullying. A program was considered an “explicit skills instruction” approach when it contained lesson plans and when coders could identify specific examples of where and how social and emotional competencies were explicitly taught. 2. Integration with academic curriculum areas. Some programs embed the teaching of social and emotional skills in a core academic subject. A program was considered “integrating with academics” when it had lessons that covered core academic content while also developing social and emotional competencies. For these, the core academic subject area is noted. For example, a program that integrates with English/language arts might use literature to promote perspective taking through character analysis, or it may ask students to identify alternative solutions or anticipate consequences of situations while reading. Many programs suggest optional strategies for integrating SEL into a core academic subject area, and this is noted in the table. 3. Teacher instructional practices. Some classroom-based programs focus on instructional processes, pedagogies, and management approaches to promote a positive classroom climate. These programs actively engage students in learning at the same time they support social and emotional development. A program was considered to promote “teacher instructional practices” when it focused primarily on creating a positive classroom experience through pedagogical methods or classroom routines. These practices (e.g., authentic praise, involving students in decision making) support positive relationships among teachers and students and foster conditions for learning. Some programs use more than one approach, and the above categories are not mutually exclusive. For this element programs were rated according to whether they included each method as a primary emphasis. ●● Opportunities to practice social and emotional skills. Practicing newly learned behaviors is an essential component for developing social and emotional skills (Durlak et al., 2010; Durlak et al., 2011). Practice that takes place outside the lesson in real-world settings has the potential to be especially powerful. By definition all SELect programs provide students with opportunities to practice SEL skills. The rating for this element reflects the extent to which the programs provide active learning opportunities during or beyond classroom sessions. Programs received the highest rating if they provided consistent opportunities for practice of skills both within classroom lessons and beyond lessons in daily situations. Practice within the program typically includes role plays or guided self-management techniques. Practice beyond the program lessons includes applications of social and emotional skills to real-life situations, such as using self-calming or problem-solving skills during classroom or playground conflicts. The mid-level rating was given if programs provided these opportunities only during program sessions. Given the inclusion criteria, no programs received the lowest rating on this element. ●● Contexts that promote and reinforce SEL. Because of the importance of promoting and reinforcing SEL skills across multiple settings, each program was rated for the extent to which it provided practices for extending its concepts into four different contexts: (1) the classroom beyond the SEL program lessons, (2) school-wide, (3) the family, and (4) the community. 1. Classroom beyond the SEL program lessons. The majority of SELect programs include classroom-based lessons. Examples of practices that extend program concepts beyond the lessons include morning meetings, peace centers, and daily check-ins. These routines support SEL throughout the day in the classroom, particularly for those programs that contain explicit lessons conducted only at specific times in the day. 2. School-wide. Examples of school-wide practices include creating a process that promotes collaboration among and between different classrooms, grade levels, or through engaging nonteaching personnel in activities to promote students’ social and emotional competencies throughout the day. 3. Family. A program received credit for extending into the family if it provided routine “homework” assignments to be completed with family members, offered SEL workshops with training for parents about social and emotional learning, or other activities designed to involve families. 20 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) 4. ●● Community. A program received credit for promoting SEL in the community if it provided opportunities for personal contacts, ongoing relationships, or interactive involvement of students and community members. This could take place in the classroom or outside the school building. Assessment tools for monitoring implementation and student behavior. Programs sometimes offer tools to monitor implementation, either through teacher self-report measures or assessments completed by observers. Two columns in the table indicate whether or not each program provides these tools. The third column for this element indicates whether the program offers tools that can be used to assess the program’s impact on student behavior. Description of the Evidence of Effectiveness Tables Tables 2 and 4 list the programs in alphabetical order focused on evidence of effectiveness. These tables present information and ratings for four topics: grade range covered, characteristics of research sample, study design, and evaluation outcomes. Additional details about the program evaluations can be found in the individual program descriptions in Appendix A. ●● Grade range covered. For each program we list the grade levels for which there are classroom lesson plans and training materials. In some cases this includes middle and high school. However, the ratings in this Guide are based on a review of only the preschool and/or elementary school materials. ●● Characteristics of sample. The ratings for this element reflect four characteristics of the study sample in the qualifying evaluations: the grade levels, the geographic locations (urban, suburban, rural) where the studies were conducted, student race/ethnicity, and the percentage of students receiving free or reduced lunch included in the study samples. Evaluators sometimes used “diverse” to indicate the race/ethnicity of the sample, rather than providing specific information. Many of the preschool evaluation studies were conducted in Head Start programs. Given the income eligibility levels set by Head Start, we assumed all (100%) participants in those studies qualified for free and reduced lunch. ●● Study design. Ratings for this element are presented across two columns. They indicate whether there were quasiexperimental or randomized clinical trials and how many of each. ●● Evaluation outcomes. Evaluation outcome ratings are based on the outcomes reported in at least one qualifying evaluation study. The ratings for this element are represented in four columns. They represent the outcome domains that were reviewed for program inclusion. SELect programs had to demonstrate a positive impact on a behavioral or academic performance indicator in at least one of the domains. A check mark indicates that a significant program effect was documented on an outcome in that domain as measured by observations, school records, or ratings made by teachers, parents, or students. The definitions of each outcome domain are: 1. Improved academic performance. This includes significant program effects on student academic performance (e.g., grades, test scores). 2. Improved positive social behavior. This includes significant program effects on measures of positive social behavior (e.g., works well with others, positive peer relations, assertiveness, conflict resolution). 3. Reduced conduct problems. This includes significant reductions on measures of conduct problems (e.g., aggressive or disruptive behavior). 4. Reduced emotional distress. This includes significant reductions on measures of emotional distress (e.g., depressive symptoms, anxiety, or social withdrawal). 21 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) SEL Programs for Preschool: Rating Tables 1 and 2 22 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Preschool Program Design and Implementation Support Ratings Table 1 Classroom Approaches to Teaching SEL Program Name Al’s Pals HighScope Educational Approach for Preschool I Can Problem Solve Grade Range Covered Gradeby-Grade Sequence 46 core lessons + 9 boosters PreK-3 PreK ✔ PreK-5 The Incredible Years Series PreK-2 PATHS PreK-6 Peace Works: Peacemaking Skills for Little Kids Tools of the Mind Average Number of Sessions Per Year Explicit Skills Instruction ✔ Integration with Academic Teacher Curriculum Instructional Areas Practices Academic integration strategies provided Contexts that Promote and Reinforce SEL Opportunities to Practice Social and Emotional Classroom- SchoolSkills wide wide Assessment Tools for Monitoring Implementation and Student Behavior Monitoring Implementation Family Community Selfreport ○ ◐ ○ • • • ◐ ○ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ 59-83 lessons ✔ Academic integration strategies provided • • ○ • ○ ✔ ✔ Academic integration strategies provided for English/ language arts • • ○ • ○ ✔ ✔ Academic integration strategies provided • • • • ○ ✔ ✔ Academic integration strategies provided • • • • ○ • • ○ • ○ 64 lessons ✔ 40-52 lessons PreK-2 ✔ 30-85 activities varies by grade PreK-K ✔ n/a ✔ KEY ○ Minimal 23 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs ✔ ✔ • Academic integration strategies provided ✔ ✔ • n/a ✔ Observation Measuring Student Behavior ◐ Adequate ✔ ✔ ✔ • Extensive preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Table 2 Preschool Evidence of Effectiveness Ratings Characteristics of Sample Program Name Grade Range Covered Grades Evaluated Al’s Pals PreK-3 Study Design Student Race/ Ethnicity PreK Rural, Suburban, Urban AfricanAmerican, Caucasian 100 PreK PreK Urban AfricanAmerican, Caucasian 100 I Can Problem Solve PreK-5 PreK-K Rural, Urban AfricanAmerican, Caucasian 100 The Incredible Years Series PreK-2 PreK-1 Not reported Diverse 100 ✔ (2) ✔ PATHS PreK-6 PreK Rural, Suburban, Urban AfricanAmerican, Caucasian 100 ✔ (1) ✔ Peaceworks: Peacemaking Skills for Little Kids PreK-2 PreK Urban Hispanic Not reported ✔ (1) ✔ Tools of the Mind PreK-K PreK Urban Hispanic 80 ✔ (1) HighScope Educational Approach for Preschool % Reduced Lunch 24 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs QuasiRandomized Experimental Controlled Trial Evaluation Outcomes Geographic Location Improved Academic Performance ✔ (3) ✔ (1) ✔ (1) ✔ Increased Positive Social Behavior Reduced Conduct Problems Reduced Emotional Distress ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ (2) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) SEL Programs for Elementary School (K-5): Rating Tables 3 and 4 25 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Elementary School Program Design and Implementation Support Ratings Table 3 Classroom Approaches to Teaching SEL Integration Explicit with Academic Teacher Skills Curriculum Instructional Instruction Areas Practices Program Name Grade Range Covered Gradeby-Grade Sequence 4Rs PreK-8 ✔ 35 period-long class sessions ✔ Year-long, with 30-35 class meetings Academic integration strategies provided 35 lessons Caring School Community Competent Kids, Caring Communities I Can Problem Solve The Incredible Years Series Michigan Model for Health MindUP Open Circle K-6 K-5 ✔ PreK-5 PreK-2 K-12 59-83 lessons ✔ 64 lessons ✔ 8-14 lessons PreK-8 K-5 Average Number of Sessions Per Year 15 lessons ✔ 34 lessons plus supplementary lessons ✔ English/ language arts ✔ Contexts that Promote and Reinforce SEL Opportunities to Practice Social and Emotional Classroom- SchoolSkills wide wide Assessment Tools for Monitoring Implementation and Student Behavior Monitoring Implementation Family Community Selfreport Observation Measuring Student Behavior • • • • ○ ✔ • • • • • ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Academic integration strategies provided • • • • ◐ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Academic integration strategies provided • • ○ • ○ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Academic integration strategies provided for English/ language arts • • ○ • ○ ✔ ✔ Academic integration strategies provided • • ◐ ○ ○ ✔ Academic integration strategies provided • • ○ ○ ○ ✔ ✔ ✔ Academic integration strategies provided for English/ language arts • • • • ○ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ continued on next page KEY ○ Minimal 26 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs ◐ Adequate • Extensive preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Table 3 Elementary School Program Design and Implementation Support Ratings (continued) Classroom Approaches to Teaching SEL Program Name PATHS Positive Action Raising Healthy Children Resolving Conflict Creatively Program Responsive Classroom RULER Approach Second Step Grade Range Covered PreK-6 PreK-12 K-6 PreK-8 K-6 K-8 PreK-8 Gradeby-Grade Sequence ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Average Number of Sessions Per Year 40-52 lessons plus 140 lessons n/a 16 lessons Integration Explicit with Academic Teacher Skills Curriculum Instructional Instruction Areas Practices Opportunities to Practice Social and Emotional Classroom- SchoolSkills wide wide • ○ ✔ • • • • ✔ • • • • ○ ✔ ✔ • • • • ○ ✔ ✔ ✔ • • • • ○ ✔ ✔ ✔ • • • • ○ ✔ ✔ ✔ • • ◐ ◐ ○ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Academic integration strategies provided for English/ language arts • ✔ Academic integration strategies provided ✔ ✔ Academic integration strategies provided for English/ language arts ✔ ✔ English/ language arts ✔ 22-28 weekly topics across 5 days/week Academic integration strategies provided ✔ ✔ • • Anchor Tools: 16 lessons + daily implementation; Feeling Words: 75 lessons ✔ Community • n/a Observation Measuring Student Behavior Family ✔ ✔ Monitoring Implementation Selfreport Academic integration strategies provided Academic integration strategies provided Assessment Tools for Monitoring Implementation and Student Behavior Contexts that Promote and Reinforce SEL ✔ ✔ ✔ continued on next page KEY ○ Minimal 27 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs ◐ Adequate • Extensive preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Table 3 Elementary School Program Design and Implementation Support Ratings (continued) Classroom Approaches to Teaching SEL Program Name Social Decision Making/ Problem Solving Program Steps to Respect Too Good for Violence Tribes Learning Communities Grade Range Covered Gradeby-Grade Sequence Average Number of Sessions Per Year K-8 ✔ 30 topics ✔ ✔ 11 lessons +2 literature units (7-10 lessons in each) ✔ ✔ 7 30-60 minute lessons plus infusion activities 3-6 K-8 K-12 ✔ n/a Explicit Skills Instruction ✔ Integration with Academic Curriculum Areas Schoolwide Family • • ◐ ◐ ○ ✔ • • • ◐ ○ ✔ ◐ ◐ ◐ ◐ ◐ ✔ • • • • ○ ✔ ✔ ✔ Academic integration strategies provided Academic integration strategies provided ✔ ○ Minimal 28 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs Assessment Tools for Monitoring Implementation and Student Behavior Opportunities to Practice Teacher Social and Instructional Emotional ClassroomPractices Skills wide Academic integration strategies provided KEY Contexts that Promote and Reinforce SEL ◐ Adequate Monitoring Implementation Community Self-report Observation Measuring Student Behavior ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ • Extensive preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Elementary School Evidence of Effectiveness Ratings Table 4 Characteristics of Sample Evaluated Program Name Grade Range Covered Grades Evaluated 4Rs PreK-8 Caring School Community Competent Kids, Caring Communities Study Design Geographic Location Student Race/ % Reduced Ethnicity Lunch QuasiExperimental 3-4 Urban AfricanAmerican, Hispanic 62 K-6 K-6 Rural, Suburban, Urban AfricanAmerican, Hispanic 0-95 ✔ (2) K-5 4-5 Urban Diverse 52-63 ✔ (1) AfricanAmerican, Caucasian, Hispanic 91 ✔ (1) Evaluation Outcomes Randomized Improved Academic Increased Positive Reduced Conduct Controlled Trial Performance Social Behavior Problems ✔ (1) ✔4 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ (3) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ (2) ✔ ✔ 59 ✔ (2) ✔ ✔ 11-98 ✔ (1) ✔ ✔ ✔ I Can Problem Solve PreK-5 PreK-1 Rural, Urban The Incredible Years Series PreK-2 PreK-1 Not reported Diverse Michigan Model for Health K-12 4-5 Rural, Suburban, Urban AfricanAmerican, Caucasian PreK-8 4-7 Urban Diverse Not reported ✔ (1) ✔ ✔ K-5 4 Suburban, Urban Diverse Not reported ✔ (1) ✔ ✔ PreK-6 K-5 Rural, Suburban, Urban AfricanAmerican, Caucasian 39-80 ✔ (1) ✔ (4) ✔ ✔ ✔ 25-75 ✔ (2) ✔ (2) ✔ ✔ MindUP Open Circle PATHS Positive Action PreK-12 K-5 Urban AfricanAmerican, Asian-Pacific Islander, Hispanic Raising Healthy Children K-6 1-6 Suburban Caucasian 28-33 ✔ (1) PreK-8 1-6 Urban AfricanAmerican, Hispanic 86 ✔ (2) Resolving Conflict Creatively Program Reduced Emotional Distress ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ continued on next page 4 For students at behavioral risk. 29 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Table 4 Elementary School Evidence of Effectiveness Ratings (continued) Characteristics of Sample Evaluated Grade Range Covered Grades Evaluated Responsive Classroom K-6 RULER Approach Geographic Location Student Race/ Ethnicity 3-5 Urban K-8 5-6 PreK-8 Social Decision Making/Problem Solving Program Steps to Respect Study Design QuasiExperimental Diverse 35 ✔ (1) ✔ Suburban Caucasian, Diverse 6-7 ✔ (1) ✔ 1-6 Suburban, Urban Diverse 20-75 ✔ (2) K-8 4-5 Suburban Not reported Not reported ✔ (2) 3-6 3-6 Rural, Suburban, Urban Diverse 40 Too Good for Violence K-12 3 Not reported Caucasian, Hispanic 54 Tribes Learning Communities K-8 3 Not reported AfricanAmerican, Caucasian 30-33 Program Name Second Step 30 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs ✔ (1) Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluation Outcomes % Reduced Lunch Improved Academic Performance ✔ (2) Increased Positive Reduced Conduct Social Behavior Problems Reduced Emotional Distress ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ (2) ✔ ✔ ✔ (1) ✔ ✔ ✔ preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Chapter 5: Guidelines for Selecting Evidence-Based SEL Programs When school and district planning teams oversee the careful selection and effective implementation of evidencebased social and emotional learning programs, the children they serve benefit socially, emotionally, and academically. This chapter shares principles, information, and guidelines that teams can use to adopt the best programs for their context. Three key principles support the effective selection, implementation, impact, and sustainability of evidence-based SEL programs: (1) school and district teams—rather than an individual—should engage diverse stakeholders in the program adoption process; (2) implementing evidence-based SEL programs within systemic, ongoing district and school planning, programming, and evaluation leads to better practice and more positive outcomes for students; (3) it is critical to consider local contextual factors (e.g., student characteristics, programs already in place) when using the CASEL Guide and gathering additional information to make decisions about which programs to implement. Principle 1: School and district teams should engage diverse stakeholders in the program selection process. The CASEL Guide is designed primarily for school and district teams focused on establishing systemic approaches to SEL program implementation. District planning teams often involve central office leaders, including the chief academic officer; supervisors and staff from curriculum and instruction, professional development, student-support, researchevaluation, and finance departments; school board members; building administrators; teachers; parents; students; and community members. School teams typically include building administrators, teachers, counselors, psychologists, social workers, nonprofessional staff, parents, students, and other important stakeholders. Teams should represent a spectrum of views and concerns, yet be small enough to ensure action. It is especially important that building principals and teachers participate actively in the program selection process. “If we are not on the plane when it takes off,” goes the saying, “we will not be on it when it lands.” Research indicates that SEL programs are implemented better and produce more positive benefits for students when they are delivered by classroom teachers who have the support of their principals (Durlak et al., 2011; Kam, Greenberg, & Walls, 2003). Principle 2: Implement evidence-based SEL programs in the context of systemic district and school programming. The best evidence-based SEL programs provide practitioners with clear research-based guidance on practices that foster improved social and emotional skills development. They also help school communities establish a unifying framework, common language, and coordinated approaches for promoting SEL. Nevertheless, although CASEL SELect programs are an important part of the district or school SEL puzzle, they are not the entire puzzle. Chapter 2 briefly described CASEL’s district and school theories of action to provide readers with a broader context about where a CASEL SELect program might fit within overall district and school priorities. School and district level teams using this Guide should consider four activities that will help in their adoption of SELect programs: ●● Assess the district or school’s current SEL programs and policies to evaluate their quality, and build from strengths as you deepen the work. ●● Build systems to provide ongoing, embedded professional development in SEL for school administrators, teachers, and other stakeholders. ●● Link evidence-based SEL programs and practices with student-centered instruction, curriculum, and assessments; SEL standards that specify what students should know and be able to do in the social-emotional domain; and school-family-community partnership activities. ●● Use data on SEL program implementation, student social-emotional competence, school and classroom climate, and school performance to guide school improvement plans and to inform the district of needed resources for SEL. 31 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Principle 3: Consider local contextual factors to better understand your resources and challenges. Effective needs and resources assessments rely heavily on data related to student behaviors and the perceived needs of students, staff, and parents. It is critical to have accurate information about both the student body as a whole, as well as subgroups of students (e.g., boys and girls, students at each grade level, students from different racial and ethnic groups, special education students, and English language learners). Every district and school has a variety of curricula, special services, policies, programs, and activities related to social and emotional learning. Systematically reviewing them will identify strengths and gaps in current programming. If your school or district already uses one or more of the SEL programs included in this review, it is important to know how well such programs are working, how many students they reach, how they integrate with each other and other school priorities, and the extent to which they support family and community involvement. The readiness of the school or district to take on SEL programming is another critical factor to assess. Are there sufficient financial and human resources to address SEL systemically, or is it preferable to start small and build the program? Is there sufficient enthusiasm, support, and leadership, or will these need to be cultivated? Is there a high level of cooperation among teachers, administrators, and other staff, or will this need to be developed? Is there capacity to provide professional development that supports SEL? Selecting an Evidence-Based SEL Program Some schools may prefer to develop their own approach to SEL, rather than adopting a SELect program identified in this Guide. We believe it is better to start from a foundation that is evidence-based. A SELect program can serve as a base from which to coordinate school-wide SEL, family partnerships, and community programming. The benefits of using programs that embody years of scientific program development, evaluation, and evidence are worth the effort. Assuming your team agrees with this perspective, we have organized this chapter according to principles derived from research and practice about the components of effective programs. Below we present several strategies. This information can jumpstart your selection of appropriate SEL programs. We recommend the following: ●● Use Tables 1 to 4 in Chapter 4 to identify program candidates. ●● Review the program descriptions to narrow your search. ●● Gather additional information about your top program candidates. ●● Assess the cultural sensitivity and linguistic responsiveness of the program. ●● Contact and visit schools using the program. Use Tables 1 to 4 in Chapter 4 to identify program candidates. All CASEL SELect programs meet three main criteria: they are well-designed programs that promote students’ social and emotional skills; they provide quality professional development to support implementation; and they are research-based. Given that these are all effective programs that have a variety of virtues, we provide a set of considerations your team can use to identify program candidates that may best address your priorities for selection. Your team’s first step is to determine whether you are looking for a preschool program, an elementary school program, or both. This Guide reviews seven SELect preschool programs and 19 elementary school programs. Although certain programs have lessons that span preschool through the elementary grades, only three are listed on both sets of tables. This is because we list programs in the table only if they have documented positive behavioral impacts for students in that particular age group. Review the ratings on the two tables (“Program Design and Implementation 32 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) Support” and “Evidence of Effectiveness”) that correspond to the grade levels for which you want to select a program. The description of the items in each table at the beginning of Chapter 4 will be helpful in understanding what the ratings mean and how to interpret them. As you scan the list of programs, look first to see if any programs on the list are already being implemented in your district or school. If the program is a SELect program, well-received by your school community, and beneficial for students, you will be ahead of the game. On the other hand, many districts or schools currently implement programs that CASEL has not identified as SELect. If this is the case in your school or district, it is a cause for reflection but not necessarily for concern. A program may not be listed for a variety of reasons. One possibility is that we have not yet reviewed it. If your district or school has programs that are not on the list, we recommend several courses of action. First, align your program to the CASEL SELect criteria so you have a better sense of whether it is well-designed, offers adequate training and support, and provides evidence of its impact and effectiveness. Second, contact the program provider to get a direct report on the extent to which the program meets our criteria. Third, please contact CASEL at info@casel.org to inform us about the program. In the future, CASEL will publish updated program reviews annually. Additional programs will be added to our recommended list in 2014 and beyond if they meet our SELect criteria. Tables 1 to 4 list many effective SEL programs that your district or school teams will be learning about for the first time. As you review the “Program Design and Implementation Support” rating tables and the “Evidence of Effectiveness” rating tables, here are some considerations to guide your discussions and decisions about program adoption: ●● Grade range covered/Grade-by-grade sequence. Some teams will prefer to select programs that cover every grade level their school serves so the school community aligns around a unified framework and set of activities. Other teams may believe they already have certain grades covered effectively. In these instances it will be important to determine how newly adopted programs can best be coordinated with programs that are already in place. ●● Average number of sessions per year. Schools vary in terms of the amount of time they can devote to SEL. We encourage teams to review some programs that require fewer versus more lessons to gain a sense for how different models operate. ●● Classroom approaches to teaching SEL. Your team may decide it is important to provide explicit instruction in SEL as a foundation for incorporating skill-development strategies throughout the day. If so, it will be necessary to identify a few times per week when this happens. Other schools may have curriculum areas where SEL could be integrated. If so, you will want to look for programs that provide “integration with academics.” If your staff wants to develop greater expertise in providing pedagogies that develop SEL, you will want to pay particular attention to programs that support instructional practice. ●● Contexts that promote and reinforce SEL. Education in SEL becomes more powerful when it is reinforced across all of the contexts where children spend their time. Districts and schools wishing to implement more systemic SEL programming may choose to adopt programs that provide guidance and strategies for classroom-wide, school-wide, and family programming. Other teams may prefer to begin with a more narrowly focused classroom program. ●● Assessment tools for monitoring implementation. High-quality implementation is critically important to program success. Tools for monitoring implementation that are specifically aligned with the program you are using allow you to collect information to enhance the quality of implementation. It will make your job easier when a program provides these tools. ●● Assessment tools for student behavior. Although all SELect programs have conducted controlled studies that document their positive effects on student behavior, it is critical for schools to determine if programming is beneficial in their specific situation. Ongoing evaluation is an integral part of a comprehensive plan for SEL and can 33 2013 CASEL GUIDE: effective Social and Emotional Learning programs preschool and Elementary School Edition (9/12) provide information that helps to revise your plan when necessary. In addition, evaluation findings supply you with evidence that what you are doing is effective, which can be useful in securing the support of your school board or external funding agencies. ●● Characteristics of sample. When judging the strength of the research base for particular programs, it is appropriate to consider whether they have been evaluated with samples that are similar to the students in your school. Therefore, we summarize socio-demographic information for four student variables: grade level, geographic location, race and/or ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. If a program has been evaluated only with students from a limited number of grades or racial/ethnic groups, this is important for you to know. Bear in mind that research has indicated that SEL programs do not seem to have better effects for some student subgroups over others (Durlak et al., 2011), so if you are considering a program and the populations evaluated do not match your student population, it may still be worth considering. ●● Study design. We have included information from quasi-experimental research studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and the number of evaluations conducted. Both approaches include experimental and comparison groups; however, RCTs are generally more rigorous. It is likely that programs with more studies and more RCTs have stronger research foundations. ●● Evaluation outcomes. Many SELect programs have documented beneficial effects on students’ social behavior and conduct problems. It is less common to assess program effects on emotional distress or academic performance. It is important to emphasize that most program evaluations do not systematically collect data across all of these domains. Thus, if a program does not report gains in a particular area, it may be that their evaluation did not examine that area. Review the program descriptions to narrow your search. Use the program descriptions in Appendix A to learn more about the programs that interest you. These descriptions provide more detailed information about each program including the full range of grade levels for which the program is designed and the skills the program teaches. The summaries include an overview of each program followed by a grid with the findings in Tables 1 to 4. Also included is a link to the website of the program, where you will be able to find additional information. Cultural sensitivity and linguistic responsiveness of SEL programs are extremely important factors to consider. It was beyond the scope of this review to assess the appropriateness of each program for every possible cultural or linguistic context, but we note in the program descriptions if there is content within each program that helps teachers implement or adapt activities based on the cultures or linguistic needs of their students. Based on your review of the descriptions of the top candidates, you should narrow your search to three or four programs you will explore more deeply. Gather additional information about your top program candidates. Visit the websites of the SELect programs you have identified to learn more about your top program candidates. A few things you should look for are an overview of the program, a scope and sequence, sample materials, videos of the program in actual classrooms, research reports, professional development and technical assistance supports, and costs. Once your team has settled on three or four programs that appear to meet your needs and support the goals of your SEL plan, you will need to explore these programs more deeply and gather information related to your particular situation. Consider contacting the program provider. Key concerns include securing information about program costs, training and other implementation supports such as on-site coaching and consultation, available guidance and tools for monitoring...
Purchase answer to see full attachment