speech communcation

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ennq117

Humanities

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i have to write from chapter 1 to chapter 11 for communication speech class it has to be 5 and half pages or more the name of the book is think communication engleberg wynn 2015

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SUMMARY 1 Communication Ethics 1.6 Practice ethical communication • Ethical communication is fun. damental to responsible think ing and decision making as well 1.1 1 Communication in Your Life 1.1 Define the purpose and impact of human communication. • Communication is the process of using verbal and nonverbal mes- sages to generate meaning within and across a variety of contexts. • Effective communication helps you achieve personal, professional, edu- cational, intercultural, intellectual, societal, and ethical goals. as relationship development and grounded in theory. Without the- ory, you may not understand when and why to use a particular strategy or skill to your best advantage. • Effective communicators develop the following key competencies: (1) Know thy self; (2) Connect with others; (3) Determine your purpose; (4) Apply to the context; (5) Select message content; (6) Structure your message; (7) Express the message. • Competent communicators know what to do and why to do it (theory and knowledge), know how to do it (strategies and skills), and want to do it (motivation and attitude). across contexts. maintenance within and a variety of communication • The National Communication Association Credo for Ethical Communication Models 1.2 Use communication models to analyze the communication process. Communication endorses prin- ciples of ethical communication for all communicators. • The National Communication Association Credo for a Free and Responsible Communication in a Democratic Society sets forth principles that facilitate the free marketplace of ideas. Communication and Critical Thinking 1.5 Explain the relationship between critical thinking and effective communication. March • Unlike linear and interactional communication models, transac- tional models depict communica- tion as a simultaneous transaction in which we continuously ex- change verbal and nonverbal mes- sages and share meanings. • In a communication transaction, communicators encode and de- code messages at the same time. • Social media has positive and negative effects on how we de- velop and maintain relationships in mediated contexts. • Critical thinking is reasonable reflec- tive thinking that focuses on decid- ing what to believe, do, or say. • Critical thinkers exhibit distinct at- titudes and skills that also exemplify highly competent communicators. Communication Contexts 1.3 Explain the ways in which context affects the meaning of messages. Key Terms • The four types of communication context are psychosocial, logisti- cal, interactional, and mediated. • The three interactional contexts are interpersonal, group, and pre- sentational communication. Media Richness Theory explains how the quantity and qualities of dif- ferent media affect communication. CHAPTER 1 | human communication Communication Principles and Practices 1.4 Apply key principles of communication to a variety of contexts. Channels Communication Communication competencies Communication models Computer-mediated communication Context Critical Thinking Decoding Defamation Encoding Ethics External noise Feedback Freedom of speech Group communication Interactional context Interactive communication model Internal noise Interpersonal communication Linear communication model Logistical context Mass communication Media Richness Theory Mediated communication Messages Noise Presentational communication Psychosocial context Receiver Skills Source Strategies Theories Transactional communication model • Communication strategies and skills are most effective when they are 16 SUMMARY you pri- Self-Concept Self-presentation represents the competencies of effective 2.1 Describe your self-concept and strategies you use to shape the communication. how it influences the way you way other people perceive, evalu- communicate. Communication Confidence ate, and treat you. 2.5 Practice appropriate strategies • Four of the most significant • Self-monitoring represents your and skills to enhance your factors that determine your self- ability to observe and control communication confidence. concept are: social comparison, how you express yourself verbally social judgments, self-observation, and nonverbally when interacting • Communication apprehension re- and self-identification. fers to an individual's level of fear with others. or anxiety associated with real or • Social comparison is the process • Effective impression management anticipated communication with of evaluating yourself in relation strategies include choosing ap- another person or persons. . to the with whom groups propriate forms of ingratiation, marily associate and to commer- self-promotion, exemplification, • Sources of communication ap- prehension include fear of failure, cial and popular culture messages. supplication, and intimidation to fear of the unknown, fear of the • Social judgments represent how achieve your communication goals. spotlight, fear of others, and fear you interpret other people's verbal Perception of breaking the supposed rules. and nonverbal reactions to you as a 2.4 Identify how selection, basis for your self-concept. • Strategies for reducing your organization, and interpretation level of communication appre- . Self-observation is the process shape perceptions. hension include (1) preparation, of interpreting your actual per- Perception is the process through (2) physical relaxation, (3) cogni- formance (how you look and act) which you select, organize, and tive restructuring, (4) visualization, and your behavior (how well you interpret sensory stimuli in the (5) systematic desensitization, and do something) as a basis for your world around you. (6) practice. self-concept. Your needs, interests, moods, • Self-identification is the process wants, and memories largely deter- of integrating your cultural affili- mine which stimuli you will select. ations, assumption of roles, and • Four principles that influence unique experiences into your how you organize information self-concept. are the proximity, similarity, clo- sure, and simplicity principles. Self-Esteem • Your past experiences, knowledge, 2.2 Discuss the major factors expectations, attitudes, and rela- that contribute to a person's tionships affect how you interpret self-esteem. and react to people and events. . You can improve your self-esteem • When you engage in percep- by practicing self-assertiveness, tion checking, apply percep- personal integrity, and self-talk. tion-checking guidelines and • The tendency to distort-either skills linked to the seven key positively or negatively-what happens to you and how you feel Key Terms about those experiences can dis- Closure principle Reference groups Self-observation tort your self-concept. Cognitive restructuring Roles Self-presentation • Beware of self-fulfilling prophe- Communication Self-assertiveness Self-promotion cies, which are predictions that apprehension Selective attention Self-talk directly or indirectly cause them- Exemplification Selective exposure Similarity principle Impression management selves to become true. Selective interpretation Simplicity principle Ingratiation Selective recall Social comparison Intimidation Self-concept Social judgments Self-Presentation Perception Self-esteem Supplication 2.3 Examine the role of self-monitoring Perception checking Self-fulfilling prophecy Systematic desensitization as a prerequisite for effective Personal integrity Self-identification Visualization self-presentation Proximity principle Self-monitoring summary 39 SUMMARY your ability to communicate and compete in a global economy. The Many Faces of Others 3.1 Assess how the increasing cultural diversity in the United States influences your interactions with others. The Dimensions of Culture 3.3 Describe the qualities and impact of cultural dimensions on the communication process. • The individualism-collectivism cultural dimension contrasts in- dependence and personal achieve- ment with interdependence and Intercultural Communication Strategies 3.4 Practice communication strategies and skills that enhance your ability to understand, respect, and adapt to others. group values. • By the middle of the twenty-first century there will be no majority culture in the United States. • Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, val- ues, norms, and social practices, that affect the behaviors of a rela- tively large group of people. • Co-cultures exist within the main- stream of society yet remain con- nected to one another through their cultural heritage. Many people are not literate about others' religions or about their own religion. Barriers to Understand Others 3.2 Explain how ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination, and racism inhibit effective and ethical communication. • Effective communicators are mindful; they are receptive to new information and are respon- sive to and respectful of others. • Communication accommodation principles help us understand, respect, and successfully adapt to others. Finding ways to interact and ac- tively engage people who are dif- ferent from you and can help you be a better communicator. • The power distance cultural di- mension examines the physi- cal and psychological distance between those with power and those without power. • The gender expectation cultural dimension focuses on both expec- tations about suitable role behav- iors as well as expectations about the preferred similarities and dif- ferences in the behaviors of men and women. • The time orientation cultural di- mension contrasts a short-term orientation that values time as a commodity and concentrate on one job at a time with a long- term time orientation that values flexibility rather than deadlines and is comfortable with distrac- tions and interruptions. • The high/low-context cultural di- mension focuses on whether mean- ing is expressed in words or through nonverbal communication and the nature of personal relationships. • The inferior and costly digital sys- tem in the United States affects the country's economic growth and • Ethnocentrism is a belief that your culture is superior to oth- ers; stereotypes are generaliza- tions about a group of people that oversimplify their characteristics. • Stereotypes lead to prejudices, which are positive or negative at- titudes about an individual or cul- tural group based on little or no direct experience. Prejudice leads to discrimination, the exclusion of groups of people from opportunities granted to others. • In the extreme, prejudice and dis- crimination lead to racism, which justifies dominating and mistreat- ing people of other races. • When we view race as a socially constructed concept, it becomes a neutral and natural characteristic Key Terms Co-cultures Collectivism Communication Accommodation Theory Culture Discrimination Ethnocentrism Gender expectations dimension High power distance High-context culture Individualism Intercultural dimension Low power distance Low-context culture Mindfulness Mindlessness Muted Group Theory Power distance Prejudices Race Racism Religious literacy Short-term or long-term Stereotypes Time orientation of people. SUMMARY The Nature of Listening 4.1 Explain why listening is essential for effective communication. complete. Listening Strategies and Skills 4.4 Practice effective listening strategies and skills. • Conscientious listeners use their extra thought speed to enhance listening. • Effective communicators skill- fully listen to feedback and non- verbal behavior while also making sure that they withhold evalua- tion until their comprehension is • Effective listeners avoid and min- imize distractions to themselves • We spend most of our communi- cating time engaged in listening. • Most people cannot accurately recall 50 percent of what they hear after listening to a short talk. Without training, we listen at about 25 percent efficiency. and others. Adaptability and flexibility are keys to listening and taking useful notes. The Listening Process 4.2 Identify the key components of the listening process. • The six types of listening in the HURIER listening model-hear- ing, understanding, remember- ing, interpreting, evaluating, and responding-call for unique lis- tening skills. • Effective paraphrasing involves restating what others say in a way that indicates you understand their meaning Asking well-planned, appropriate questions can help you under- stand another person's meaning. • The Golden Listening Rule is: Listen to others as you would have them listen to you. Listening to Gender and Culture 4.3 Describe the ways in which gender and culture influence how we listen. styles, particularly those involv- Adjusting to diverse listening Key Terms ing differences in gender and Empathic listening culture is a challenging task that Golden Listening Rule requires understanding, respect- Listener-responsible ing, and adapting to others. language • Adjust the way you speak and lis- Listening ten to people who use a listener- Listening to evaluate responsible language. Listening to hear Listening to interpret Listening to remember Listening to respond Listening to understand Mnemonic Paraphrasing Speaker-responsible language Thought speed listening CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY Human Language by avoiding male and female pro- enhance relationships and im- 5.1 Identify the qualities that make nouns when possible. prove understanding. human language unique. • Men tend to talk as much or People who rarely swear or use • The ability to learn words and to more than women even though offensive language are seen as combine, invent, and give mean- many people believe the opposite. more intelligent, more pleasant, ing make humans different from • Code switching refers to modify- and more skilled at controlling other animals. ing verbal and nonverbal commu- their emotions. Language is a system of arbitrary nication during interaction with signs and symbols used to com- people from other cultures. Language Lessons municate with others. 5.5 Practice effective language Language Barriers strategies and skills. Language and Meaning 5.4 Identify the common language • You can improve your way with 5.2 Explain how the nature of language barriers that can undermine words by expanding your vo- affects meaning. communication. cabulary, using oral language • Whereas signs often look like the • Communicators who look for when you speak, speaking in an thing they represent, symbols are meaning in words rather than in active voice, using the pronouns arbitrary collections of sounds the people using words are more I and you wisely, and avoiding that in certain combinations likely to bypass and be bypassed. gobbledygook. stand for concepts. • Exclusionary language uses words • An excessive number of gram- • Words have both denotative and that reinforce stereotypes, belittle matical errors in your speech can connotative meanings and also other people, or exclude others derail a career or create a nega- differ in terms of whether they from understanding an in-group's tive personal impression. are concrete or abstract. message. • Use different degrees of power- Euphemisms sub- ful and powerless language as stitute neutral, po- lite words for those appropriate. considered too direct, indecent, Language and Culture, Gender, or hurtful. Euphe- and Context misms can also 5.3 Describe the ways in which hide meaning and language, culture, gender, and mask the truth. context affect one another. Slang, jargon, and • The Whorf hypothesis claims gobbledygook dif- that the nature of your language fer in terms of reflects your culture's view of the their ability to world. • Individualistic cultures have an “I” orientation, whereas col- lectivist cultures have a "we" Key Terms orientation, Abstract words Gobbledygook Slang • Low-context cultures rely on Active voice I Language Subordinate terms words to convey meaning; high- Basic terms Jargon Superordinate terms context, collectivist cultures rely Bypassing Swear words Language on nonverbal behavior and the Code switching Netlingo Symbols Concrete words Netspeak Verbal communication relationship between communi- Connotation Passive voice Whorf Hypothesis cators to generate meaning. Denotation Powerful language Writing apprehension . Most languages have a gender Euphemism Powerless language You language bias that privileges men more Exclusionary language Sign than women. Avoid gender bias Ajeuuns 93
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Running head: SPEECH COMMUNICATION

Speech Communication
Name
Institution

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SPEECH COMMUNICATION

2
Speech Communication
Chapter 1

In our lives, we communicate to generate meaning through the use of verbal and nonverbal messages for various purposes under different circumstances. This chapter highlighted
how effective communication could contribute to how people achieve their personal,
professional and social goals among others by employing different communication models. For
example, the transactional model is distinct from others because of its role in simultaneous
transactions for verbal and non-verbal messages that contain shared meanings. Regarding
communication contexts, the discussions focused on the four types of contexts, the three for
interactional, and how the Media Richness Theory is used to explain the impact of various media
on the quality and quantity of communication. The last three sections of this chapter explained
the key principles of the practices used for sharing messages, the relationship between critical
thinking and effective dissemination of information, and the ethics of communication, especially
its function in critical thinking and decision-making.
Chapter 2
The elements of the concept of the self and its influence in the communication models
used by people to interact with others, as well as those associated with self-esteem, selfpresentation, perception, and communication confidence are the central topics discussed in this
chapter. The objective is to help the learner understand the role of social comparison, social
judgments, self-observation, and self-identification in the development of the qualities needed
for effective communication. For example, the discussions under the self-esteem and selfpresentation sections are all designed to highlight the key concepts that constitute the individual

SPEECH COMMUNICATION

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that communicate with others. Finally, the concept of perception is the tool used for identifying
the impact of selection, interpretation, and organization shape the viewpoints of people in their
environment. Therefore, the development of the confidence to communicate cannot be achieved
without practicing the right strategies for enhancing the level of confidence for effective
communicati...


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