Stats project second part. spreed sheet work required.

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Administer the data collection tool you created in the Topic 2 assignment. Using the data you collect, create an Excel table and complete the items below.

  1. Create two frequency tables based on two separate questions from your survey.
  2. Create a bar graph and a pie chart based on the data in the frequency tables.
  3. Determine the class intervals and create frequency distribution for each of the frequency tables.
  4. Create one frequency polygon of the data from the frequency distribution.

Create an individual Excel document for each of the required items.

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HOW DOES EXERCISE AFFECT HEART RATE 1 How Does Exercise Affect Heart Rate? Background: Heart rate and exercise intensity have a positive correlation: as exercise intensity increases, heart rate increases as well. The rate of increase and the maximum increase are determined by factors such as weight, age, gender and specific circumstances. According to a study found in phisiology.org, resting heart rate did not differ among old to young groups of participants. But maximal heart rate was highest in the younger participants and lower in the older participants.1 The younger participants could reach a higher maximal and submaximal heart rate than the older participants. Another study suggests that a dynamic warm up might increase flexibility from the resting state without the potential for injury that going straight to increasing levels of activity would present.2 Static stretching puts the least amount of strain on the participant and is expected to have the lowest heart rate after resting. Running puts the greatest strain on the participant and is expected to be maximal or close to maximal of the participants VO2 max. In order of intensity: Resting, Static Stretching, Dynamic Stretching, Walking, Jogging and Running. Research Question: How does increasing exercises intensity of 15-18-year-olds affect hart rate measure in bpm? Hypothesis: If exercise intensity increases, then heart rate measure in bpm will increase. 1 Tulppo, M. P., Mäkikallio, T. H., Seppänen, T., Laukkanen, R. T., & Huikuri, H. V. (1998, February 01). Vagal modulation of heart rate during exercise: effects of age and physical fitness. Retrieved November 17, 2017, from http://ajpheart.physiology.org/content/274/2/H424.full 2 http://www.touchontheball.com/downloads/Dynamic%20vs%20Static%20Stretching%20Article%201.pdf 1 2 Variables Identified Variable Independent Exercise Intensity: How to control Static stretching (calf stretch), Dynamic stretching (knee to chest), Walking, Jogging, Running Dependent Heart rate (bpm ±2) Control Time(seconds) Each person will do the exercise for exactly one minute Environment All participants will do the exercises in the same hallway on the same day Age group(years) All participants will be seventeen years old Tools (Stopwatch) The same tools will be used in each trial and when testing each intensity 2 3 Materials: 1. Stopwatch Procedures: 1. Have the participant perform all activities within the same day and general time 2. Check and make sure the participant filled out and is eligible from the PAR-Q form 3. Have the participants preform the sit and reach and quad stretch alternating legs, for two minutes each before proceeding to the experiment, in order to prevent injury. 4. Allow participants to rest for five minutes after stretching to return heart rate to normal 5. Measure the resting heart rate of the participant to get a baseline heart rate between each exercise and trial. 6. Allow the participant to perform the static exercise (calf stretch)- put left foot in front of the right foot, bending the front knee and keeping the back leg straight. The participant should feel a stretch in their calf. 7. Time this exercise for 60 seconds. 8. Record the participant's heart rate in bpm(have the participant count the number of heart beats for thirty seconds, the multiply by two) after the preformed exercise. 9. Allow the participants heart rate to return back to their baseline resting heart rate before proceeding to the next exercise and trial. 10. Allow the participant to perform the dynamic exercise (knee-to-chest)- grab below the front part of the knee and pull your leg to your chest, then alternate legs as you walk 11. Time this exercise for 60 seconds. 3 4 12. Record the participant's heart rate in bpm manually after the preformed exercise. 13. Allow the participants heart rate to return back to their baseline resting heart rate before proceeding to the next exercise and trial. 14. Allow the participant to perform the next variable(walking)- keep an even pace 15. Time this exercise for 60 seconds. 16. Record the participant's heart rate in bpm manually after the preformed exercise. 17. Allow the participants heart rate to return back to their baseline resting heart rate before proceeding to the next exercise and trial. 18. Allow the participant to perform the next variable(jogging)-keep an even pace 19. Time this exercise for 60 seconds. 20. Record the participant's heart rate in bpm manually after the preformed exercise. 21. Allow the participants heart rate to return back to their baseline resting heart rate before proceeding to the next exercise and trial. 22. Allow the participant to perform the next variable(running)-keep an even pace 23. Time this exercise for 60 seconds. 24. Record the participant's heart rate in bpm manually after the preformed exercise. 25. Allow the participants heart rate to return back to their baseline resting heart rate before proceeding to the next exercise and trial. 26. Repeat steps 6-24 for two more trials 4 5 Risk Assessment: Prior to the participant’s participation they must all fill out a PAR-Q to establish their eligibility to complete the following exercises in the experiment, if the participants are deemed unfit or unable to complete the exercise they are unable to be a part of the experiment. This experiment is a sub-maximal test so the participants will not be harmed. Prior to exercise the participants will stretch to decrease probability of injury as their muscles will warmed which, increasing muscle elasticity. After all exercises participants will do a cool down stretch to break up lactic acid which will limit soreness after exercise. The participants will remain anonymous as there is no distinction between male and female. 5 6 Analysis: The Measurement of Heart Rate in (bpm±2) with Increasing Exercise Intensity for 60 Seconds in 17-Year-old Females and Males Static bpm ±2 Dynamic Walking Jogging Running bpm ±2 bpm ±2 bpm ±2 bpm ±2 Trial 1 75 114 120 132 180 Trial 2 74 110 119 134 185 Trial 3 70 120 124 136 183 Trial 4 72 117 123 135 184 Trial 5 73 120 121 132 182 Trial 6 75 118 123 134 188 Trial 7 74 110 125 135 186 Trial 8 70 120 127 129 182 Trial 9 73 117 124 139 183 Trial 10 73 120 123 135 184 Trial 11 74 120 121 132 182 Trial 12 70 120 124 136 183 Trial 13 71 117 123 135 184 Trial 14 72 120 121 132 182 Trial 15 75 119 121 132 182 Trial 16 74 110 123 134 188 Trial 17 70 120 125 135 186 Trial 18 72 117 127 129 182 Trial 19 73 118 124 139 183 Trial 20 75 115 123 135 184 Trial 21 74 121 127 132 182 Trial 22 70 124 125 135 184 Trial 23 73 116 121 132 182 Trial 24 73 118 124 136 183 Trial 25 74 119 123 135 184 Trial 26 70 123 125 132 182 Trial 27 71 122 123 132 182 Trial 28 72 118 123 134 188 Trial 29 77 123 124 136 190 Trial 30 74 125 128 137 189 Average 72.8 118 123 134 184 Standard Deviation 2 4 2 2 2 6 7 Qualitative Data: Subject has increased ventilation and perspiration with increased body temperature with increased heart rate. The testing was done within a climate controlled area where the temperature was room temperature +/- 1 degree. No weather conditions affected the testing as it was performed indoors within a controlled environment. The subject experienced the most fatigue after the sprinting trials as opposed to the lower intensity exercises. The duration to return to resting heart rate after each trial was short and was relatively the same amount of time each trial. Processed Data: Mean – • The mean determines the average heart beat per exercise intensity, allowing investigators to analyze the effects of exercise on heart beat with ease • Mean formula • Sample Calculation: Static exercise (75+74+70+72+73)/5=72.8; rounded to 73 Standard Deviation • Is used to determine the variability the results of the experiment possess • Standard Deviation formula: • Sample Calculation: Static exercise (75-73)² + (74-73)² + (70-73)² + (72-73)² + (73-73)² = 15 7 8 (15)/(5-1) =3.75 3.75^½= 1.936 rounded to 2 Coefficient of Determination– • Is used to determine how closely the data fits against the regression line. The higher the r² value the more closely related the data is to the regression line Trends: 8 9 As the intensity of exercise increased, the heart rate increased as well. The errors bars depict a small standard deviation, and that with each exercise and trial, the heart rate was closely consistent with the mean and less variable. Sprinting and static stretching were significantly different from dynamic stretching, walking, and jogging. This shows that they are the most and least demanding on cardiac muscles respectively. Dynamic stretching, walking, and jogging were not significantly different, showing that exercise intensity between the three variables exerted a similar heart rates. The r² value shows the correlation between exercise intensities and the heart rate, since the r² value is high it means that the data is close to the regression line. As the regression line is linear it shows a positive correlation between increasing exercise intensity and the heart rate. Conclusion: The hypothesis of the experiment stated that increased exercise intensity would yield an increased heart rate. The hypothesis was proved correct through this experiment as the exercise intensities chosen had a positive correlation with increased average heart rate. Static stretching averaged 73 bpm, dynamic stretching had 116 bpm, walking had 121 bpm, jogging had 134 bpm, and running had 183 bpm. This relationship is a result of the body's increased need for oxygen which allows the muscles to sustain higher exercise intensities. The body needs to deliver more oxygen to the muscles and release carbon dioxide, increasing respiration and heart rate through the increased oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal. Respiration of the body increases since the body receives oxygen through inspiration during ventilation, the heart's systemic system then transports oxygen from respiration to the rest of the body and collects carbon dioxide to remove from the blood. At each intensity level this process happened at a quicker rate to satisfy the needs 9 10 of the body's muscles, because of this the breathing rate and heart rate of the subject would increase with increased exercise intensity. 3 The strengths of our experiment were that the data was consistent and it was accurately recorded using the same equipment every time. The test had a wide variety of independent variables and the participant was allowed to return to resting heart rate before the subsequent trial was performed, thus increasing the consistency of the data. Another strength of the experiment was the strict controls that were implemented and followed. The test was performed on the same day under the same conditions that were constant and controlled throughout the entire experiment. Throughout the experiment, errors that could have impacted our data is the use of multiple different participants. Each participant is slightly different and the data could have been affected by this. All participants display the same age, but the difference in gender generate differences in size as well affecting the fluidity and accuracy of the data, opposed to using one participant and gender throughout all trials. This difference further could have imposed whether the results would have been significantly different or not to other variables tested. Improvements that could have been made in this experiment, is the use of materials. When measuring the participant's heart rate, it was measured manually by having the participant count the number of heart beats for 30 seconds, then multiply that number by 2. Instead of using this as a tool of 3 “Standard Grade Bitesize Biology - Changing levels of performance : Revision, Page 4.” BBC, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/biology/the_body_in_action/changing_levels_of_performance/revision/ 4/. 10 11 measurement, a heart rate monitor could have been used in order to provide a better accuracy, and provide a more immediate response after the performed exercise. 11 12 References Tulppo, M. P., Mäkikallio, T. H., Seppänen, T., Laukkanen, R. T., & Huikuri, H. V. (1998, February 01). Vagal modulation of heart rate during exercise: effects of age and physical fitness. Retrieved November 17, 2017, from http://ajpheart.physiology.org/content/274/2/H424.full http://www.touchontheball.com/downloads/Dynamic%20vs%20Static%20Stretching%20 Article%201.pdf 12
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