IS 16 UCD The Translatable Nature of Human Rights Discussion

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greel89707

Humanities

IS 16

University of California, Davis

IS

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I'm working on a global studies writing question and need support to help me learn.

What does it mean for Human Rights to be "translatable?"  Provide an example (different from the ones discussed in class) of human rights translation/vernacularization.

Source https://theconversation.com/how-kwame-nkrumahs-mid...

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IS 16: Counter Hegemonic Human Rights Week 7: Anti/Decolonial and Pluriverse Perspectives Announcements ● Mid-term Engagement Exercise: ○ Resubmissions are due this Friday, February 24th. ○ If you decide to not re-submit, we assume you’re downgrading to suggested grade. ● Check-in Prompt #3: ○ Opens today. ○ Due by Sunday, February 26th. ● In-class Discussion Posts: ○ 7 classes left = 7 discussion breaks left ○ Due by March 15 Vernacularization in Practice The Labyrinth of Translation (2008) by Pritchard ● Translation of the UDHR from Spanish to Tzeltal ○ Tzeltal is a Mayan language spoken in the Chiapas region (southeast of Mexico) ● ● ● ● Translation prioritized comprehensibility rather than accuracy Written in oral structure Culturally translate terms and ideas to reflect Tzeltals ontology Texts becomes a “zone of engagement” to turn into a “dialogue” The Pluriverse Perspective “What has been missing is a broad transcultural compilation of concrete concepts, worldviews, and practices from around the world, challenging the modernist ontology of universalism in favour of a multiplicity of possible worlds. This is what it means to call for a pluriverse (Pluriverse: A Post-Development Dictionary).” ● ● ● ● Ways of Being Felt Theory Environment, human, and nonhuman connectivity Transitional justice Video on Zapatistas https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTzC_QqSqwc An Earth Centered View (a possibility within the Pluriverse) Source: https://xinatli.medium.com/being-moved-by-earth-6801 91d5adbd Anti/decolonial Thought Anticolonialism: movement/understanding that colonial rule must end despite the complications that it could cause ● ● ● Was/is an active struggle against imperial rule Phenomenon that began to be discursive recognized in the 20th century Also used as a theoretical frame Decolonial/ decolonization: the liberation from colonial or imperial rule ● ● An undoing process of colonialism Can be both a form of independence movement, way of thinking/being, or actionable policy ○ However it is important not to dilute its explicit meaning which is that of liberation of both mind, body, and place Anticolonial and Decolonial Thinkers ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Frantz Fannon: The Wretched of the Earth and Black Skin, White Masks Glen Coulthard: Red Skin, White Masks Amie Cesare: Discourse on Colonialism Mahatma Ghandi: promoted Indian independence through non-violent protest Julius Neyere: (first president of Tanzania, formerly Tanganyikan) Leopold Sedar Senghor: Negritude (also first president of Senegal) Kwame Nkrumah: First prime minister of Ghana, led the country to independence (first decolonized African nation) Quick Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJ09mKNRN-8 Anticolonialism in context ● Book written by Adom Getachew in 2019 ● Written to look at how to understand the current international world order ● We will use it to understand the anti/decolonial movement sparked by Pan Africanism Main Argument “I argue that decolonization was a project of reordering the world that sought to create a domination-free and egalitarian international order. Against the standard view of decolonization as a moment of nation-building in which the anticolonial demand for self-determination culminated in the rejection of alien rule and the formation of nation states, I recast anticolonial nationalism as worldmaking (pg. 2)”. “Central to this claim was an expansive account of empire that situated alien rule within international structures of unequal integration and racial hierarchy (2)”. Empire → process of racialized, unequal international integration Important Terms/Ideas ● ● Pan-Africanism: unification of the peoples of Africa based on common ideals and shared histories Decolonization: not a linear path from empire to nation but rather a rupture ○ ○ ● Nondomination: freedom from alien rule AND allowance of self-governance projects ○ ● Sovereign equality does not supersede hierarchy in the international system Postcolonial cosmopolitanism: basically the idea that human rights are afforded to all with special consideration to those from Global South states ○ ● “An emphasis on nondomination thus broadens our account of the injustices that unequal integration and international hierarchy engender (33)”. Hierarchy: international economic order of nation-states and integration of postcolonial states ○ ● Revolutionary project to remake the international order Nation-building as worldmaking “A postcolonial cosmopolitanism that takes seriously the idea that hierarchy and unequal integration are structural features of the international order entails a more expansive account of political responsibility rather than a limited duty of assistance (35)”. Self-determination: the ability for a country or people to govern themselves under their own conditions So what? ❖ Anticolonial nationalists as worldmakers and not nation builders ❖ This moment of decolonization “anticipated and reconfigured our contemporary questions about international political and economic justice (3)”. ❖ Rethinking decolonization ❖ Hope and futurity → the ending of this process of decolonization can lead to another Intervention of this work ❖ Contemporary International Relations theory centers the nation-state as the main unit of analysis ➢ ❖ In this book, Getachew shows that the anticolonial thinkers at the time were not just seeking liberation to create a new nation-state but were rather creating an entire new way of living and being beyond the colonial conception of a state Without Black, anticolonial nationalists, we would not have the human rights framework that we have today (and it still is not fully encompassing to the entirety of humanity) “Central Characters” ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Nnamdi Azikiwe - first President of Nigeria W.E.B. Du Bois - scholar and Pan-African civil rights activist Michael Manley - Jamaica’s 4th Prime Minister Kwame Nkrumah - first Prime Minister and President of Ghana Julius Nyerere - Prime minister of Tanganyika; President of Tanzania George Padmore - leading Pan-Africanist, author Eric Williams - first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, Caribbean historian Organization of the Book Chapter 1: Political theory of decolonization → understanding empire’s purpose through the lens of anticolonial nationalism Chapter 2: League of Nations → unequal international integration and the co-optation of the idea of self-determination by anticolonial nationalists Chapter 3: United Nations → self-determination is reworked by the anticolonial nationalists in the context of the UN Chapter 4: Federations in West Indies and Africa → alternatives to the nation-state Chapter 5: The New International Economic Order → framing postcolonial states as the working class to understand the global economic order 3 Phases of Worldmaking through Pan-Africanism 1. 1930’s University Generation → empire as enslavement a. b. c. d. 2. Rethinking socialism a. b. 3. New theories to analyze empire and colonialism Institutionalization of self-determination at the UN National independence Regional federation Projects from phase 1 failed Main goal for the postimperial world was to center economic equality Institutionalization of the New International Economic Order a. More intense goal of achieving economic equity in the international sphere ● Anticolonial worldmaking ○ Worldview of those in the Black Atlantic ■ Anticolonial understanding of New World Slavery ● Racial hierarchy in the international order The League of Nations and Racial Hierarchy ● Self-determination taken out of socialist revolution context and applied to the reinforcement of liberal democracy ● League of Nations established as a counter revolutionary movement to socialism ○ ○ ○ ○ Empire essential to its structure Preservation of racial hierarchy Most inclusive international organization at the time Only inclusive in the sense that rights were limited and conditional Black Sovereignty (or lack thereof) in the L.O.N. Ethiopia & Liberia ● ● ● Unequal integration International oversight to achieve or maintain membership Humanitarian crisis ○ ● “European governance” non-existent in Black states ○ ● ● Aka intervention and imperialism Political rule questioned in the context of African states Sovereignty is conditional Failed state status emerges once interventions deemed unsuccessful ○ ○ Loss of protections from membership Italian intervention in Ethiopia seen as duty of membership followed by international complicity “Burdened membership”: A form of inclusion in international society where responsibilities and obligations were onerous and rights and entitlements limited and conditional (54). Moving Beyond the League of Nations Arguments Made by Du Bois, James, and Williams ● ● ● ● Direct connection between slavery and modern world establishment Enslavement of Africans led to bourgeoise which fostered the industrial revolution 19th century emancipation linked to 20th century decolonization “Movement from slavery to freedom (83)”. Empire as Enslavement Thesis ● ● ● ● Du Bois links enslavement and colonization together Follows his idea of global structure based on the global color line League of Nations had too narrow of a definition of slavery Labor exploitation also as a form of slavery ○ ● While anticolonial nationalists argued against alien rule, they also did not argue for simply a replacement with native rule ○ ● Different than the Roman conception of slavery Democratic institutions needed to be put in place first International hierarchy leading to competition ○ Potentially bringing them into unwanted conflict The United Nations and Self-Determination ● Resolution 1514: “The subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation constitutes a denial of fundamental human rights” ○ ● Anticolonial nationalists rework self-determination to be a human right ○ ● This would not have been a product of linear growth of the international codification of rights without Pan-Africanism Resolution 1514 gives jurisdiction to the claim for international nondomination ○ ● ● Win for Pan-Africanism Legal sphere transformation Alien or foreign rule determined to be a threat to world peace Immediate transfer of power to people in trusteeships or colonies Limits ● Borders ○ ● ● Colonial splitting of the continent led to conflict that transcended state drawn lines Humanitarianism in the form of NGOs States that were not yet fully able to function as states with human rights like protection were given the automatic right to self-determination Regional Federation in Africa and the West Indies ● ● ● ● Way to achieve greater legitimacy in the international sphere and further avoid postcolonial crisis Way to remove dependence of postcolonial states Much through the thought of Nkrumah and Williams Worldmaking: nation-states working together to bolster position in the international sphere through regional cooperation Federations ● Union of African States and West Indian Federation ○ ○ ● Appropriation of the American model because of Nkrumah and William’s “Anglo-American inheritance” ○ ○ ● Imperial ambitions of America (goal of making the federation an empire) “Imperialism…within the structure of American federalism (119)”. American hypocrisy ○ ● United States used as a model Self-determination seen through they way that individual U.S. states maintained sovereignty under federal rule America was anti-imperial in its own imperial way - hoped to use this to convince the U.S. to accept federations Ultimately, the balance between regional sovereignty and individual state sovereignty was unable to be made Moving Beyond the UN and Federations The New International Economic Order ● ● ● ● ● ● Est. 1974 after 10 years of formulation Eliminate dependency and unequal relations between developing and developed nations → redistribution “Welfare world” New way to solidify democratic decision-making based on self-reliance “Create an independent self-reliant postcolonial citizen and a self-reliant national community (154)”. Remaking international order “The NIEO envisioned international nondomination as a radical form of economic and political equality between states that would finally overcome the economic dependencies that threatened to undermine postcolonial self-government (144)”. International Order through Socialism ● Third World Solidarity → international class politics ○ ● The subaltern is posited as the working class in the socialist understanding of class A vision of what global economic equality amidst globalization would look like Results ● ● ● ● Perception was that all national economies would be transformed Postcolonial state given more equal access to trade within the terms of the WTO Needs of the developing world recognized and prioritized Distribution of wealth left to individual states ○ ● How can a global welfare state occur without a global state? ○ ● Internal inequality Lack of enforcement mechanism New ideas of global justice challenged and envisioned ○ Movement from state → individual in terms of global justice So why did I just go through all of this? List of Achievements ● ● ● Institutionalization of self-determination Recognition of Black exclusion based on colonialism in the international sphere GA Resolution 1514: “foreign rule as a violation of human rights… call for the immediate end of all forms of colonial rule (14)”. ○ ● ● Human Rights as we know them today and many definitions in UN language are a result of the anticolonial nationalists Revisioning of states and federations Centering of individuals rather than states regarding equality and equity in the world Bring it back to the beginning: ● Anticolonial nationalists rethinking the order of the national and international levels ○ ● Decolonization being guided and led by anticolonial nationalists ○ ● New voices being listened to regarding Human Rights (self-determination and sovereignty) Response to human rights violations/abuses to people of the Black Atlantic (i.e. imperial and colonial rule) Multiple attempts made at recreating the conception of the state ○ pluriversal ways of governance Discussion Break How do you see worldmaking happen today? Check-in Prompt #3 What does it mean for Human Rights to be "translatable?" Provide an example (different from the ones discussed in class) of human rights translation/vernacularization.
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The “Translatable” Nature of Human Rights

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The "translatable" Nature of Human Rights
Human rights, usually protected by domestic and international law, are moral principles
or rules for particular standards of human behaviour. These rights are entitled to everyone
irrespective of their geographical location or features, including nat...

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