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Portfolio Project Option 1: Critical Thinking Essay Becoming a college student means that you have a responsibility to apply knowledge to advance your field and to make the world a better place. Through practicing critical thinking skills, we learn not only to avoid being manipulated in our thinking, but to fully support and provide evidence for our ideas. Your critical thinking journal, if you kept one, will help inform your final project. Write an 8-10 page critical thinking essay (not counting required title or reference page). Instructions Begin the process of constructing your project by choosing a particular issue or problem. The goal is then to align this problem or issue with a specific logic model from the text and/or other critical thinking tools you have been learning throughout the course. As you construct your essay, utilize critical thinking tools to evaluate your data and your credible research, interpret this data, and understand your specific problem or issue from a broader, deeper, and more focused perspective. Be sure to refer to your journal and think of how your critical thinking and analysis skills have grown through the course. You will need to devote two to three paragraphs to this reflection as you cite the work from your Journal. Note: Accessing and implementing credible research from the CSU-Global Library is vitally important in the process of constructing your final essay (and it will also be important in all your future coursework). In constructing your essay, utilize and integrate the Elements of Thought from Chapter 5, pp. 104-122. Your paper must: • • • • Cite at least six scholarly peer-reviewed sources that are not required or recommended readings for this course. You may include credible websites. If you are not certain what a credible site is, ask your instructor. Wikipedia, dot coms, cable news, and blogs are not acceptable as scholarly sources (The CSU-Global Library is a good place to find your scholarly resources.) You may cite the textbook, but that does not count as one of the scholarly peer-reviewed sources. Incorporate terms and concepts from the class readings and lecture pages. Be formatted according to the CSU-Global Guide to Writing and APA. Keep in mind the following preliminary deliverables throughout the course that will go toward completing your project: • • • Week 1: Submit Portfolio Project Outline (worth 25 points) Week 4: Submit Portfolio Project Topic (worth 25 points) Week 6: Submit Portfolio Project Outline (worth 25 points) Refer to the Portfolio Project grading rubric found in the Module 8 folder to understand how you will be graded. Running head: VACCINES: DO THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE RISKS? VACCINES: DO THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE RISKS? Vana Hagimanoukian HUM101: Critical Reasoning (GT-AH3): Colorado State University – Global Campus Dr. Robert Freeborough December, 24 2017 1 VACCINES: DO THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE RISKS? 2 VACCINES: DO THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE RISKS? I. Introduction A. Current Problem. Parents are declining to vaccinate their children, which is causing a reemergence of diseases that have been completely eradicated for decades. Parents fear that immunizing their children against polio, measles, mumps, and rubella causes autism spectrum disorder (ASD). B. Population/Area of Focus: Parents and children. C. Key Terms: Fear of vaccination, refusal of vaccinating their children, side effects of vaccines. Thesis Statement: Even though vaccinations should be eliminating diseases, it is causing other diseases such as Autism Spectrum Disorder and the government’s role is to monitor and improve the vaccines to reduce the risks of autism spectrum disorder. This will boost parents’ confidence in vaccinating their children. II. Background A. Historical Overview: Vaccines have been available for use since the 1800’s and when the child is born, he or she is systematically given vaccines to boost their immunity. B. History of Vaccine Refusal: The first movement against immunizations documented was in London in 1853 and was known as the Anti -Vaccination League (Saint - Victor & Omer, 2013). Likewise, in the 21st century, parents are having fear of vaccinating their children due to reactionary diseases such as ASD, even though the 50 states have mandatory vaccination rule, unless it is for religious reasons. VACCINES: DO THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE RISKS? 3 Vaccinations, instead of helping they are causing diseases such as Autism Spectrum Disorder and the government should examine and regulate vaccinations to reduce the fear of the parents of vaccinating their children. C. Current Perceptions: Some people refuse to get vaccines because it is not helpful or it causes different diseases, such as flu shot. They believe that immunizations are ineffective and pointless because they still get sick or experience symptoms. The possibility of some vaccines to cause ASD also puts off many parents. III. Vaccines Cause Autism Spectrum Disorder: Some people refuse to be vaccinated since there is a link between vaccination and ASD. A. Major Point 1: Vaccinations are causing different types of diseases such as Autism Spectrum Disorder. The Lancet, a British Medical Journal found that Autism Spectrum Disorder can be caused by the vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella (Holton, Weberling, Clarke, & Smith, 2012) i. Minor Point 1: Autism Spectrum Disorder is a multifaceted developing disease that leads into abnormal function and development of the brain. ii. Minor Point 2: Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder include deficits in social behavior, inability or difficulty with communication, and delays in cognition. There is a very strong connection between fetal cell-line created immunizations and autism spectrum disorder (Deisher, et al., 2015). IV. Conflicting research on vaccines safety A. Major Point 2: There is conflicting research on whether vaccines cause autism spectrum disorder. They agree that vaccines do not cause ASD but offer contradicting evidence and facts on the issue. VACCINES: DO THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE RISKS? i. 4 Minor Point 1: Several studies have been conducted that show no link between Autism Spectrum Disorder and vaccines (Institute of Medicine, 2004; Offit & Hackett, 2003). The study concluded that vaccinations given during the first two years of life were not the cause of a child developing Autism Spectrum Disorder (DeStefano, Price, Weintraub, 2013). ii. Minor Point 2: A study conducted in Denmark concluded that there was no association between the age and the time of vaccination, the time since vaccination, or the date of vaccination and the development of autistic disorder (Madsen, Hviid, Vestergaard, Schendel, Wohlfahrt, Thorsen, Olsen, Melbye, 2002). V. Role of the Media A. Major Point 3: The media plays a substantial role in vaccine awareness and communication of associated risks of immunizations (Saint - Victor & Omer, 2013). i. Minor Point 1: Unfortunately, journalists often trust data from “expert” sources that may not necessarily be factual when creating articles due their lack of knowledge with medical information (Holton et al., 2012). ii. Minor Point 2: Some medical professionals believe that the government or independent companies should create a mass media campaign on the benefits of vaccinations to reduce the reoccurrence of diseases such as the measles that were once eradicated in the United States. Failure to eliminate bias and look at all the facts before reporting on vaccines can lead to an uneducated decision. In the case of vaccinations, this is dangerous because it could potentially be a life or death decision. VI. Critical thinking on the issue VACCINES: DO THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE RISKS? 5 A. Major Point 4: In order to determine if it is safe for children to be given immunizations, there is need to consider both viewpoints as put forward by different research. i. Minor Point 1: Considering that studies have found that there is no connection between vaccination and ASD, vaccinations are safe for use. ii. Minor Point 2: On the contrary, considering the relevant theories and assumptions, which have made parents to shun away from vaccination, there is need to reconsider and examine vaccines for any proof of this before continuing to give vaccines. VII. Conclusion: Due to reports that vaccinations can cause other conditions such as Autism Spectrum Disorder parents are refusing to have their children immunized causing a reoccurrence of diseases that had been eliminated in the United States. The discussion presented above necessitates that the government intervenes by examining vaccines, carrying out more research on the issue to ensure that vaccines are totally safe for use. A. Restatement of Thesis: Even though vaccines are meant to eliminate diseases, they are linked with causing many different diseases like ASD, which is making parents weary of vaccinating their children. B. Next Steps: To control and eradicate diseases the government should continue to mandate that all children receive immunizations from infectious diseases. Also, parents should educate themselves with credible research and make an informed decisions on the safety of immunizations. VACCINES: DO THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE RISKS? References Antigen. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/antigen Autism spectrum disorder. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml Holton, A., Weberling, B., & Clarke, C. E. (2012). The Blame Frame: Media Attribution of Culpability about the MMR–Autism Vaccination Scare. The Blame Frame: Media Attribution of Culpability about the MMR–autism Vaccination Scare, 27(7), 690-701. doi:10.1080/10410236.2011.633158 Institute of Medicine. (2004). Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism spectrum disorder. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Vaccine safety. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism.html What is vaccination? - Childhood vaccinations. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.medbroadcast.com/channel/childhood-vaccinations/learn-about-childhoodvaccinations/what-is-vaccination What are the symptoms of autism? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/symptoms-of-autism#2 What are the symptoms of autism? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/symptoms-of-autism#2 6
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Running head: VACCINES: DO THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE RISKS?

Vaccines: Do The Benefits Outweigh The Risks?

Vana Hagimanoukian
HUM101: Critical Reasoning (GT-AH3):

Colorado State University – Global Campus
Dr. Robert Freeborough

Date

1

VACCINES: DO THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE RISKS?

2

VACCINES: DO THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE RISKS?
I. Introduction
Vaccines refers to drugs that are introduced in one’s body to help in boosting their immune
system against certain diseases. The vaccines introduces the body of the child to the disease
causing antigens, which sensitizes the child’s white blood cells or the lymphocytes to start
producing antibodies for the specified antigens. This helps the immune system to be strong
against the specified antibodies, which is the working mechanism of vaccines. Vaccines are
usually introduced in a child’s body through injections on the leg or arm, or through orals in the
mouth. Since Andrew Wakefield published a research in the Lancet in 1998 that indicated that
vaccines, especially the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, is associated with causing
autism spectrum disorder (ASD), there has been an increasing gap in the number of parents
avoiding to vaccinate their children. This has been found common especially in households
where older siblings were vaccinated and developed autism spectrum disorder. This is a major
public health concern, affecting both parents and the ministry of health at large and needs to be
addressed. This is mainly because evidence reveals that some of the diseases that have been
eradicated through the whole of the 20th century have started emerging in the late 20th century as
well as early 21st century. This essay collects evidence from various research to help in
highlighting whether MMR is a risky vaccine in causing autism spectrum disorder or not. Even
though vaccinations should be eliminating diseases, research indicates that it is causing other
diseases such as Autism Spectrum Disorder and it is the government’s role to monitor and
improve the vaccines to reduce the risks of autism spectrum disorder. This will boost parents’
confidence in vaccinating their children.
Key Terms: Fear of vaccination, refusal of vaccinating their children, side effects of vaccines.

VACCINES: DO THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE RISKS?

3

II. Background
Historical Overview: Vaccines have been available for use since the 1800’s and when the child
is born, he or she is systematically given vaccines to boost their immunity.
History of Vaccine Refusal: The first movement against immunizations documented was in
London in 1853 and was known as the Anti -Vaccination League (Saint - Victor & Omer, 2013).
Likewise, in the 21st century, parents are having fear of vaccinating their children due to
reactionary diseases such as ASD, even though the 50 states have mandatory vaccination rule,
unless it is for religious reasons.
Vaccinations, instead of helping they are causing diseases such as Autism Spectrum Disorder
and the government should examine and regulate vaccinations to reduce the fear of the parents of
vaccinating their children.
A. Current Perceptions: Some people refuse to get vaccines because it is not helpful
or it causes different diseases, such as flu shot. They believe that immunizations are
ineffective and pointless because they still get sick or experience symptoms. The
possibility of some vaccines to cause ASD also puts off many parents.
III. Vaccines Cause Autism Spectrum Disorder: Some people refuse to be vaccinated since
there is a link between vaccination and ASD.
A. Major Point 1: Vaccinations are causing different types of diseases such as
Autism Spectrum Disorder. The Lancet, a British Medical Journal found that Autism
Spectrum Disorder can be caused by the vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella
(Holton, Weberling, Clarke, & Smith, 2012)
i.

Minor Point 1: Autism Spectrum Disorder is a multifaceted developing disease that
leads into abnormal function and development of the brain.

VACCINES: DO THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE RISKS?
ii.

4

Minor Point 2: Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder include deficits in social
behavior, inability or difficulty with communication, and delays in cognition. There is a
very strong connection between fetal cell-line created immunizations and autism
spectrum disorder (Deisher, et al., 2015).

IV. Conflicting research on vaccines safety
A. Major Point 2: There is conflicting research on whether vaccines cause autism spectrum
disorder. They agree that vaccines do not cause ASD but offer contradicting evidence and
facts on the issue.
i.

Minor Point 1: Several studies have been conducted that show no link between Autism
Spectrum Disorder and vaccines (Institute of Medicine, 2004; Offit & Hackett, 2003).
The study concluded that vaccinations given during the first two years of life were not
the cause of a child developing Autism Spectrum Disorder (DeStefano, Price,
Weintraub, 2013).

ii.

Minor Point 2: A study conducted in Denmark concluded that there was no association
between the age and the time of vaccination, the time since vaccination, or the date of
vaccination and the development of autistic disorder (Madsen, Hviid, Vestergaard,
Schendel, Wohlfahrt, Thorsen, Olsen, Melbye, 2002).

V. Role of the Media
A. Major Point 3: The media plays a substantial role in vaccine awareness and
communication of associated risks of immunizations (Saint - Victor & Omer, 2013).
i.

Minor Point 1: Unfortunately, journalists often trust data from “expert” sources that may
not necessarily be factual when creating articles due their lack of knowledge with
medical information (Holton et al., 2012)....


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