My country is : Chad Let’s Debate the Issues! Global Issues Summit: Oral Communication Assignments 1 & 2: 20% The simulated Summit experience is based on the theme Overcoming the Global Food and Water Crisis. During the Summit, you will be presenting the research you conducted for your policy paper in a commemorative speech. As your country’s leader, you will present your findings to the rest of the Summit leader participants. This presentation of your position briefings, in a Summit format, will occur at the end of the semester. Prior to speech due dates, each presenter must submit an outline with citations included for review and feedback. Please refer to the Course Schedule for the designated dates as we will prepare for the Summit once you have completed your research policy papers. Attendance is mandatory. Prepare your country’s position on the following issues (the highlighted areas): Poverty/Hunger (see UN General Assembly prepared speech) Water (see UN General Assembly prepared speech) Utilize the following for speeches from your country (you can search in 2017 or previous years), http://gadebate.un.org/ Utilize the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) website for preparation. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs Several of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are directly connected to our topics above. Click on each of the relevant goals (for example, GOAL 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger) to identify background information. Utilize the UN’s HDI website for relevant country information, http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi Other sites, like your country’s Foreign Ministry page, current newspaper articles or other relevant materials could all be useful in preparation of your 2 and half minutes speech for the summit. Notes: *I have uploaded my research. *the speech I’m going to present it front the class so make sure you make it easy for me in order to memorize it. *please make it similar to the statements as in the UN Running Head: RESEARCH PAPER HUNGER IN CHAD 1 Research Paper Hunger in Chad RESEARCH PAPER HUNGER IN CHAD 2 Hunger in Chad Chad is a landlocked country found in Central Africa which is bordered by Central African Republic, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan and Cameroon. Regarding area, the country is the fifth largest in the continent with a population of about 14 million people according to the 2015 census report. Despite the country getting independence in 1960 from the French, most of the people live in abject poverty and are economically disabled (Arieff, 2010). The president Idriss Deby who took over power when the country went into chaos triggered by the religious difference between the Muslim and Christian groups has done failed in creating policies that spur growth and encourage development. Apart from poverty and economic insufficiency, a large number of the people in Chad experience hunger and starvation and do not have access to clean water (Arieff, 2010). These issues are further exacerbated by an inactive government that fails to serve its people. The fundamental purpose of this paper is to establish the ways in which various policies can be created and implemented to help with the hunger problem in Chad. It will explore all the avenues available in the country that can be utilized to reach that goal. Development, economic self-sufficiency, and food security are achievable objectives for the country of Chad despite poor governance and harsh climatic conditions. According to the non-governmental organization Action Against Hunger (AAH) which begun its operation in Chad in 2010 reports that only 131, 617 people received nutritional support in 2016 (WFP, 2016). On the other hand, only 182, 139 had access to clean water and sanitation. The primary reason for the low numbers who have access to nutritional support, water and sanitation can be attributed to the political uncertainty that the country has been experiencing form gaining their independence (Eriksson, & Hagstromer, 2005). The political instability is further fueled by the conflicts between communities and religious groups Moreover; Chad is RESEARCH PAPER HUNGER IN CHAD 3 surrounded by other countries that undergo similar issues which means that Chad ends up being a safe haven for millions of refugees fleeing war in their countries such as Sudan. This influx of population and political instability creates a dire humanitarian situation which leads to use of the limited resources such as water and food. Another problem that heightens the hunger problem in Chad is the state of the agricultural sector. Most of the land in Chad is not conducive to farming which when coupled with rain scarcity and hunger gaps, which are the periods between harvest seasons, sends the entire country into food insecurity. In a report prepared by the nongovernmental organization, AAH one in every four children in Chad suffered from severe malnutrition in 2010. Addressing this problem is best done by looking for long-term solutions. Change of policies and implementation of programs, both government and non-government supported programs, provides a long-lasting solution. Some of the solutions have been implemented by the non-governmental organization such as various arms of the UN. The World Food program is currently addressing malnutrition in children and particularly school going children by providing food in school (Pogge, & Sengupta, 2016). While most families cannot afford daily meals and meals with the required nutritional value, their children have access to these meals when they attend school. This program is innovative, but it fails in addressing the other issues that are related to hunger. To begin with, hunger which leads to a weak immune system leads to an increased ease in acquiring of diseases. Additionally, the reduction of the Lake Chad which was relied upon as a water source has diminished in size due to prolonged periods of drought and overusing of its water (Ngoran, Dogah, & Xue, 2015). Primary repercussions of these events in terms of healthcare increase in water-borne diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, and malnutrition which can RESEARCH PAPER HUNGER IN CHAD 4 be solved by improving the health sector in the country. Seeing that the government may be lax in enforcing the policies regarding the health of the people, volunteer programs, and international aid can be requested to set camps in Chad that help in alleviating some of these issues. These camps can, however, gain permission for operation in the country form the concerned authorities. At this juncture, the government has to be active in allowing any form of help to its people. Commitment and acceptance of help can be done by provision of adequate security to the members of the programs such that clashes and conflict do not drive them out leaving the populations helpless. Activities would include running nutritional education to mothers and other groups of people affected by food insecurity. According to the report published by the WFP about 12% of children under five have stunted growth which means that they are shorter than they should be because of improper diet and frequency in contracting diseases (Ploch, 2010). Teaching new mothers about children’s health and nutritional balance for improved growth and development would help in ensuring a healthy generation. The government should also take responsibility and begin to provide the country with basic education. A large portion of the adults in Chad is illiterate which mean that they are unaware of the consequences their actions have and are also incapacitated from doing meaningful work in averting those consequences. Since most of them are illiterate, they do not have sanitation and cleanliness standards. The spread of diseases is also attributed to the ignorance shown in the uneducated population. Conversely, use of the available farmland to increase crop production is not done because the farmers have no expertise in being creative. Farming methods that can be easily applied for increased yield can only be implemented when the farmers receive such education. Education in this case, therefore, does not merely mean the RESEARCH PAPER HUNGER IN CHAD 5 ability to read and write but the acquisition of skills and information necessary for improving the standard of life. Women and interested parties can also be enrolled in programs that help them in building economic self-sufficiency. Considering that other countries bordering Chad have relatively better food security, such as Nigeria and Cameroon, women can find ways of getting an income to purchase food form these countries and feed their families (Casey & Unger, 2015). Some of the probable sources of income would be the sale of food products during the harvest season. The gender inequality in the country somewhat a hindrance when it comes to women playing a role in supplementing the income in homes. However, the situation is changing with worsening conditions and more women in the rural areas are actively involved in the market gardening and livestock farming. Beyond these two forms of income generation, women can teach themselves skills such as the creation of handmade baskets and other products for sale both locally and outside the country. Such activities would not only increase their earnings but also improve their standards of living and possibly remove them from their poverty. Chad has a National Development Plan which can be aided by external help such as international bodies and the non-governmental organizations. One of the aims of the National Development Plan is to provide solutions to the hunger problem in Chad together with issues attached to it such as malnutrition and health. Merging efforts with the government initiative and with other willing organization would accelerate the rate at which the issue is resolved, and a long-lasting solution found. Development goals of the National Development Plan happen to be similar to those of the Millennium Development Goals such as the maternity health and child mortality goals (WFP, 2016). The similarity of the desired outcome is an essential component for marshaling all the resources by involved programs and organization in achieving them. It is RESEARCH PAPER HUNGER IN CHAD 6 crucial to note that the government is at least doing something to help the country become better. Although their efforts are still not adequate in changing the state for most of its citizens, taking initiatives and attempting to improve the situation counts. Running of various programs also allows the country to deal with its myriad of problems simultaneously. Health, educational, economic, and agricultural programs help in reducing the issues in ways that revolutionize Chad and in ways that empower the youth and the women. Bridging the gap between the poor and rich is another issue that needs to be addressed since the gap has its set of problems. The World Bank, for example, has been involved in helping Chad by collecting statistics and trends that give a vivid picture of the state of the situation and the results from the ongoing programs. According to the World Bank statistics regarding the gaps between the poor and the rich, can be turned around to have a positive implication. This positive outcome can be achieved by encouraging the private sector to provide opportunities for economic growth and development (Casey & Unger, 2015). However, the government would have to be willing to provide an environment which allows the running of business without constant interruptions due to the political instability. Instead of having the government take sole responsibility for the improvement of people’s lives, it would be effective to consider partnering with other private organizations in and out of the country for purposes of making sure that poverty is eradicated together with hunger (World Bank Group, 2015). When this is achieved, the gap between the rich and the poor would be significantly reduced. In essence, the interaction between the public and private sector as well as the other organizations illustrates interactionalism. According to Papa and Lancaster (2016), symbolic interactionism theory provides a framework through which individuals in a society such as Chad interact and work towards changing their condition for the better. RESEARCH PAPER HUNGER IN CHAD 7 The Barbara Ehrenreich’s theory gives a comprehensive explanation of the events taking place in Chad due to hunger and economic problems. The theory shows how people work hard for less which leads to scarcity of available resources to feed even their families. This lack leads to neglecting of children, despair, and hopelessness meaning citizens allow the corrupt to continue ruling. While the corrupt leaders should be a concern for the rich since the government can make use of the labor presented by the poor to improve the economy, they remain adamant in enforcing change. Unfortunately, the next generation is affected by the choices of the leaders, the rich and their powerless parents. Most of the children in Chad are growing without basic education, are malnourished and lack skills. Future problems apart from hunger would include an increase in prostitution, robbery, violence, and use of illegal substances (Casey and Unger, 2015). The illegal substance and need for robbery are often stimulated by rebels. Rebels also incapacitate the efforts by the government and other external organization to provide food security. Overall, the problem of hunger can be solved by the implementation of policies meant to provide long-lasting solutions. RESEARCH PAPER HUNGER IN CHAD 8 References Arieff, A. (2010). Global Economic Crisis: Impact on Sub-Saharan Africa and Global Policy Responses. DIANE Publishing. Casey, K., & Unger, S. (2015). Critical or Conflict Theories. In D. Ainbinder& S. Unger (eds.), Dialogues of Self and Society level 200. (pp 8-16). Boca Raton, FL: Lynn University Eriksson, H., & Hagstromer, B. (2005). Chad: towards democratization or petro-dictatorship? (Vol. 29). Nordic Africa Institute. Ngoran, S. D., Dogah, K. E., & Xue, X. (2015). Assessing the impacts of climate change on water resources: The Sub-Saharan Africa perspective. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(1), 2015. Papa, A., & Lancaster, N. (2016). Identity continuity and loss after death, divorce, and job loss. Self and Identity, 15(1), 47-61. Ploch, L. (2010). Instability and humanitarian conditions in Chad. Congressional Research Service. Pogge, T., & Sengupta, M. (2016). Assessing the sustainable development goals from a human rights perspective. Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 32(2), 83-97. Tesfaye, K., Gbegbelegbe, S., Cairns, J. E., Shiferaw, B., Prasanna, B. M., Sonder, K., & Robertson, R. (2015). Maize systems under climate change in sub-Saharan Africa: Potential impacts on production and food security. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 7(3), 247-271. WFP. (2016). Monitoring food security in countries with conflict situations: A joint FAO/WFP update for the United Nations Security Council. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/ac0335e.pdf RESEARCH PAPER HUNGER IN CHAD 9 World Bank Group. 2015. Republic of Chad: Priorities for Ending Poverty and Boosting Shared Prosperity. Systematic Country Diagnostic; World Bank, Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/23114 Wu, S. H., Ho, C. T., Nah, S. L., & Chau, C. F. (2014). Global hunger: a challenge to agricultural, food, and nutritional sciences. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 54(2), 151-162.
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