SUMMARY
1
Communication Ethics
1.6 Practice ethical communication
• Ethical communication is fun.
damental to responsible think
ing and decision making as well
1.1
1
Communication in Your Life
1.1 Define the purpose and impact of
human communication.
• Communication is the process of
using verbal and nonverbal mes-
sages to generate meaning within
and across a variety of contexts.
• Effective communication helps you
achieve personal, professional, edu-
cational, intercultural, intellectual,
societal, and ethical goals.
as relationship development and
grounded in theory. Without the-
ory, you may not understand when
and why to use a particular strategy
or skill to your best advantage.
• Effective communicators develop
the following key competencies:
(1) Know thy self; (2) Connect with
others; (3) Determine your purpose;
(4) Apply to the context; (5) Select
message content; (6) Structure your
message; (7) Express the message.
• Competent communicators know
what to do and why to do it (theory
and knowledge), know how to do it
(strategies and skills), and want to
do it (motivation and attitude).
across
contexts.
maintenance within and
a variety of communication
• The National Communication
Association Credo for Ethical
Communication Models
1.2 Use communication models
to analyze the communication
process.
Communication endorses prin-
ciples of ethical communication
for all communicators.
• The National Communication
Association Credo for a Free and
Responsible Communication in
a Democratic Society sets forth
principles that facilitate the free
marketplace of ideas.
Communication and Critical
Thinking
1.5 Explain the relationship between
critical thinking and effective
communication.
March
• Unlike linear and interactional
communication models, transac-
tional models depict communica-
tion as a simultaneous transaction
in which we continuously ex-
change verbal and nonverbal mes-
sages and share meanings.
• In a communication transaction,
communicators encode and de-
code messages at the same time.
• Social media has positive and
negative effects on how we de-
velop and maintain relationships
in mediated contexts.
• Critical thinking is
reasonable reflec-
tive thinking that
focuses on decid-
ing what to believe,
do, or say.
• Critical thinkers
exhibit distinct at-
titudes and skills
that also exemplify
highly competent
communicators.
Communication Contexts
1.3 Explain the ways in which context
affects the meaning of messages.
Key Terms
• The four
types
of communication
context are psychosocial, logisti-
cal, interactional, and mediated.
• The three interactional contexts
are interpersonal, group,
and
pre-
sentational communication.
Media Richness Theory explains
how the quantity and qualities of dif-
ferent media affect communication.
CHAPTER 1 | human communication
Communication Principles
and Practices
1.4 Apply key principles of
communication to a variety of
contexts.
Channels
Communication
Communication
competencies
Communication models
Computer-mediated
communication
Context
Critical Thinking
Decoding
Defamation
Encoding
Ethics
External noise
Feedback
Freedom of speech
Group communication
Interactional context
Interactive communication
model
Internal noise
Interpersonal
communication
Linear communication
model
Logistical context
Mass communication
Media Richness Theory
Mediated communication
Messages
Noise
Presentational
communication
Psychosocial context
Receiver
Skills
Source
Strategies
Theories
Transactional
communication model
• Communication strategies and skills
are most effective when they are
16
SUMMARY
you pri-
Self-Concept
Self-presentation represents the competencies of effective
2.1 Describe your self-concept and
strategies you use to shape the communication.
how it influences the way you
way other people perceive, evalu-
communicate.
Communication Confidence
ate, and treat you.
2.5 Practice appropriate strategies
• Four of the most significant • Self-monitoring represents your and skills to enhance your
factors that determine your self- ability to observe and control communication confidence.
concept are: social comparison, how you express yourself verbally
social judgments, self-observation, and nonverbally when interacting
• Communication apprehension re-
and self-identification.
fers to an individual's level of fear
with others.
or anxiety associated with real or
• Social comparison is the
process
• Effective impression management
anticipated communication with
of evaluating yourself in relation strategies include choosing ap-
another person or persons. .
to the with whom
groups
propriate forms of ingratiation,
marily associate and to commer- self-promotion, exemplification,
• Sources of communication ap-
prehension include fear of failure,
cial and popular culture messages. supplication, and intimidation to
fear of the unknown, fear of the
• Social judgments represent how achieve your communication goals.
spotlight, fear of others, and fear
you interpret other people's verbal
Perception
of breaking the supposed rules.
and nonverbal reactions to you as a
2.4 Identify how selection,
basis for your self-concept.
• Strategies for reducing your
organization, and interpretation
level of communication appre-
. Self-observation is the
process shape perceptions.
hension include (1) preparation,
of interpreting your actual per-
Perception is the process through (2) physical relaxation, (3) cogni-
formance (how you look and act)
which you select, organize, and tive restructuring, (4) visualization,
and your behavior (how well you
interpret sensory stimuli in the (5) systematic desensitization, and
do something) as a basis for your
world around you.
(6) practice.
self-concept.
Your needs, interests, moods,
• Self-identification is the
process
wants, and memories largely deter-
of integrating your cultural affili-
mine which stimuli you will select.
ations, assumption of roles, and
• Four principles that influence
unique experiences into your
how you organize information
self-concept.
are the proximity, similarity, clo-
sure, and simplicity principles.
Self-Esteem
• Your past experiences, knowledge,
2.2 Discuss the major factors
expectations, attitudes, and rela-
that contribute to a person's
tionships affect how you interpret
self-esteem.
and react to people and events.
. You can improve your self-esteem • When you engage
in
percep-
by practicing self-assertiveness,
tion checking, apply percep-
personal integrity, and self-talk.
tion-checking guidelines and
• The tendency to distort-either skills linked to the seven key
positively or negatively-what
happens to you
and how
you
feel Key Terms
about those experiences can dis-
Closure principle
Reference groups
Self-observation
tort your self-concept.
Cognitive restructuring Roles
Self-presentation
• Beware of self-fulfilling prophe- Communication
Self-assertiveness
Self-promotion
cies, which are predictions that apprehension
Selective attention
Self-talk
directly or indirectly cause them- Exemplification
Selective exposure
Similarity principle
Impression management
selves to become true.
Selective interpretation Simplicity principle
Ingratiation
Selective recall
Social comparison
Intimidation
Self-concept
Social judgments
Self-Presentation
Perception
Self-esteem
Supplication
2.3 Examine the role of self-monitoring
Perception checking
Self-fulfilling prophecy Systematic desensitization
as a prerequisite for effective
Personal integrity
Self-identification
Visualization
self-presentation
Proximity principle
Self-monitoring
summary
39
SUMMARY
your ability to communicate and
compete in a global economy.
The Many Faces of Others
3.1 Assess how the increasing cultural
diversity in the United States
influences your interactions with
others.
The Dimensions of Culture
3.3 Describe the qualities and impact
of cultural dimensions on the
communication process.
• The individualism-collectivism
cultural dimension contrasts in-
dependence and personal achieve-
ment with interdependence and
Intercultural Communication
Strategies
3.4 Practice communication strategies
and skills that enhance your ability
to understand, respect, and adapt
to others.
group values.
• By the middle of the twenty-first
century there will be no majority
culture in the United States.
• Culture is a learned set of shared
interpretations about beliefs, val-
ues, norms, and social practices,
that affect the behaviors of a rela-
tively large group of people.
• Co-cultures exist within the main-
stream of society yet remain con-
nected to one another through
their cultural heritage.
Many people are not literate
about others' religions or about
their own religion.
Barriers to Understand Others
3.2 Explain how ethnocentrism,
stereotyping, prejudice,
discrimination, and racism
inhibit effective and ethical
communication.
• Effective communicators are
mindful; they are receptive to
new information and are respon-
sive to and respectful of others.
• Communication accommodation
principles help us understand,
respect, and successfully adapt to
others.
Finding ways to interact and ac-
tively engage people who are dif-
ferent from you and can help you
be a better communicator.
• The power distance cultural di-
mension examines the physi-
cal and psychological distance
between those with power and
those without power.
• The gender expectation cultural
dimension focuses on both expec-
tations about suitable role behav-
iors as well as expectations about
the preferred similarities and dif-
ferences in the behaviors of men
and women.
• The time orientation cultural di-
mension contrasts a short-term
orientation that values time as a
commodity and concentrate on
one job at a time with a long-
term time orientation that values
flexibility rather than deadlines
and is comfortable with distrac-
tions and interruptions.
• The high/low-context cultural di-
mension focuses on whether mean-
ing is expressed in words or through
nonverbal communication and the
nature of personal relationships.
• The inferior and costly digital sys-
tem in the United States affects the
country's economic growth and
• Ethnocentrism is a belief that
your culture is superior to oth-
ers; stereotypes are generaliza-
tions about a group of people that
oversimplify their characteristics.
• Stereotypes lead to prejudices,
which are positive or negative at-
titudes about an individual or cul-
tural group based on little or no
direct experience.
Prejudice leads to discrimination,
the exclusion of groups of people
from opportunities granted to
others.
• In the extreme, prejudice and dis-
crimination lead to racism, which
justifies dominating and mistreat-
ing people of other races.
• When we view race as a socially
constructed concept, it becomes a
neutral and natural characteristic
Key Terms
Co-cultures
Collectivism
Communication
Accommodation Theory
Culture
Discrimination
Ethnocentrism
Gender expectations
dimension
High power distance
High-context culture
Individualism
Intercultural dimension
Low power distance
Low-context culture
Mindfulness
Mindlessness
Muted Group Theory
Power distance
Prejudices
Race
Racism
Religious literacy
Short-term or long-term
Stereotypes
Time orientation
of people.
SUMMARY
The Nature of Listening
4.1 Explain why listening is essential
for effective communication.
complete.
Listening Strategies and Skills
4.4 Practice effective listening
strategies and skills.
• Conscientious listeners use their
extra thought speed to enhance
listening.
• Effective communicators skill-
fully listen to feedback and non-
verbal behavior while also making
sure that they withhold evalua-
tion until their comprehension is
• Effective listeners avoid and min-
imize distractions to themselves
• We spend most of our communi-
cating time engaged in listening.
• Most people cannot accurately
recall 50 percent of what they
hear after listening to a short talk.
Without training, we listen at
about 25 percent efficiency.
and others.
Adaptability and flexibility are
keys to listening and taking useful
notes.
The Listening Process
4.2 Identify the key components of the
listening process.
• The six types of listening in the
HURIER listening model-hear-
ing, understanding, remember-
ing, interpreting, evaluating, and
responding-call for unique lis-
tening skills.
• Effective paraphrasing involves
restating what others say in a way
that indicates you understand
their meaning
Asking well-planned, appropriate
questions can help you under-
stand another person's meaning.
• The Golden Listening Rule is:
Listen to others as you would
have them listen to you.
Listening to Gender and
Culture
4.3 Describe the ways in which gender
and culture influence how we listen.
styles, particularly those involv-
Adjusting to diverse listening Key Terms
ing differences in gender and Empathic listening
culture is a challenging task that Golden Listening Rule
requires understanding, respect- Listener-responsible
ing, and adapting to others.
language
• Adjust the way you speak and lis-
Listening
ten to people who use a listener-
Listening to evaluate
responsible language.
Listening to hear
Listening to interpret
Listening to remember
Listening to respond
Listening to understand
Mnemonic
Paraphrasing
Speaker-responsible
language
Thought speed
listening
CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY
Human Language
by avoiding male and female pro- enhance relationships and im-
5.1 Identify the qualities that make
nouns when possible.
prove understanding.
human language unique.
• Men tend to talk as much or People who rarely swear or use
• The ability to learn words and to more than women even though offensive language are seen as
combine, invent, and give mean- many people believe the opposite. more intelligent, more pleasant,
ing make humans different from • Code switching refers to modify-
and more skilled at controlling
other animals.
ing verbal and nonverbal commu-
their emotions.
Language is a system of arbitrary nication during interaction with
signs and symbols used to com- people from other cultures. Language Lessons
municate with others.
5.5 Practice effective language
Language Barriers
strategies and skills.
Language and Meaning
5.4 Identify the common language • You can improve your way with
5.2 Explain how the nature of language
barriers that can undermine
words by expanding your vo-
affects meaning.
communication.
cabulary, using oral language
• Whereas signs often look like the
• Communicators who look for when you speak, speaking in an
thing they represent, symbols are meaning in words rather than in active voice, using the pronouns
arbitrary collections of sounds the people using words are more I and you wisely, and avoiding
that in certain combinations likely to bypass and be bypassed. gobbledygook.
stand for concepts.
• Exclusionary language uses words
• An excessive number of gram-
• Words have both denotative and
that reinforce stereotypes, belittle
matical errors in your speech can
connotative meanings and also
other people, or exclude others
derail a career or create a nega-
differ in terms of whether they
from understanding an in-group's
tive personal impression.
are concrete or abstract.
message.
• Use different degrees of power-
Euphemisms sub-
ful and powerless language as
stitute neutral, po-
lite words for those
appropriate.
considered too
direct, indecent,
Language and Culture, Gender,
or hurtful. Euphe-
and Context
misms can also
5.3 Describe the ways in which
hide meaning and
language, culture, gender, and
mask the truth.
context affect one another.
Slang, jargon, and
• The Whorf hypothesis claims
gobbledygook dif-
that the nature of your language
fer in terms of
reflects
your
culture's view of the
their ability to
world.
• Individualistic cultures have an
“I” orientation, whereas col-
lectivist cultures have a "we" Key Terms
orientation,
Abstract words
Gobbledygook
Slang
• Low-context cultures rely on Active voice
I Language
Subordinate terms
words to convey meaning; high- Basic terms
Jargon
Superordinate terms
context, collectivist cultures rely Bypassing
Swear words
Language
on nonverbal behavior and the Code switching
Netlingo
Symbols
Concrete words
Netspeak
Verbal communication
relationship between communi-
Connotation
Passive voice
Whorf Hypothesis
cators to generate meaning.
Denotation
Powerful language
Writing apprehension
. Most languages have a gender
Euphemism
Powerless language You language
bias that privileges men more Exclusionary language Sign
than women. Avoid gender bias
Ajeuuns
93
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