EDUC 518 LITERATURE REVIEW INSTRUCTIONS Write a 10–12-page traditional Literature Review on the topic you have been researching throughout this course. You must incorporate a minimum of 10 articles, including the ones used for the Topical Reference List as well as the quantitative and qualitative articles you reviewed. This review must be a focused synthesis of findings in the literature. Thus, you will organize your discussion around themes that emerged in your review of the literature, rather than simply summarizing study after study. Include the following elements in your review: 1. Title page with a running head 2. Abstract and keywords 3. Body • • • • • Introduction Discussion of key terms Review of the literature organized by themes Conclusion/Summary Reference list Format your Literature Review in correct APA style. As you complete this assignment, consult your textbook. Also, see the Literature Review Grading Rubric for the specific grading criteria. Submit this assignment by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of Module/Week 7. Running Head: EFFECTS OF POVERTY WITHIN SCHOOLS Effects of Poverty within Schools Santanna Coleman Liberty University 1 EFFECTS OF POVERTY WITHIN SCHOOLS 2 Article 1 The Impact of Poverty on Education Outcomes for Young Children Abstract Over the recent past, the unfortunate reality has been that, the income gap has been widening between families. One of the key areas which are influenced by family income is the education outcomes. Young individuals who come from lower income families more often start schooling behind their peers from more affluent families, as indicated in the measure for school readiness. The incident, duration, depth, and timing of poverty each my attribute or influence the education attainment for a child, together with the social networks and the community characteristic. However, international interventions show that the impact of poverty can be minimized by the use of sustainable interventions. This article puts its main focus on education, poverty, interventions, and school readiness for young individuals across the world. Poverty has remained a life’s stubborn fact which is affecting even the rich nations like United States and Canada. The effect of the poverty to schooling children has been a continuing concern. As family income greatly influences educational outcomes, the article has provided a brief review on the literature which concerns the effects of poverty on the educational outcomes putting its main focus on the Canadian research in perspective from the research data from other which nations. School readiness reflects one’s ability to succeed both socially and academically in school environment. It requires appropriate motor development and physical well being, age EFFECTS OF POVERTY WITHIN SCHOOLS 3 appropriate competence and social knowledge, emotional health and a positive approach to new experiences, and age appropriate general knowledge and cognitive skills. The article concludes that, with suggestions with what to do, as practitioners and advocates should work towards reducing the negative effects of economic disadvantages on the educational outcome of every child. Erskine, H. E., Norman, R. E., Ferrari, A. J., Chan, G. C., Copeland, W. E., Whiteford, H. A., & Scott, J. G. (2016). Long-term outcomes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(10), 841-850. Article 2 A systematic review of factors linked to poor academic performance of disadvantaged students in science and math in schools Abstract The article focuses on socio-economic hardships which put schooling individuals in underprivileged positions. The systematic review identifies the factors which are linked to the underachievement of disadvantaged individuals in schools in school maths and sciences, at what can be put in place to as evidence based practice to improve the lives of these young individuals. The research article follows the protocol from Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). Conducted main researches on major electronic educational databases, and the studies included major large scale evaluations with clear defined comparator groups and robust search design. Every research used the measure of disadvantage EFFECTS OF POVERTY WITHIN SCHOOLS 4 such as language barrier, lower SES, ethnic minority and an outcome measure of the attainments on the standardized national tests. Thirty-four studies synthesized suggest that, the main factors linked to the deprivation to underachievement can thematically be categorized in to lack of support and a positive environment. The article recommends that the following factors can go a long way to improve the education outcomes for the young individuals. - Self concept and equality, - Motivation, - Positive teacher effect, - Encouraging parental involvement, - Early interventions, and - Group counseling approach. Koh, K. (2017). Maternal breastfeeding and children's cognitive development. Social Science & Medicine. Article 3 What Can Schools Do to Address Poverty? Abstract Childhood poverty rates high in the United States than the other industrialized nations. About 33% of the people living in poverty are children, more than w15 million, or a 21% of the EFFECTS OF POVERTY WITHIN SCHOOLS 5 children population in the United States. Another 15 million (21%) of the children population reside from low income families, and the number is still increasing. The research article suggests that a number, between 60% and 75% of all Americans will for at least once live for at least one year live near or below the poverty line. It suggests that schools can only have a limited influence on closing the achievement gap between its students coming from poor families and their more affluent peers unless, their improvements are combined with broader economic and social reforms. With such efforts, schools can fully close the achievement gaps. The major theme discussed in the article is that, the government cannot fix the poverty issue unless the education issue is fixed, and without giving the close attention to the social conditions beyond schools, continued limitations will be encountered when advancing the education equity and higher achievement within the diverse student population. Simon, N. S., & Johnson, S. M. (2015). Teacher turnover in high-poverty schools: What we know and can do. Teachers College Record, 117(3), 1-36. Article 4 Education and Poverty: Confronting the Evidence Currently, the United States is initiating to improve its education system, which includes; No Child Left Behind, the promotion for competition and test-based evaluation for teachers are misguided as they either set to the side or deny an evidence basic body documenting that individuals from disadvantaged families in average perform less in class than their peers from EFFECTS OF POVERTY WITHIN SCHOOLS 6 well and advantaged families. This challenge requires a bolder and broader approach to the education policies than the recent efforts to reform schools. The major theme addressed in the article is the strong correlation between the student achievements In school and the family background, incorporating the information on household’s occupational status, parent’s level of education, and household possessions together with family wealth and income. The article concludes that, in order to broadly address the issue of educational needs of the low-income family students, it will cost money, complex and it will require differing from place to place considering the local context. Ullucci, K., & Howard, T. (2015). Pathologizing the poor: Implications for preparing teachers to work in high-poverty schools. Urban Education, 50(2), 170-193. Article 5 Higher education in the fight against poverty from the capabilities approach Abstract The article describes the relative poverty within the European nations, in relation to the European indicator AROPE. The major themes include; higher education institutions conceptions from the approach aimed at social responsibility and capability development, University community formation as agents of their lives and communities, and the reduction and eradication of poverty. EFFECTS OF POVERTY WITHIN SCHOOLS 7 The article concludes that, understanding the fight against poverty, will make nations radically competent in understanding the future of its young generation in their classrooms, a future whose welfare value can no longer be sustained a pure quantitative approach that put human democratic participation and dignity aside, and which are not committed to articulate an integral, truly human ecological sustainable development. Zamfir, A. M., Mocanu, C., & Grigorescu, A. (2017). Circular Economy and Decision Models among European SMEs. Sustainability, 9(9), 1507. Article 6 The effects of poverty on academic achievement Abstract The article focuses on poverty which forms a specific culture and a way of live. This has been a growing concern in the United States. The number Americans living in poverty is increasing drastically. Poverty is the extend in which people do without resources; financial, spiritual, mental, emotional, and physical resources, as well as the support systems, role models, relationships, and knowledge of hidden rules. The article describes its main theme on how poverty directly affects academic achievements attributed to the lack of resources which are available in determining the success of a student. Study shows that lack of resources is closely co-related with poor academic achievements and low socio economic status. EFFECTS OF POVERTY WITHIN SCHOOLS The article concludes that due to the lack of resources, students have to struggle to reach academic targets like the students not living in poverty. This can be solved by bringing government levels to close the achievement gap through providing necessary assistance to students. Cooper, C. L. (2015). Students at Risk: The Impacts of Self-Efficacy and Risk Factors on Academic Achievement(Doctoral dissertation). Article 7 Effects of poverty on education Abstract The article examines how poverty impacts the education of a person. Multiple aspects contribute to communities becoming impoverished such as; high unemployment rate, deindustrialization, and high criminal activities. The major themes in the article include, how the impoverished urban and rural communities face many issues attributed to housing, lack of access to professional services, and more significant, inferior education. This is due to a number of reasons; students showing up to school with many problems which teachers cannot solve, inadequate academic facilities in schools, and lack of government support on institutions. The article closes by suggesting that, through the institutions and the government working together, effective ways can be found for solving poverty related issues. 8 EFFECTS OF POVERTY WITHIN SCHOOLS 9 Green, L. D. (2017). Perceptions about the Influence of Instructional Leadership Practices of Elementary Principals on Teachers' ELA Pedagogical Changes in High-Poverty NYC Elementary Schools (Doctoral dissertation, Sage Graduate School). Article 8 Experiences of poverty and educational disadvantage Abstract Children who are brought up in poverty and disadvantage less likely do well in academics. In breaking the cycle, there is need to address the experiences and the attitudes which lie beyond the social differences when it comes to education. Key points discussed in the article include; low income as a strong indicator for low performance in education, the white children living in poverty have an average lower education achievements, and out-of-school activities may assist in building one’s self confidence. The research article concludes that the education system should create a good learning atmosphere with better student-teacher relationships to allow students from different backgrounds to perform well. Bradshaw, J., & Main, G. (2016). Child poverty and deprivation. The Wellbeing of Children in the UK, 31. EFFECTS OF POVERTY WITHIN SCHOOLS 10 Article 9 Improving educational outcomes for poor children Abstract One of the major ways to avoid poverty is through a better quality education. People with high education levels and more years of schooling are likely to be earning much more than the ones with lower level of human capital. Schooling makes a person more productive, and that wages are also related to production. The major theme in the article is how in modern America, poor child faces a high risk for multiple of adverse educational outcomes and also understanding why a child’s educational achievements vary dramatically along the class-lines and race. Antipoverty policies should be put in place to lift people out of poverty and this will positively impact the quality of education and academic achievement among students from different races and family backgrounds. Fryer Jr, R. G. (2014). Injecting charter school best practices into traditional public schools: Evidence from field experiments. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129(3), 13551407. EFFECTS OF POVERTY WITHIN SCHOOLS 11 Article 10 How Poverty Affects Classroom Engagement Abstract The lower and the middle classes have multiple of overlapping issues, which include the importance of hard work and value for education. If poor and the middle class individuals were exactly the same socially, cognitively, behaviorally and emotionally, then the same exact teaching provided to both students would bring the same results. The main themes discussed in the article include; differences sin health and nutrition, vocabulary levels, hope and growth of mind set, Efforts, cognition, and relationships. If a child’s early experiences are chaotic, or one or both of his or her parents are absent, the developing brain may become stressed and insecure. It must be remembered that students from poverty are not damaged or broken. In fact, the human brain adapt to the experiences faced by making changes. Therefore, these students can change. Jensen, E. (2013). How poverty affects classroom engagement. Educational Leadership, 70(8), 24-30. EFFECTS OF POVERTY WITHIN SCHOOLS 12
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