Health Campaign–Part III

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Develop Part III of a health campaign to implement a change in population health. Part III focuses on recommendations for implementing and assessing the proposed change.

Present an 8- to 10-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation proposing a population health campaign for your chosen health issue.

  • Recommend the implementation of a campaign for your chosen issue to improve population health addressing social, economic, and cultural factors.
  • Recommend approaches, such as programs, policies, laws, and environmental aspects, to assess the health and wellness of the target population.
  • Determine the challenges related to improving the population health for the target population. Examine global implications, environmental factors, and disease prevention.
  • Provide a summary of useful epidemiology or other data models managers may use to make decisions on the ground and to anticipate future trends.
  • Determine strategies to address future issues of population health.

Use at least 3 peer-reviewed, scholarly, or similar articles to support your recommendations.

Include detailed speaker notes.

Provide an APA-formatted list of your resources to the faculty.


The Bolded section is the only section that I need help with, I need Just two Slides with detailed Speaker notes. I have attached the last two parts of this project as reference.

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1 Health Campaign Part One According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), there is a vast increase in opioid-related overdoses in recent years with more than a 6% increase in one year (Balas, 2016). Progress toward strategies for drug control is continuing and is a constant debate between state, federal, and local agencies. Models and data systems are in place within health care entities to determine and analyze the prescription drug overdose impact on the population and the community most affected by this issue. Monitoring the prescription drug overdose impact among the targeted population and community provides trends and risk assessment information that is useful in managing the aspects of drug abuse. The accuracy of this data must be able to support the reasons behind public health interventions improving. Although, prescription drug overdose is only one of many epidemics affecting communities in various areas the Prescription Drug Overdose Awareness Campaign will shed light on prevention, as well as the misuse and abuse of prescription drugs. Managing and Addressing Prescription Overdose Several agencies are responsible for managing and addressing the epidemic of prescription overdose and abuse. At the State level, policymakers understand the abuse of prescription drugs is increasing and hopes that the pharmaceutical industry would do more to develop medications that would fill the treatment gap between prescribed drug abuse users particularly opioids, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen. However, there was no incentive in either bill for drug companies to help fill in that void, so the State is proceeding with solving this issue other ways. Congress put in place a program with Medicaid and Medicare that allows patients to use a single prescriber and pharmacy (Balas, 2016). Congress also addresses and manages this epidemic through prescription drug monitoring programs that are effective at preventing drug abuse, diversion, and saves costs for Medicaid (Hendrikson, 2016). Not all state agencies need funding but instead requires improvement within their program, and this is where the Prescription Drug Overdose Awareness Campaign can be useful in shining light on those organizations that are not doing as well as others. At the local level pharmacists are addressing and managing prescription drug overdose by educating themselves on the requirements for a valid 2 prescription. A prescription for a controlled substance must meet all the needs of the law and regulations put in place by both federal and state. Vital Statistics, Managed Care Data, Disease Registries Electronic prescribing is a workflow modeling and analysis that is used to prevent prescription overdose. This system has five stages of prescribing. The first reflects a paper-based prescribing environment which can be phone or fax. Second, medication information captured in free text is digital, but a prescription is handwritten. Stage three, the medication lists and renewals are generated from the EMR for patients. The fourth phase is where the system maintains a medication list for all the patients. Stage Five, systems include enhanced patient-specific alerts, allows nurses to access a list of medications, and offers assistance re-dosing on the basis patient-specific criteria. Stage six is full circle prescribing and is used without paper in between that involves generation of prescription, pharmacist’s renewal of request and syncing of medication with regional repositories to better clinical decision support. At first, the idea of outpatient prescribing is simple: a clinician records a prescription, a pharmacist fills it, and the patient takes it. The workflow is often not straightforward. One person may act in more than one role, one role may be taken on by many individuals, activities may be done by many individuals or providers, and the workflow can change depending on how the patient’s medical status is improving over time. Community and Targeted Population Objectives The community/ target population that prescription drug overdose most adversely affects according to recent research polls by the National Institute on Drug abuse (NIDA, 2016), are from (age 18 to 25). This group is identified as the most prominent, “abusers of prescription (Rx) opioid pain relievers, ADHD stimulants, and anti-anxiety drugs” as per (NIDA, 2016). Within 12 months the statistics have grown to include older adults (Brodwin,2017), of the Business Insider (BI), also included adults in 2017, the group ranged from, “45-54 had the highest death rate from a drug overdose at 30 deaths per 100,000.” Results from NIDA, mentions several reasons for experimentation of prescription drugs. With many Young Adults, a reason for using the legal drugs are too, "get high, or because they think it will 3 help them study better." The study highlights that in 2014 over 1,700 (YA) died from a prescription overdose, mainly opioids. The BI, user’s information provided by the Center for Disease and Control (CDC), drug overdose deaths in the U.S. from 1999 – 2015, citing that there are at least two areas that have grossly changed, the drug use involved and the age category. The choice of the drug is heroin, and the age group moved from young adults to slightly older adults. Brodwin, (2017) also states, “In the last 16 years, more than 183,000 Americans have died from overdoses related to prescription opioids”. The statement includes heroin as a prescription opioid because many people, (physicians, nor patients) know that some legally prescribed opiate narcotics are pharmaceutical-grade heroin produced in a laboratory. ARPO is an acronym for Advocates for the Reform of Prescription Opioids has researched prescription "painkillers" which have a high similarity to heroin. The assumption is that prescribe medicine are safe because they are legally prescribed by their physician or by a pharmacy, as per ARPO, “Legal does not mean safe,” (2017). Epidemiologic Surveillance Systems Prescription and dispensing of prescribed medication are facilitated by the state prescription and monitoring program (PDMP). The program assists in preventing diversion of drug use which helps to address the issue of drug overdose risks and improve health outcomes. PDMP has significantly facilitated safer drug prescription and dispensing and has reduced drug diversion. Some of the best practices for PDMP include an epidemiological analysis which assists in surveillance of drug abuse, evaluation prevention methods. The program provides the prescription history reports of an individual and others also produce data analyses relating to prescription drugs. The impact of PDMPs is enhanced by the dissemination of this data which identifies the patient, the prescriber, and the dispenser's information. Geographic and time data from the PDMP can be analyzed to provide insight into the trends of legal and illegal use of prescription drugs which is vital in the surveillance of drug abuse. Application of epidemiology tools and methods in substance and alcohol abuse offer data patterns which are a representative of the whole population. Numerous resources have been channeled towards 4 tracking trends in substance abuse and its long-term complications, organizations that have taken this initiative include the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the National Institute of Drug Abuse and the Services Administration for Mental Health and Substance Abuse (Dart et al. 2015). One of the relevant continuing descriptive studies on drug abuse is the Monitoring the Future survey. The survey provides information on substance abuse trends among adolescents by use of a questionnaire. Epidemiology Tools in Addressing Trends in Disease and Health Public health agencies would benefit in reviewing different methods and tools to fix the prescription drug abuse problem the United States faces. One of the tools used is education. Providing physicians and other healthcare providers the knowledge needed for certain trends and adverse effects on controlled substances. It would also be beneficial to suggest alternate medications in place of the controlled substance. Epidemiological surveillance would benefit the overprescribing of patient's controlled substances (Epidemiology and Surveillance, 2016). This surveillance process allows researchers to analyze data to understand the impact of health risks, individual behaviors, preventive care practices, and the burden of chronic diseases to assess the continuity of public health programs while providing health professionals and policymakers with timely information for validity (Epidemiology and Surveillance, 2016). Another epidemiology tool would be prevention. When a provider is aware of a patient that may be at risk of habitually taking controlled or uncontrolled substances they could likely put a process or procedure in place that would allow for early intervention or alternative methods to assist with the pain that the patient may be facing (Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs, 2013). Chronic disease indicators would also benefit providers to address prescription overdose. It allows health professionals and researchers employed under the CDC access to data that informs of chronic diseases and other risk factors that would alert health care providers of the misuse of controlled and uncontrolled prescribers and patients who take the medications. Accuracy of Data to Support Public Health Interventions Any work requires accurate data to achieve precise feedback. Health intervention is an important aspect that helps in the introduction of new or improved gadgets and systems in health work. They are x- 5 rays, and PASS system platform for the management of digital care aid in the treatment of various diseases. (McLellan & Turner, 2008). The Pass system, for example, helps individuals to view their medical records, and create responses. The information needs to be accurate to reflect correct analysis to the various users. Accurate data helps public health organizations to appropriately plan on how to intervene on health issues among the members (Desai, Pain medicine, 2005). Community planning also shares with other interventions. Successful means for actualizing intervention at the systems and community level of practice, for example, identification and specification of the areas of concern, describing the targeted population, and putting into considering implications of demography, are related to the first step in community organization. Community organizing will frequently use social marketing as an intervention when it is changing health behavior of a population. The organizing community is also actualized in hand with the development intervention policy, mainly when planning intent is to adjust strategy at the systems level. Conclusion Unfortunately, the prescription drug overdose epidemic is not a one resolution outcome. The models and systems in place for this national health objective offers a gateway to understanding the risks and challenges among the targeted populations. Each organization and health professional is responsible for maintaining the data systems and guidelines that are in place to recognize the efforts needed to provide better outcomes for at-risk patients. The standards and regulations are set in place by federal, state, and local agencies and made public so that the community and affected populations know of the programs and campaigns currently helping to lower the many lives lost to this epidemic. 6 References Advocates for the Reform of Prescription Opioids., (2017). Prescription Opioid Narcotics and Heroin. Retrieved from http://www.rxreform.org/prescription-opioids/similarities-to-heroin/ Barlas, S. (2016). Congress and Federal Agencies Address Opioid Abuse Epidemic, But Will New Initiatives Be Successful? Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 41(8), 488–491. Brodwin, E., (February 28, 2017). Deaths from opioid overdoses have jumped — and one age group is being affected at stark rates. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/opioid-overdosedeath-statistics-2017-2016 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers---United States, 1999--2008. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 60(43), 1487. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). CDC grand rounds: prescription drug overdoses-a US epidemic. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 61(1), 10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Overdose deaths involving prescription opioids among Medicaid enrollees-Washington, 2004-2007. MMWR: Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 58(42), 1171-1175. Dart, R. C., Surratt, H. L., Cicero, T. J., Parrino, M. W., Severtson, S. G., Bucher-Bartelson, B., Green, J. L. (2015). Trends in opioid analgesic abuse and mortality in the United England Journal of Medicine, 372(3), 241-248. & States. New 7 Enteen, L., Bauer, J., McLean, R., Wheeler, E., Huriaux, E., Kral, A. H., & Bamberger, J. D. (2010). Overdose prevention and naloxone prescription for opioid users in San Francisco. Journal of Urban Health, 87(6), 931-941. Epidemiology and Surveillance. (2016, April 20). Retrieved from CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/coordinatedchronic/epidemiology-surveillance.html Hedegaard, H; Warner, M., and Miniño, A.M., Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999–2015. NCHS Data Brief No. 273, February 2017. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db273.htm Hendrikson, H. (2016, February). Prescription for Pain Management 10 State Strategies. In National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/documents/health/PainManagement216.pdf National Institute of Drug Abuse., (February 2016). Abuse of Prescription (Rx) Drugs Affects Young Adults Most. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trendsstatistics/infographics/abuse-prescription-rx-drugs-affects-young-adults-most Paulozzi, L. J., Kilbourne, E. M., & Desai, H. A. (2011). Prescription drug monitoring programs and death rates from drug overdose. Pain Medicine, 12(5), 747-754. Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.astho.org/Rx/BrandeisPDMP-Report/ 8 Rudd, R. A., Aleshire, N., Zibbell, J. E., & Matthew Gladden, R. (2016). Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths—United States, 2000–2014. American Journal of 1323. Transplantation, 16(4), 1 Health Campaign II A significant factor in the 15-year increase in opioid overdose deaths is drugs like oxycodone, hydrocodone, and methadone. The first two decades of the 21st century marks an epidemic that has claimed the lives of more people in the United States than gun violence, heart disease, or Alcohol abuse. By the end of the 20th century, the number of deaths linking opioids (counting prescription opioids and heroin) has risen four times the national average. “From 2000 to 2015 more than half a million-people died from drug overdoses. 91 Americans die every day from an opioid” as stated by the Centers for Disease Control (2017). We are proud to Introduce the Prescription Drug Overdose Awareness Campaign (PDOAC). This movement will allow the models and systems in place for this national health objective a gateway to understanding the risks and challenges among the targeted populations. Partnering with various agencies to ensure proper data communication systems are in place, and healthcare initiatives are ready to proceed with a full campaign that will rely on the state and local agencies to share the message and resources. Targeted Population Defined at the Nation Level and Comparing Data Differences At the national level, The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that the abuse of opioid-related overdose in the recent years has had an increase with the target population at the national level also increases. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the federal target population of the opioid-related overdose at the national level comprise mainly of the young people who aged between the age of 18 and 25. The increase in use among young people according to national statistics shows that the usage is the perception that the use opioid stimulates the body to give it extra energy vital for their education. According to National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), people who are addicted to opioids such as heroin adversely affect their health. 2 Comparing the target population at the national level and that of the defined community there is a slight difference on the identified users of opioid-related prescriptions. In traditional society, both the young adults and old people abuse opioid drugs and suffer from its consequences such as death. The young people in the defined community are mainly abusers of the opioid-related prescriptions because they are obsessed with the feeling of getting high just like any other drug addicts. The older population in the defined community who are also victims of opioid-related drugs, abuse the drugs mainly after getting a medical prescription for these drugs when they are ill. After their dosage, they form a habit of taking the pain relievers which were earlier prescribed for them whenever they experience any mild or severe pain in their bodies. The continued usage of opioids related substances results to addiction which eventually may result in a drug overdose. Most of these adults in the defined community are between the ages of 45 to 54. Therefore, there is the need to sensitize members of the public against the health hazards that may result from the abuse of opioid-related drugs. The opioid substances should also be limited to the target population both at the national level and defined community as a strategy for reducing the health hazards (Smit, Laar & Wiessing, 2006). State and National Differences in Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality The national level mortality rate has shown a continuous increase in 2015 as 91 Americans die every day from an opioid overdose (CDC, 2015). National research has provided understanding that the overdoses from 2000-2015 of more than half a million people are due to prescription opioids. The misuse and abuse of it are also potential dangers. Every day over 1,000 people visit hospital emergency rooms because of the misuse of prescription opioids. At the state level, the data for mortality rates are determined by age and all opioids from 2010 to 2015. The results found to double over time. The results are not exclusive because at 3 time of death the individuals may have had multiple substances in their system at the time of overdose. However, in the United States, 30 states have shown a considerable increase in drug overdose deaths, while 19 remain stable with decreasing trends followed by increases in two countries (Rudd, Seth, Scholl, 2016). 22,598 prescription opioid overdose deaths were documented throughout the United States. The prevalence is among males although data is showing an increase in women as well. Individuals below age 65 are affected mostly by this epidemic and as young as 15 have been found to be addicted as well. The incidence of an individual becoming addicted to a prescription drug varies and include several factors. The factors could be social acceptability by their peers and family members to mix various types of opiates or aggressive marketing by pharmaceutical companies (Rudd, Seth, Scholl, 2016). The drastic increase of prescribed pain relievers like opioids can lead to such incidences as well making it more available to individuals to get not only for themselves but from other family members as well. The opiate itself mixed with the brain systems is the same as taking heroin or morphine, and a person who has no addictive traits has the possibility of developing one when taking opioids and therefore, should be observed by health professionals. Community-Based Response, Planning, Needs Assessments, and Selection The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through its Overdose Prevention in States (OPIS) initiative is working with Washington D.C and 45 states in providing enhanced surveillance activities, scientific expertise and improved support resources to mitigate prescription drug overdose. The effort features three programs. They are the Prescription Drug: Prevention for States (PFS), Enhanced State Opioid Overdose Surveillance (ESOOS) and DataDriven Prevention Initiative (DDPI) (HHS, 2013). These programs are designed to mitigate illicit and prescription opioid overdose and abuse at the community level. At the community level, 4 identified objectives; need assessment, and planning are about mitigating increased opioidrelated misuse and overdose. It also considers the fact that the rate of prescription drug abuse is highest among young adults aged between 18 to 25 years. Within the OPIS initiative, it seeks to share data from different communities to improve multi-community surveillance and inform strategies involved in prevention activities. It also aims to spread the CDC’s Rx Awareness communication campaign, designed to amplify awareness concerning the risks of prescription opioids, as well as improve prescription drug monitoring programs. Institutional and Community Leadership Comparison Prescription drug overdose not only affects the individuals who become addicted to them, but it also affects families and communities. The institutional leadership approach to the epidemic is focused primarily on prevention of opioid addiction and overdose. The focus is on addressing the already problematic issue of opioid prescription that has been found to create and continue to fuel this problem. The institutions that help to monitor this point and targeted health objectives vary. For instance, in the case of prescription overdose, the positions of states on this health objective are vital to the community leaders because the state institutions drive population by regulating health professions, monitoring prescription drug programs, and have public health surveillance capacity to track the behavior of the epidemic (Forbes, 2015). On the national level, the leadership taken is more of funding for research, coordinating medication processes, and conducting national education campaigns to help raise awareness. Community leadership roles come in the form of non-profit organizations dedicated to the parents, teens, and other adults that need help in building healthier alternatives to using drugs. Economic Factors and Funding Intervention Strategies Addressing the Epidemic Since the United States is facing the prescription drug misuse and overdose problem, it is rough for providers to view patient’s sincerity with pain and other described symptoms. When 5 patients complain or describe chronic pain symptoms is when an opiate drug is likely to be prescribed. Reports from the CDC state prescription drug abuse has been a rapid issue in the United States since early 2012 (Ph.D., 2017). Opioids have contributed to a vast number of deaths. The World Health Organization has designed a plan to assist providers with patients who have problems with opioid addiction (Prevention and Intervention Strategies to Decrease Misuse of Prescription Pain Medication, 2015). It also allows for recommendations to health care prescribers to limit the prescribing of opioids it is ubiquitous for providers to prescribe medications over the counter. In 2006, nonmedical use of prescription painkillers imposed a cost of $53.4 billion on the US economy, including $42 billion in lost productivity; $8.2 billion in increased criminal justice costs; $2.2 billion for drug abuse treatment, and $944 million in medical complications (Intentional vs. Unintentional, 2017). With numbers such as this, it makes it much harder to access funding when the death rate is climbing which makes it harder to prove funding is medically necessary. Role of Social Marketing Social marketing is typically used to market products and behaviors to the public. Social marketing messages sometimes prevent risky health behaviors by educating the public or by influencing the society with learned alternative behaviors. Social marketing is designed to change the public views with products and concepts (Evans, 2006). These ideas are proven to work. When consumers see commercials on television the notion of persuasion theory is being used (Evans, 2006). With persuasion theory, it suggests that consumers are required to participate in the behavior that models the commercial. With drug abuse, marketers are promoting ways that individuals that need help can get help and possibly speak with someone, 6 such as a psychiatry group or health care provider. Most often the social marketing technique is used to provide the public with the telephone number to act, to possibly save their lives. The issue with the prescription drug overdose misuse and abuse is that drug abuse is not intentional (Intentional vs. Unintentional, 2017). When a person dies from a prescribed medication overdose, it typically means the overdose accidentally. It could also be that too much of a combination of drugs and the prescriber was uninformed of a counteraction to another medication (Intentional vs. Unintentional, 2017). There is a lot of competition that focuses on social marketing; this comes from internal and external views (Evans, 2006). Some marketers aim at promoting the behaviors, and others are convicting the behaviors. This concept also uses theory to identify behavior detriments that could influence the public (Evans, 2006). For example, when social marketers are promoting ways to save a life from prescription drug abuse, they may use practices such as over the counter drugs and a person dying to market the decrease in the prescription drug overdose. To determine if social marketing is useful, would be by observing mass media communications and how it is later marketed (Evans, 2006). If not shown exchanged then the problem is not as significant as it was which does not mean that it is no longer a problem but just not as prevalent as prior. Social marketing methods can assist the public with damaging behaviors and are proven (Evans, 2006). Conclusion Understanding our target population and how this epidemic has ravaged many communities nationally and locally will encourage us to make a change. Pharmacies, hospitals, and doctors’ offices were the suppliers of nearly all prescription opioids that increased four hundred percent. Within 11 years from the end of the 20th century to 2010 there was no overall change in the request for pain medication by patients. The collaborative efforts to engage and 7 eradicate the opioid abuse has taken hold of our nation, and it must include political, educational and healthcare initiatives that will reinforce community-based planning, health objectives, and intervention strategies. These reinforcements will help the Prescription Drug Overdose Awareness Campaign continue to provide help and educate those that are affected by this deadly disease. We have a tremendous opportunity that none of the other programs have had a chance to get the word out; we have the choice of using social media, we have the option of using government and private funding that will address issues about our concerns. 8 References Berning, A., Compton, R., & Wochinger, K. (2015). Results of the 2013-2014 national roadside survey of alcohol and drug use by drivers. Journal of Drug Addiction, Education, and Eradication, 11(1), 47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Rx Awareness. CDC 24/7: Saving Lives, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Launches Social Media Campaign Targeting Prescription Drug Overdoses (2015). https://www.forbes.com/sites/cjarlotta/2015/04/09/cdc-launches-social-media-campaigntargeting-prescription-drug-overdose/#2f53743a369c Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention., (August 30, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Launches Social Media Campaign Targeting Prescription Drug Overdoses (2015). https://www.forbes.com/sites/cjarlotta/2015/04/09/cdc-launches-social-media-campaigntargeting-prescription-drug-overdose/#2f53743a369c Evans, W. D. (2006, May 20). How social marketing works in health care. Retrieved from PMC: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1463924/ Intentional vs. Unintentional. (2017, February). Retrieved from National Institute on Drug abuse: https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/treatment/intentional-vs-unintentionaloverdose-deaths 9 Ph.D., S. H. (2017, May 03). What Is Behavioral Economics? Retrieved from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/science-choice/201705/what-isbehavioral-economics Prevention and Intervention Strategies to Decrease Misuse of Prescription Pain Medication. (2015, November 03). Retrieved from APHA-American Public Health Association: https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policystatements/policy-database/2015/12/08/15/11/prevention-and-intervention-strategies-todecrease-misuse-of-prescription-pain-medication Rudd RA, Seth P, David F, Scholl L. Increases in Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths -United States, 2010-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 16 December 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6550e1 Smit, F., Laar, M. V., & Wiessing, L. (2006). Estimating problem drug use prevalence at national level: comparison of three methods. Drugs: education, prevention and policy, 13(2), 109-120.
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Useful epidemiology
• Managerial epidemiology ensures improvement
of health care quality through careful planning
and review of health care services (Fos & Fine,
2012).
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