ENG1020 Columbia Southern University Literature Review Revision Paper

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ENG1020

Columbia Southern University

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Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is to revise the introduction and literature review of your academic argumentative research paper, which you created a draft of in Unit IV. Description: In this assignment, you will revise the introduction and literature review that you wrote for the Unit IV assignment. Revisions must be substantive and should be made in accordance with the professor’s instructions. The following parts of the assignment must be revised: Introduction (9-12 well-developed sentences/approximately 350 words): For more details about what is expected for each of the following sentences, please see "Lesson 4: The Introduction." You may also want to review the "Example Introduction and Literature Review (with comments)." The following components must be included in the introduction (in the following order). Sentence 1: Introduce the general topic Sentence 2: Pro side (general) Sentence 3: Con side (general) Sentence 4: Narrow the scope (1) Sentence 5: Examples of the narrowed topic Sentence 6: Narrow the scope (2) Sentence 7: Specific controversy Sentence 8: Pro side (specific) Sentence 9: Con side (specific) Sentence 10: The thesis Literature Review (800-900 words): For details about the structure of the literature review, you will want to review "Lesson 3: The Literature Review: The Process." You may also want to review the "Example Introduction and Literature Review (with comments)." The link is below. Literature review preface: This paragraph acts as a guide to what the reader can expect in the literature review. Literature review body: This section includes three to four body paragraphs that discuss the history, terminology, and both sides of the controversy (pro and con). Literature review conclusion: The conclusion signals that the literature review is ending, but it also acts as a kind of preface for the body of the paper by restating the thesis statement and establishing your argument once again. Demonstrate the avoidance of plagiarism through proper use of APA citations and references for all paraphrased and quoted material. Implement techniques of editing and revising

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LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Introduction The Jim Crow legislation entailed racial segregation where people of color were not allowed to interact and associate with the white people. These laws were local and state legislation that enforced racial segregation and prejudice in the southern parts of the United States. Passed by white Democratic-controlled state administrations in the late 19th century after the end of the Reconstruction era, this legislation continued to be enforced until the mid-20th century when the civil rights movement protested against these laws. Although the Jim Crow laws were controversial, there were those individuals and parties that supported them whereas there were some who opposed those laws. Proponents of this legislation argued that the Jin Crow laws supported ‘separate but equal’ economic, social, and political systems. Nonetheless, opponents claimed that these laws backed discrimination and prejudice against African-Americans and all people of color. This legislation depicted a formal codified framework of racial apartheid that ruled the American South. The laws influenced almost every facet of daily life, requiring segregation of libraries, parks, schools, washrooms, trains, and business among other public places. Jim Crow was a mocking dialect term for people of color. It came to mean any local legislation enacted in the South that created different regulations for whites and blacks. Jim Crow laws were founded on the perspective of white supremacy and were a result of Reconstruction. In the depression-plagued late19th century, racism fascinated whites who feared to lose their assets, jobs, and properties to blacks. Furthermore, political leaders abused African-Americans to win votes of whites. Newspapers and other print media fed the prejudice of white audience by making or playing up black crimes. In late 1800, despite its 16 African-Americans members, the Louisiana General Assembly enacted legislation to prevent white and black individuals from riding together on trains. Plessy v. Ferguson, a court case opposing the legislation, reached the US Supreme Court in the Well-stated Italicize all court cases LITERATURE REVIEW 3 late 1890s. Protecting the legislation, the court held that public facilities for whites and blacks could be ‘separate but equal.' Immediately, in the South, the blacks had to be separated from whites. The Jin Crow laws were fair to others but unfair to some sect of the society particularly African Americans. Literature Review Preface Several authors have written a number of scholarly journals and peer-reviewed articles regarding the Jim Crow laws. These authors have provided a background to the legislation, its effects on affected parties-both whites and blacks, and how it prompted conflicts and clashes between whites and blacks. Authors have based their articles on previous works of scholars and philosophers in the 19th, 20th, and even 21st century. This section will incorporate the various aspects and perspectives of authors regarding the Jim Crow laws and their controversies as far as the opponents and proponents of these laws are concerned. Literature Review According to Bennett (2016), immediately after the end of the Civil War and implementation of the 13th Amendment, many states of the former Confederacy enacted Black Codes, legislation designed by former slaves. This legislation was planned to restrict the new independence of liberated blacks by limiting their movement and by coercing them into a labor economy grounded on low income and debt. The Black Codes annoyed public opinion in the North and prompted the Congress to put the former Confederate states under Army protection during Reconstruction. Nonetheless, many laws limiting the liberation of blacks were still implemented. Typically, the Black Codes established the basis for the frameworks of customs and laws backing a framework of white supremacy that would be called Jim Crow to (Bennett, 2016). Thesis? Too weak. Try: The Jim Crow laws should never have been enacted because... Take a stronger stance! This will help you later argue in those body paragraphs! Good! Meets goals as stated on your Syllabus ADD: Sub-heading: Historical Overview of Jim Crow Laws? LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Katagiri (2014) claims that majority of local and state governments enacted the ‘Jim Crow’ laws that required ‘separate but equal’ position for blacks. Jim Crow legislation was ordinances and doctrines developed between the 1870s and 1960s to segregate black and white races in the Southern party of the United States. Theoretically, this legislation established ‘separate but equal’ treatment. However, in practice, this legislation subjected African Americans to prejudice and considered them second-class citizens who are inferior. Public facilities like restaurants and parks were segregated as was education. In other words, the Jim Crow laws resulted in accommodations and treatment that were inferior to those offered to the whites. The most significant Jim Crow laws mandated the public facilities and schools have distinct facilities for people of color and blacks. This legislation meant that people of color were legally mandated to attend different schools and religious institutions, sit in the rear end of a public transport means, use restrooms marked ‘for colored only’ and eat in a separate segment of a restaurant. In other words, the Jim Crow laws supported discrimination against African Americans and encouraged prejudice and racism in the southern parts of the United States (Katagiri, 2014). Klarman (2004) states that indeed the Jim Crow laws supported racial segregation. However, according to him, racial segregation did not mean discrimination or prejudice. Instead, the Jim Crow legislation supported the ‘separate but equal’ policy. Most African-Americans during the late 19th century were free as slavery was abolished earlier. Therefore, they were free and allowed to work as well as own properties. Nonetheless, due to socio-cultural, political, and economic differences and their differing perspectives and viewpoints, it was only reasonable that they should be allowed to interact amongst themselves. Furthermore, most of these freed slaves held grudges against whites who had enslaved them and were their masters. As a result, the politicians and other political and economic leaders assumed that these grudges and perceptions ADD: Sub-heading: Opposition of Jim Crow Laws? ADD: Sub-heading: Support for Jim Crow Laws LITERATURE REVIEW 5 held by people of color against whites could result in conflicts and unnecessary clashes. Therefore, the enactment of the Jim Crow laws prevented such conflicts and ensured that black and white people interact with people they could easily relate to and identify with (Klarman, 2004). Tischauser (2012) claims that the Jim Crow laws marked the beginning of the end of racial segregation in America. Essentially, this legislation promoted racial discrimination and prejudice and was largely opposed by the people of color. However, because politicians and administrators in the South ignored the outcry of the blacks, the people of color decided to take things in their hands and started the civil rights movement and other campaigns that criticized and opposed racial segregation in the United States. In 1955, for instance, Rosa Louise Parks declined to obey the demand of a bus driver that she surrender her seat to a white person. She was later arrested and imprisoned (Tischauser, 2012). When Parks accepted to have her case challenged, it became a cause célèbre in the conquest against Jim Crow legislation. Her hearing for this conduct of civil defiance prompted the Montgomery Bus Boycott, one of the most effective mass campaigns against racial segregation in the history of United States, and initiated Martin Luther King to the lead of the civil rights movement that steered peaceful demonstrations against Jim Crow legislation (Tischauser, 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, Jim Crow laws were not only supported by political and economic leaders but also religious leaders. In addition to segregating people of color from whites in public facilities such as trains, buses, and restrooms, segregation was also witnessed in churches and other religious systems. For instance, African Americans were required to sit in different rows from whites. Furthermore, religious leaders would teach their congregation that God loves white people since Effect of Jim Crow Laws? (New section?) No new information in the conclusion. Focus on summarizing and restating thesis LITERATURE REVIEW 6 they are superior to blacks. Certainly, the Jim Crow legislation was controversial since it promoted racial segregation and discrimination in the United States. LITERATURE REVIEW 7 References Bennett, J. B. (2016). Religion and the Rise of Jim Crow in New Orleans. Princeton University Press. Katagiri, Y. (2014). Black Freedom, White Resistance, and Red Menace: Civil Rights and Anticommunism in the Jim Crow South. Louisiana State University Press. Klarman, M. J. (2004). From Jim Crow to civil rights: The Supreme Court and the struggle for racial equality. Oxford University Press. Tischauser, L. V. (2012). Jim Crow Laws. ABC-CLIO.
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Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW

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Literature Review
Name
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LITERATURE REVIEW
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction

The Jim Crow legislation entailed racial segregation where people of color were not
allowed to interact and associate with the white people. These laws were local and state
legislation that enforced racial segregation and prejudice in the southern parts of the United
States. Passed by white Democratic-controlled state administrations in the late 19th century after
the end of the Reconstruction era, this legislation continued to be enforced until the mid-20th
century when the civil rights movement protested against these laws. Although the Jim Crow
laws were controversial, there were those individuals and parties that supported them whereas
there were some who opposed those laws. Proponents of this legislation argued that the Jin Crow
laws supported ‘separate but equal’ economic, social, and political systems. Nonetheless,
opponents claimed that these laws backed discrimination and prejudice against AfricanAmericans and all people of color. This legislation depicted a formal codified framework of
racial apartheid that ruled the American South. The laws influenced almost every facet of daily
life, requiring segregation of libraries, parks, schools, washrooms, trains, and business among
other public places. Jim Crow was a mocking dialect term for people of color. It came to mean
any local legislation enacted in the South that created different regulations for whites and blacks.
Jim Crow laws were founded on the perspective of white supremacy and were a result of
Reconstruction. In the depression-plagued late-19th century, racism fascinated whites who
feared to lose their assets, jobs, and properties to blacks. Furthermore, political leaders abused
African-Americans to win votes of whites.
Newspapers and other print media fed the prejudice of white audience by mak...


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