Running head: POLICY BRIEF 1 Policy Brief I. Introduction/ Problem The study results reveal that college enrollment for Black students across the country remained constant between the 1980’s and 1990’s. The reasons for this underrepresentation lie in the early standard applied to elementary and secondary schools with large numbers of Black and Hispanic students less likely to have experienced teachers, advanced courses, high-quality instructional materials and adequate facilities. Also, the issue of admission of Black students in colleges and university must be discussed through the lenses of social justice. We will call upon the constitution of the United States, although it denies the role of the federal government regarding the financing of public schools. The 14th Amendment tend to leave this role to state legislatures (Johnson, 2017). We will look at some pertaining cases of social justice related to Black student admission in college and university. S II. Why look at this issue? By definition, Black students are citizens of the United States. Hence, they should be covered by any policies that promote the betterment of the academic standards in their district or state. Although one can perceive a glare of manifestation of real initiative at the federal level, policy implementation at some states’ level is still very questionable with regard to schools with a large Black student population. III. Stakeholders a. Elementary and secondary school administrators b. Students c. College Administrators (student affairs, counseling center, international offices) d. State governments POLICY BRIEF 2 Results/conclusions of findings From the research, it is clear that indeed Black students continue to be underrepresented in the institutions of higher learning. Due to this underrepresentation, there have been policies formulated to deal with the problem which include the top ten percent rule. However, the policy has been facing a lot of challenge hence has been rendered ineffective. Recent researches on Black student` representation show that the numbers of black students in higher institutions continue to be lower as compared to their counterparts. This difference is partially attributed to the difference in income between the two races. In most cases, black students are associated with low income families (Johnson, 2017). The study revealed that policy makers are not satisfied with the research. They also believe that the developed policies are not adequate to completely deal with the problem of black students` underrepresentation in institutions of higher learning (Johnson, 2017). IV. Recommendations One of the main reasons why implementation of higher education policies is becoming ineffective is failure to properly make, follow up, by the policy makers, on how the policies are being adopted by institutions of higher learning. To ensure that the policies developed are properly adopted in these institutions, the government ought to come up with a law that oversees the proper implementation of these policies in schools (Jordan Weissman, 2013). This would ensure that all schools within United States all follow the system policies and hence reduce segregation, based on race, within the country. Another method that would effectively help enhance black representation in top tier schools is the adoption of choice programs. When parents are left to make choices on school, POLICY BRIEF 3 segregation of unable students and those coming from poor socio-economic background is experienced. This is because such a system promotes greater inequities within the education system. The program choices could be designed and managed in a way that it balances choices while at the same time limited the effect of such choices on equity (Jordan Weissman, 2013). One of the options available in the program choices is introducing controlled choices combined with parental choices which would ensure that the enrollment of students in the institutions of higher learning is diversified. The other alternative would be to offer incentives which attract the minority groups` students are attracted to schools which offer quality education and the mechanism adopted by schools in enrolling students. In addition to this, the government should introduce policies that allow disadvantaged access information about school while supporting them on how to make informed decisions pertaining to school enrollment. Such a system would allow equal access to education by all people regardless of race or ethnic background. Another reason contributing to underrepresentation of black students in institutions of higher learning is the fact that most of developmental institutions usually have inexperienced teachers which implies that the education system in these institutions is of bad quality (Jordan Weissman, 2013). Developmental education entail the courses designed for students who have not met certain score or set standards by the state policy or the institution itself and is joined by students prior to joining campus. The government should ensure full funding of these schools as they are mostly attended by black students who wish to join universities and colleges. This would ensure that the schools have enough facilities and well qualified teachers consequently offering good quality education to the black students. With good quality education and motivation, students would be motivated to read hard and hence pass onto the next level of education. This can only be achieved if the government willingly funds these institutions while POLICY BRIEF 4 closely monitoring their performances. The government should further provide these schools with all the necessary materials for education which would also act to enhance education quality in these institutions. Once these systems are effective, more black students would be able to pass from this level onto colleges hence reduce the underrepresentation of such groups in institutions of higher learning. Developmental schools should take it upon themselves to adopt learning strategies that are effective. Mostly, developmental schools are associated with lower performance with most of the students failing to attain the necessary grade for joining college (Jordan Weissman, 2013). To ensure that most of the college students attain this grade and are given a chance to join college, these institutions should come up with policies that drive towards promoting instructions that are centered on the student and which are aligned with the curricular. The system should also promote standard assessment methods which would internally help assess the capabilities of students prior to being assessed for joining colleges and universities. Monitoring the progress of thee students is essential because it would help in ensuring the students are acquiring the necessary knowledge and understanding. With good performances, students would be able to pass on to the next college level and then Join University. This would consequently boost the presentation of the minority groups in these institutions of higher learning. Underrepresentation of minority groups in the institutions of higher learning is also contributed to the high rate of dropping out by students from these minority groups. Mostly, the dropping out is caused by lack of funds and the inability to fully fund their education to the end. This is the main reason for the lower rates of graduation of students from the minority group (Jordan Weissman, 2013). To do away with the high rate of drop out to the disadvantaged students, the government should develop a policy that aims at supporting them financially and POLICY BRIEF 5 mentally. Financial support would come in form of grants which should be enough to cover a bigger percentage of students from the minority groups. This would consequently help control the rate of dropping out by these students which consequently helps improve their representation in these institutions of higher learning. 
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